英語閱讀理解
在各個領域，我們寫閱讀題就會用到閱讀答案，借助閱讀答案我們可以檢查自己的得與失，并對今后的學習做出調整。還在為找閱讀答案而苦惱嗎？下面是小編為大家整理的英語閱讀理解，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。
一、考研閱讀的基本解題思路（四步走）：
第一，掃描提干，劃關鍵項。
第二，通讀全文，抓住中心。
1．通讀全文，抓兩個重點：
①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出題）；
②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略讀，有重點的讀）
2．抓住中心，用一分半時間思考3個問題：
①文章敘述的主要內容是什么？
②文章中有無提到核心概念？
③作者的大致態度是什么？
第三，仔細審題，返回原文。（仔細看題干，把每道題和原文的某處建立聯系，掛起鉤）
定位原則：
①通常是由題干出發，使用尋找關鍵詞定位原則。（關鍵詞：大寫字母、地名、時間、數字等）
②自然段定位原則。出題的順序與行文的順序是基本一致的，一般每段對應一題。
要樹立定位意識，每一題、每一選項都要回到原文中某一處定位。
第四，重疊選項，得出答案。（重疊原文=對照原文）
1．通過題干返回原文：判斷四個選項，抓住選項中的關鍵詞，把選項定位到原文的某處比較，重疊選項，選出答案。
2．作題練習要求：要有選一個答案的理由和其余三個不選的理由
二、閱讀理解的解題技巧
1．例證題：
①例證題的標記。當題干中出現example，case，illustrate，illustration，exemplify時。
②返回原文，找出該例證所在的位置，既給該例子定位。
③搜索該例證周圍的區域，90%向上，10%向下，找出該例證支持的觀點。例子周圍具有概括抽象性的表達通常就是它的論點。
注意：舉例的目的是為了支持論點或是為了說明主題句。舉例后馬上問這個例子說明了什么問題？不能用例子中的話來回答這個問題。
④找出該論點，并與四個選項比較，得出選項中與該論點最一致的答案。
⑤例證題錯誤答案設計的干擾特征經常是：就事論事。？即用例子中的某一內容拉出來讓你去選。（╳）
要求：在閱讀中，遇到長的例子，立即給這個例子定位，即找出起始點，從哪開始到哪結束。
2．指代題：
①返回原文，找出出題的指代詞。
②向上搜索，找最近的名詞、名詞性短語或句子（先從最近點開始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不會離得太遠）。
③將找到的詞、詞組或句子的意思代入替換該指代詞，看其意思是否通順。
④將找到的詞、詞組或句子與四個選項進行比較，找出最佳答案。
3．詞匯題：“搜索代入”法
①返回原文，找出該詞匯出現的地方。
②確定該詞匯的詞性
③從上下文（詞匯的前后幾句）中找到與所給詞匯具有相同詞性的詞（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找），代入所給詞匯在文章中的位置（將之替換）看語義是否合適
④找出選項中與代替詞意思相同或相近的選相，即答案
注意：
a．如果該詞匯是簡單詞匯，則其字面意思必然不是正確答案。
b．考研閱讀不是考察字認識不認識，而是考察是否能根據上下文作出正確的判斷。
c．詞匯題的正確答案經常蘊藏在原文該詞匯出現的附近。注意不能靠單詞詞義直接往下推。
d．尋找時要注意同位語、特殊標點（比如分號，分號前后兩句話的邏輯關系不是形式上的并列就是語義上的并列，也就是兩句話的意思相同，所以可用其中一句話的意思來推測另一句話的意思從而推出所給詞匯含義）、定語從句、前后綴，特別要注意尋找時的同性原則。比如：讓猜一個名詞詞組（動詞詞組）的意思，我們就向上向下搜索名詞詞組（動詞詞組）。
▲隱蔽型詞匯題：題干與原文的某句完全重合，只有一兩個詞被替換掉。隱蔽型詞匯題的做法跟詞匯題的做法幾乎一樣，往上往下找。
4．句子理解題：
①返回原文找到原句。
②對原句進行語法和詞義的精確分析（找主干），應該重點抓原句的字面含義。若該句的字面含義不能確定，則依據上下文進行判斷。注意：局部含義是由整體決定的。
③一般來說，選項中的正確答案與原句意思完全相同，只不過用其他英語詞匯換種表達而已。
④句子理解題的錯誤選項干擾項特征：推得過遠。做題時應把握住推的度。
思路：對句子微觀分析？不行就依據上下文？選擇時不要推得過遠。
5．推理題：“最近原則”
①標志：learn，infer，imply，inform
②看是否可以通過題干返回原文或依據選項返回原文。一般要圍繞文中的一兩個重點進行推理。推理題無論通過題干能不能定位，我們都要把它固化到文章的一兩點上。
③依據原文的意思進行三三錯一對的判斷。先不要進行推理，若有一個選項跟原文的意思一模一樣，則該選項必然是正確答案。推理題不是考察我們的想象力，它實際是考察我們原文中的某幾個點如一個、兩個點所涉及的問題我們讀透了沒有。因此，不推的比推的好；推的近的比推的遠的要好。
④推理題的最近答案原則：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的遠的好，直接推出的要比間接推的好。（原文的某句話變個說法）
注意：做題時不能想得太多，推得過遠。是否把原文讀懂才是關鍵。
6．主旨題：“串線摘帽”
即在自然段少的時候串串線，串線法解不出來時，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。
①主旨題的標志：mainlyabout，mainlydiscuss，thebesttitle
②串線法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句話，把其意思連接成一個整體。要注意總結性的提示詞和轉折詞，特別要注意中心句。（主要針對自然段少的文章；針對自然段多的文章，主旨題最好聯系中心句。找一個和中心句最貼近的）
③小心首段陷阱。
④主旨題錯誤選項的干擾特征經常是：
⑴局部信息，即選項的內容小于文章的內容；
⑵范圍過寬，即選項的內容大于文章的內容。
⑤逆向思維法、快速作文法：在兩個選項看上去都十分正確無法選擇時，試著從選項出發，想象一下如果自己以此選項來寫文章會有那些內容，然后把它與文章的內容比較，接近的即為正確選項。
7．作者態度題：
①標志：attitude
②應精確理解四個選項的含義。
③不要摻雜自己的觀點。
④可以尋找文中一些具有感情色彩的詞。如：fortunately，excessively，toomany．
⑤舉例的方式。
⑥抓論述的主線。把第一段讀透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出來，看整個文章的謀篇結構。
⑦做作者態度題時特別注意：首先看清楚是誰對誰的態度。
8．判斷題：
①看可否通過四個選項具體化到文中一點或者根據自然段原則定位。
②每個選項都應返回原文，不能憑主觀印象進行判斷。
③要重點抓是“三錯一對”還是“三對一錯”的關系（做題是要看清題目）。
9．細節題：看完題目回到原文，重疊原文，得出答案
10．重點題型中的幾個問題：
①詞匯題：字面意思不是答案，要根據上下文推測其深刻含義。
②句子理解題：一般不要求推理，只看句子本身。
③推理題：答案很大程度上是原文的重現，不一定非要經過邏輯推理從原文中得出。
11．正確答案的特征：
①正確答案經常與中心思想有關。
②正確答案的位置，最常見的三個位置是：段首段尾處、轉折處、因果處。
③正確答案經常運用的原則是：同義替換、正話反說、反話正說。
④從語氣角度來看，正確答案中經常含有不肯定的語氣詞和委婉表達的用詞。如：can，may，might，possible，notnecessarily，some．⑤正確答案經常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只見樹木不見森林。
12．錯誤答案的特征：
第一大層次：
①無中生有（未提及的概念）；
②正反混淆（選項的意思跟原文的意思正好相反）；
③所答非所問（雖然選項的說法沒有問題，符合原文，但和題干搭不上邊）
第二大層次：
①過分絕對；
②擴大范圍（注意隱蔽型的擴大范圍mostly）；
③因果倒置；
④常識判斷；
⑤推得過遠；
⑥偏離中心；
⑦變換詞性。
常識判斷：如果一個選項僅僅符合常識，不一定是正確答案，還要看文章中類似的意思有沒有出現；如果一個選項不符合常識，一定不是正答案。
能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。
三、閱讀的技巧
1．標點符號在閱讀中的作用：
①句號。用來分割句子，以句號為單位，把段分隔成塊，逐個擊破。團？條
②逗號。在兩個逗號中間是一個補充說明成分時，在閱讀過程中可以獻跳過去不讀。
③冒號。冒號的后面進一步補充說明前面的內容，冒號的前后有一個從抽象到具體的過程。
④分號。分號是用來分隔句子的，并列結構：語意上的并列、結構上的并列。
⑤破折號。兩個破折號之間是補充說明成分，在閱讀中可以先不讀。如果不能讀懂破折號之前的句子的意思可借助破折號間的內容加以理解。
⑥引號。
引用和諷刺兩種作用：
⑴引用某人的觀點（是支持還是反對）；
⑵用來反諷，諷刺。
引用的目的：不論是正面還是反面引述都是為了說明核心概念、中心思想，否則就沒有意義。
⑦括號。兩種作用：補充說明、解釋生詞。
2．微觀閱讀的技巧：
①抓主干。
②看標點符號。
③被動變主動。
④消減否定法。
⑤重新斷句。
⑥對照法。抓一些重點詞：
⑴解釋詞：namely（即，也就是）；likewise（同樣的）；inotherword（換句話說）；thatistosay（那就是說）……
⑵轉折詞？目的：體會一種邏輯關系，也是經常出題的地方。but，yet，although，however，incontrast（與之形成對照的是）
⑶表示結果的詞：thus，asaresult，consequence
⑷表示遞進的詞：furthermore，inadditionto⑸表示重要的詞：prime（首要的）；aboveall（最重要的）；firstofall
3．宏觀閱讀的方法：怎樣對待一篇文章：
①一般來說，任何一篇文章都講一個主題。
②注意抓兩類文體：一個是議論文，抓作者中心觀點和作者態度；二是說明文，抓說明對象和作者態度。
③注意看清楚文章是由幾個自然段構成，同時要注意看清楚文章的段落與段落之間是順承結構還是轉折結構。
④注意文章的一些固有模式：
第一類型：啟承傳合型，要特別注意啟和合的前后呼應。
第二類型：花開兩朵型，要注意兩個核心概念的區別和聯系。
第三類型：問題答案型，一般來說問題就是文章的中心，閱讀的目的就是為了尋找問題的答案。
第四類型：平鋪直敘型，注意抓首段和中心。
第五類型：開門見山型。
4．總結段落的固有模式：
①中心句（段首句）具體論述
②中心句（段首句）具體論述中心句（段尾句）如果段首句和段尾句是呼應的話，那么其之間的話必然是支持句，也可能反著說一下，但最終還是支持段首或段首主題句的。
③過渡句（段首句）具體論述
④中心句（段首句）具體論述轉折具體論述⑤具體論述中心句（段尾句）
⑥句句展開式（無明顯主題句）指比較短的段落。如只有三、四行的段落。這樣就沒有必要在段首給出一個中心，后面再展開。而是直接把事情給描述一下就可以了。
5．讀文章時需特別留意的細節：
①舉例、打比喻處
②人物論段
③轉折處后
④復雜句
⑤因果句
⑥特殊標點
⑦段首段尾句最常出題的地方是：中心思想或核心概念。中心思想+細節=文章
6．獨句段在文章中的作用：
①文尾的獨句段所起的作用是總結全文；
②文章中間的獨句段的作用是承上啟下。
英語閱讀理解1 1
The United States is on the verge of losing its leading place in the worlds technology. So says more than one study in recent years. One of the reasons for this decline is the parallel decline in the number of U.S. scientists and engineers.
Since 1976,employment of scientists and engineers is up 85 percent. This trend is expected to continue. However, the trend shows that the number of 22-year-olds--the near term source of future PH.D.s-is declining. Further adding to the problem is the increased competition for these candidates from other fields-law,medicine,business,etc. While the number of U.S. PH.D.s in science and engineering declines,the award of PH.D.s to foreign nationals is increasing rapidly.
Our inability to motivate students to pursue science and engineering careers at the graduate level is compounded because of the intense demand industry has for bright Bachelors and Masters degree holders. Too often, promising PH.D.candidates, confronting the cost and financial sacrifice of pursuing their education,find the attraction of industry irresistible.
1.The U.S.will come to lose its leading place in technology probably because ________.
a. the number of PH.D. degree holders is declining b. the number of scientists and engineers is decreasing c. the number of 22-year-ilds is declining d. scientists and engineers are not employed
2.The field of science and engineering is facing a competition from ________ .
a. technology
b. foreign nationals
c. such fields as law, medicine and business d. postgraduates
3.Large-scale enterprises now need _______. a. bright graduates and postgraduates b. new inventions
c. advanced technology
d. engineers
4.Many promising postgraduates are unwilling to pursue a PH.D. degree because _________.
a. they are not encouraged to be engaged in science b. industry does not require PH.D. holders c. they have financial difficulties
d. they will spend much time and energy completing PH.D. 5.PH.D. candidates "find the attraction of industry irresistible" means that _________.
a. they find industry is attracting more and more college students
b. they dont think they can prevent themselves from working for industry
c. they cannot resist any attraction from all sides d. they cannot work for industry any longer 14/200答案：bcadb
英語閱讀理解1 2
【原文及試題】
Kangaroos
There are many kangaroos in Australia and not only in zoos. You can see them everywhere outside the cities and towns. Kangaroos have very strong legs, so they are very good at jumping. Their tails are very strong, too. So when they want to have a rest, they rest on their tails. Knagaroos are also very good at looking their babies. Mother Kangaroos keep their babies safe in their pockets.
一、 Write "T" for True and "F" for False beside the statements.
( )⒈ There are many kangaroos in America.
( )⒉ Kangaroos have very strong legs.
( )⒊ Kangaroos’ tails are very strong, too.
( )⒋ Mother kangaroos keep their babies safe in their pokets.
二、 選擇正確的答案。
( )⒈ Where are there many kangaroos?
A. In America
B. In Australia
C. In England
D. In China
( )⒉ What are the kangaroos good at?
A. Jumping.
B. Dancing.
C. Running.
D. Playing.
( )⒊ How can kangaroos rest?
A. With their tails.
B. With their legs.
C. On their tails.
D. With their feet.
( )⒋ Who keeps the babies safe in the pockets?
A. Mother kangaroos.
B. Father kangaroos.
C. Kangaroos.
D. Brother kangaroos.
【答案】
一、F、 T、 T、 T
二、1-4 BACA
英語閱讀理解1 3
Beauty sleep is a real thing, researches have shown that people who haveenough sleep look more attractive (有魅力的) to others.
A few bad nights is enough to make a person look "especially" more ugly,their sleep experiments show.
The researchers asked 25 university students to join in their sleepexperiment. They were asked to get a good nights sleep for two nights.
A week later, they were asked to sleep for only four hours every night fortwo nights in a row.
The researchers took make-up free (素顏) photos of the volunteers after boththe good and the bad sleep.
Next, they asked 122 strangers to have a look at the photos and judge (評價)them on attractiveness, health, and sleepiness, as well as asking them: "Howmuch would you like to make friends with this person in the picture?"
The strangers were good at judging if the person they were looking at wastired, and, if they were sleepy, their attractiveness score was low.
The strangers also said they wouldnt want to socialize with the tiredstudents. The researchers say this is natural for people. An unhealthy-lookingface makes people run away. In other words, people dont want to hang aroundwith people who might be ill.
Dr. Brewer, an expert at the University of Liverpool said "Judgement ofattractiveness is often unconscious (無意識的), hut we all do it, and we are able tojudge on even something small like whether someone looks tired or unhealthy.This study is a good reminder of how important sleep is to us."
35. When did the researchers take make-up free photos?
A. After two nights good sleep.
B. After two nights bad sleep.
C. Before the experiment.
D. After both two nights good sleep and two nights had sleep.
36. The researchers asked the strangers to do the following except_______.
A. telling who looked healthier
B. telling who didnt have many friends
C. telling who missed a lot of sleep
D. telling who was attractive
37. What kind of friends did the strangers like to make?
A. The people who were tired.
B. The people who were sleepy.
C. The people who were unhealthy.
D. The people who were attractive and energetic.
38. What does the underlined word "socialize "mean in Chinese?
A.合伙
B.玩耍
C.交往
D.共事
39. According to the passage, which of the following is the best title?
A. Beauty sleep, More attractive
B. More sleep, More Friends
C. Less sleep, Fewer friends
D. No attractiveness, No friends
英語閱讀理解1 4
Passage Twenty-eight (Chemistry and Biology)
About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a low of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to his equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperature approaches absolute zero, and at absolute zero, reactions stop. However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.
The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. S chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the well, the height of which remain constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.
This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hupothesis, Hoyle and Wickramashinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
1. The author is mainly concerned with
[A]. describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developed.
[B]. initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reaction required for the development of life.
[C]. explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns.
[D]. clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemistry.
2. In which of the following ways are the mentioned chemical reactions and tunneling reactions alike?
[A]. In both, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.
[B]. In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another.
[C]. In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.
[D]. In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.
3. The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold prehistory of life can best be described as
[A]. neutral. [B]. skeptical.
[C]. mildly positive. [D]. very supportive.
4. Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe?
[A]. Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.
[B]. Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.
[C]. Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.
[D]. The galactic clouds are the places where prebilogical evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
Vocabulary
1. Arrhenius equation 阿雷尼厄斯方程式
2. Arrhennius (Svante August) 1859——1927 瑞典理化學家。1903年獲諾貝爾化 學獎
3. quantum-mechanical effect 量子機械效應
4. quantum mechanic 量子力學
5. tunnel 挖隧道。這里指貫穿勢壘
6. tunnel through, onto 穿到……進到，貫穿
7. repulsive 排斥
8. activation energy 活化能量
9. formaldehyde 甲醛
10. polysaccharide 多糖醇，聚合酶
11. cellulose 纖維素
12. starch 淀粉
13. galactic 銀河的，巨大的
14. come into play 開始活動/起作用
難句譯注
1. However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry.
2. Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.
3. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.
寫作方法與文章大意
文章論述了“貫穿勢壘效應”，采用對比手法。先是經典化學定理和貫穿勢壘效應之比較。說明兩者使用的溫度界限不同。低溫時貫穿勢壘效應作用取代經典力學。最后貫穿勢壘現象和生活領域之關系。
答案祥解
1. C. 說明現在化學研究如何能和更廣泛的生物學領域有關。最后一段基本上都是談與生化的關系。“極低溫時的貫穿勢壘現象證明我對寒冷的史前生命的假說：在外層空間極其寒冷處，溫度一般只有K的幾度光景，有相當復雜的有機分子形成。宇宙射線可能激發諸如星際甲醛單分子在星際塵埃的烏云中綜合。以后，復雜的有機分子，慢慢的，但穩定的通過貫穿勢壘的'方式形成。”后又有兩位化學家提出“星際甲醛分子確實進化為類似纖維素和淀粉等多糖酶。”他們的結論雖有爭議，卻實在令人振奮，特別是文章之作者，因為他正提出“巨大的云塊這些地方，發生過生命所必須的前生物進化化合物。”
A. 描述經典化學定理如何發展。 B. 開展一場有關生命進化所需的那種化學反應的辯論。 C. 搞清楚經典化學定理所固有的模糊點。
2. B. 兩類反應中，都有一個從一個勢阱底部到另一個勢阱底部的躍遷。見第二段第三句起“化學反應跟分子從一個勢阱的底部到另一個勢阱的底部的躍遷相類似。在經典化學中，這種躍遷只有跨過兩阱之間勢壘才能完成。位壘之高度為常數（固定不變）。這種躍遷叫做能量活化。在貫穿勢壘效應中作反應的分子從一個勢阱的底部通到另一個勢阱底部不需要上升跨越兩阱之間的位壘。”
A. 兩類反應中，反應中的分子都需跨越兩阱間的欄柵。 C. 兩類反應中，反應中的分子都能穿過兩阱之間的位壘。 D. 兩類反應中，沒有一種化學反應的速率取決于能量活化。 這三項都不對， 見上文。
3. C. 有點肯定。 見第1題答案注釋譯文。因為證實了作者之假設。
A. 中立。 B. 懷疑的。 D. 非常支持。
4. A. 星際甲醛分子可以進化到復雜的有機分子。見第1題C答案注釋譯文。
B. 星際甲醛分子可以通過貫穿勢壘方式加以綜合。 C. 宇宙射線可以直接綜合復雜的有機分子。 D. 大塊云團是生命所需復合物前生物進化發生的地方。這三項也可從第1題C答案注譯譯文看出其錯誤點。
英語閱讀理解1 5
Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear.” And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀學語), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
>>>>>>習題<<<<<<
1. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was ________.
[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
2. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that ________.
[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly
[B] they are exposed to too much language at once
[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
3. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that ________.
[A] he is born with the capacity to speak
[B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s
[C] he can produce his own sentences
[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing
4. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
[C] The child’s brain is highly selective.
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.
5. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will ________.
[A] have a high IQ
[B] be less intelligent
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals
[D] not necessarily be backward
英語閱讀理解1 6
“I would almost rather see you dead.” Bobert S. Cassatt, a leading banker of Philadelphia, shouted when his twenty-year-old eldest daughter announced that she wanted to become an artist. In the 19th century, playing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady, but serious work in art was not. And when the young lady’s family racked among(擠身于) the best of Philadelphia’s social(社會各界的) families, such an idea could not even be considered.
That was how Mary Cassatt, born 1844, began her struggle as an artist. She did not tremble before her father’s anger, she opposed(反對) him with courage and at last made him change his mind. Many Cassatt gave up her social position and all thoughts of a thousand and a family, which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady. In the end, after long years of hard work and perseverance(堅持), she became America’s most important woman artist and the internationally recognized leading woman painter of the time.
1. How did Mr Cassatt react(反應) when his daughter made her announcement?
A. He feared for her life. B. He was very angry.
C. He nearly killed her. D. He warned her.
2. What in fact was Mr Cassatt’s main reason in opposing his daughter’s wish?
A. Drawing and painting was simply unthinkable among ladies in those days.
B. He did not believe his daughter wanted to work seriously in art.
C. He believed an artist’s life would be too hard for his daughter.
D. Ladies of good families simply did not become artists in those times.
3. What made Mary Cassatt’s “struggle” to become a recognized artist especially hard?
A. She was a woman B. Her father opposed her.
C. She had no social position. D. She didn’t come from an artist’s family.
4. What do we know about Mary Cassatt’s marriage?
A. Her marriage failed because she never gave a thought to her husband and family.
B. She never married because she did not want to be just a wife and mother.
C. After marriage she decided to give up her husband rather than her career.
D. She did not marry because for a lady of her social position to marry below her was unthinkable.
5. What do we know about Robert Cassatt’s character from the texta
I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang. It was an eccentric(怪僻的) farmer. I had never met him before although I had often heard people talk about him. He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything. Even then I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident. I hadn’t the slightest idea who she was but I obviously had to go.
It had been snowing heavily that I didn’t know the way. I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his place. He was standing there, waiting for me. It seemed Milly had died. “She meant more to me than anyone… even my own wife!” he said. I could see that he had been crying. I thought something terrible had taken place, a possible scandal (丑聞) . I was even more shocked when he told me he had put her in the barn. “I wouldn’t leave her out in the cold!” he said.
Milly had clearly been a secret lover of his. I was about to tell him he could not expect me to cover anything up when he opened the barn door. He lifted his candle and I saw a dark figure on the ground. “She was such a good cow! I wouldn’t let anyone but a doctor touch her !” he said, and burst into tears again.
1. The underlined phrase “make out” in the first paragraph means____.
A. expect B. understand C. see clearly D. hear clearly
2. Before he arrived at the farmer’s house, the writer expected to see Milly lying ____.
A. on the ground of a barn B. on the floor of a room
C. in bed in a room D. in bed in a barn
3. What do we know about Milly from the story?
A. She had met with an accident B. She had caused a scandal.
C. She was seriously ill. D. She was hidden somewhere.
4. The farmer wished that the writer might ____.
A. look into the matter B. bring Milly back to life
C. free him from a scandal D. keep the whole thing a secret
5. The person who told the story is probably a ____.
A. farmer B. policeman C. country doctor D. newspaper reporter
The key :
7. B C A B C
英語閱讀理解1 7
英語閱讀：OntheFeelingofImmortalityinyouth
No young man believes he shall ever die. It was a saying of my brothers and a fine one. There is a feeling of Eternity in youth which makes us amends for everything. To be young is to be as one of the Immortals. One half of time indeed is spent -- the other half remains in store for us will all its countless treasures, for there is no line drawn, and we see no limit to our hopes and wishes. We make the coming age our own --
"The vast, the unbounded prospect lies before us."
Death, old age, are words without a meaning, a dream, a fiction, with which we have nothing to do. Others may have undergone, or may still undergo them -- we "bear a charmed life," which laughs to scorn all such idle fancies. As, in setting out on a delightful journey, we strain our eager sight forward,
"Bidding the lovely scenes at distance hail,"
and see no end to prospect after prospect, new objects presenting themselves as we advance, so in the outset of life we see no end to our desires nor to the opportunities of gratifying them. We have as yet found no obstacle, no disposition to flag, and it seems that we can go on so for ever. We look round in a new world, full of life and motion, and ceaseless progress, and feel in ourselves all the vigour and spirit to keep pace with it, and do not foresee from any present signs how we shall be left behind in the race, decline into old age, and drop into the grave. It is the simplicity and, as it were, abstractedness of our feelings in youth that (so to speak) identifies us with Nature and (our experience being weak and our passions strong) makes us fancy ourselves immortal like it. Our short-lived connexion with being, we fondly flatter ourselves, is an indissoluble and lasting union. As infants smile and sleep, we are rocked in the cradle of our desires, and hushed into fancied security by the roar of the universe around us -- we quaff the cup of life with eager thirst without draining it, and joy and hope seem ever mantling to the brain -- objects press around us, filing the mind with their magnitude and with the throng of desires that wait upon them so that there is no room for the thoughts of death. We are too much dazzled by the gorgeousness and novelty of the bright waking dream about us to discern the dim shadow lingering for us in the distance. Nor would the hold that life has taken of us permit us to detach our thoughts that way, even if we could. We are too much absorbed in present objects and pursuits. While the spirit of youth remains unimpaired, ere "the wine of life is drunk," we are like people intoxicated or in a fever, who are hurried away by the violence of their own sensations: it is only as present objects begin to pall upon the senses, as we have been disappointed in our favourite pursuits, cut off from our closest ties that we by degrees become weaned from the world, that passion loosens its hold upon futurity, and that we begin to contemplate as in a glass darkly the possibility of parting with it for good. Till then, the example of others has no effect upon us. Casualties we avoid; the slow approaches of age we play at hide and seek with. Like the foolish fat scullion in Sterne, who hears that Master Bobby is dead, our only reflection is, "So am not I!" The idea of death, instead of staggering our confidence, only seems to strengthen and enhance our sense of the possession and enjoyment of life. Others may fall around us like leaves, or be mowed down by the scythe of Time like grass: these are but metaphors to the unreflecting, buoyant ears and overweening presumption of youth. It is not till we see the flowers of Love, Hope and Joy withering around us, that we give up the flattering delusions that before led us on, and that the emptiness and dreariness of the prospect before us reconciles us hypothetically to the silence of the grave.
英語閱讀：FiveBallsOfLife
This was written by the CEO of Coca-Cola Brian G. Dyson.It was used as Georgia Techs Commencement Address:
Imagine life as a game in which you are juggling some five balls in the air. You name them work, family, health, friends and spirit and you’re keeping all of these in the air. You will soon understand that work is a rubber ball. If you drop it, it will bounce back.But the other four balls family, health, friends and spirit are made of glass. If you drop one of these, they will be irrevocably scuffed, marked, nicked, damaged or even shattered. They will never be the same. You must understand that and strive for balance in your life. How?
Don’t undermine your worth by comparing yourself with others. It is because we are different that each of us is special.
Don’t set your goals by what other people deem important. Only you know what is best for you.
Don’t take for granted the things closest to your heart. Cling to them as they would be your life, for without them, life is meaningless.
Don’t let your life slip through your fingers by living in the past or for the future. By living your life one day at a time, you live ALL the days of your life.
Don’t give up when you still have something to give. Nothing is really over until the moment you stop trying.
Don’t be afraid to admit that you are less than perfect. It is this fragile thread that binds us to each together.
Don’t be afraid to encounter risks. It is by taking chances that we learn how to be brave.
Don’t shut love out of your life by saying it’s impossible to find. The quickest way to receive love is to give it; the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly; and the best way to keep love is to give it wings.
Don’t run through life so fast that you forget not only where you’ve been, but also where you are going.
Don’t forget, a person’s greatest emotional need is to feel appreciated.
Don’t be afraid to learn. Knowledge is weightless, a treasure you can always carry easily.
Don’t use time or words carelessly. Neither can be retrieved.
Life is not a race, but a journey to be savored each step of the way.
Yesterday is history, Tomorrow is a mystery and Today is a gift: that’s why we call it ‘The Present’.
英語閱讀：ALetterintheWallet
It was a freezing day, a few years ago, when I stumbled upon a wallet in the street. There was no identification inside. Just three dollars, and a crumpled letter that looked as if it had been carried around for years.
The only thing legible on the torn envelope was the return address. I opened the letter and saw that it had been written in 1944 — almost 60 years ago. I read it carefully, hoping to find some clue to the identity of the wallets owner.
It was a "Dear John" letter. The writer, in a delicate script, told the recipient, whose name was Michael, that her mother forbade her to see him again. Nevertheless, she would always love him. It was signed Hannah.
It was a beautiful letter. But there was no way, beyond the name Michael, to identify the owner. Perhaps if I called information the operator could find the phone number for the address shown on the envelope.
"Operator, this is an unusual request. Im trying to find the owner of a wallet I found. Is there any way you could tell me the phone number for an address that was on a letter in the wallet?"
The operator gave me her supervisor, who said there was a phone listed at the address, but that she could not give me the number. However, she would call and explain the situation. Then, if the party wanted to talk, she would connect me. I waited a minute and she came back on the line. "I have a woman who will speak with you."
I asked the woman if she knew a Hannah.
"Oh, of course! We bought this house from Hannahs family thirty years ago."
"Would you know where they could be located now?" I asked.
"Hannah had to place her mother in a nursing home years ago. Maybe the home could help you track down the daughter."
The woman gave me the name of the nursing home. I called and found out that Hannahs mother had died. The woman I spoke with gave me an address where she thought Hannah could be reached.
I phoned. The woman who answered explained that Hannah herself was now living in a nursing home. She gave me the number. I called and was told, "Yes, Hannah is with us."
I asked if I could stop by to see her. It was almost 10 p.m. The director said Hannah might be asleep. "But if you want to take a chance, maybe shes in the day room watching television."
The director and a guard greeted me at the door of the nursing home. We went up to the third floor and saw the nurse, who told us that Hannah was indeed watching TV.
We entered the day room. Hannah was a sweet, silver-haired old-timer with a warm smile and friendly eyes. I told her about finding the wallet and showed her the letter. The second she saw it, she took a deep breath. "Young man," she said, "this letter was the last contact I had with Michael." She looked away for a moment, then said pensively, "I loved him very much. But I was only sixteen and my mother felt I was too young. He was so handsome. You know, like Sean Connery, the actor."
英語閱讀：INeverWriteRight
When I was fifteen, I announced to my English class that I was going to write and illustrate my own books. Half the students sneered, the rest nearly fell out of their chairs laughing. “Don’t be silly, only geniuses can become writers,” the English teacher said smugly, “And you are getting a D this semester.” I was so humiliated I burst into tears.
That night I wrote a short sad poem about broken dreams and mailed it to the Capri’s Weekly newspaper. To my astonishment, they published it and sent me two dollars. I was a published and paid writer. I showed my teacher and fellow students. They laughed. “Just plain dumb luck,” the teacher said. I tasted success. I’d sold the first thing I’d ever written. That was more than any of them had done and if it was just dumb luck, that was fine with me.
During the next two years I sold dozens of poems, letters, jokes and recipes. By the time I graduated from high school, with a C minus average, I had scrapbooks filled with my published work. I never mentioned my writing to my teachers, friends or my family again. They were dream killers and if people must choose between their friends and their dreams, they must always choose their dreams.
I had four children at the time, and the oldest was only four. While the children napped, I typed on my ancient typewriter. I wrote what I felt. It took nine months, just like a baby. I chose a publisher at random and put the manuscript in an empty Pampers diapers package, the only box I could find. I’d never heard of manuscript boxes. The letter I enclosed read, “I wrote this book myself, I hope you like it. I also do the illustrations. Chapter six and twelve are my favourites. Thank you.” I tied a string around the diaper box and mailed it without a self addressed stamped envelope and without making a copy of the manuscript.
A month later I received a contract, an advance on royalties, and a request to start working on another book. Crying Wind, the title of my book, became a best seller, was translated into fifteen languages and Braille and sold worldwide. I appeared on TV talk shows during the day and changed diapers at night. I traveled from New York to California and Canada on promotional tours. My first book also became required reading in native American schools in Canada.
The worst year I ever had as a writer I earned two dollars. I was fifteen, remember? In my best year I earned 36,000 dollars. Most years I earned between five thousand and ten thousand. No, it isn’t enough to live on, but it’s still more than I’d make working part time and it’s five thousand to ten thousand more than I’d make if I didn’t write at all. People ask what college I attended, what degrees I had and what qualifications I have to be a writer. The answer is: “None.” I just write. I’m not a genius. I’m not gifted and I don’t write right. I’m lazy, undisciplined, and spend more time with my children and friends than I do writing. I didn’t own a thesaurus until four years ago and I use a small Webster’s dictionary that I’d bought at K-Mart for 89 cents. I use an electric typewriter that I paid a hundred and twenty nine dollars for six years ago. I’ve never used a word processor. I do all the cooking, cleaning and laundry for a family of six and fit my writing in a few minutes here and there. I write everything in longhand on yellow tablets while sitting on the sofa with my four kids eating pizza and watching TV. When the book is finished, I type it and mail it to the publisher. I’ve written eight books. Four have been published and three are still out with the publishers. One stinks. To all those who dream of writing, I’m shouting at you: “Yes, you can. Yes, you can. Don’t listen to them.” I don’t write right but I’ve beaten the odds. Writing is easy, it’s fun and anyone can do it. Of course, a little dumb luck doesn’t hurt。
英語閱讀：ThePowerfulGiftofLove
The passengers on the bus watched sympathetically as the attractive young woman with the white cane made her way carefully up the steps. She paid the driver and, using her hands to feel the location of the seats, walked down the aisle and found the seat hed told her was empty. Then she settled in, placed her briefcase on her lap and rested her cane against her leg.
It had been a year since Susan, 34, became blind. Due to a medical misdiagnosis she had been rendered sightless, and she was suddenly thrown into a world of darkness, anger, frustration and self pity. And all she had to cling to was her husband, Mark.
Mark was an Air Force officer and he loved Susan with all his heart. When she first lost her sight, he watched her sink into despair and was determined to help his wife gain the strength and confidence she needed to become independent again.
Finally, Susan felt ready to return to her job, but how would she get there? She used to take the bus, but was now too frightened to get around the city by herself. Mark volunteered to drive her to work each day, even though they worked at opposite ends of the city.
At first, this comforted Susan, and fulfilled Marks need to protect his sightless wife who was so insecure about performing the slightest task. Soon, however, Mark realized the arrangement wasnt working. Susan is going to have to start taking the bus again, he admitted to himself. But she was still so fragile, so angry - how would she react?
Just as he predicted, Susan was horrified at the idea of taking the bus again. "Im blind!", she responded bitterly. "How am I supposed to know where I am going? I feel like youre abandoning me."
Marks heart broke to hear these words, but he knew what had to be done. He
promised Susan that each morning and evening he would ride the bus with her, for as long as it took, until she got the hang of it.
And that is exactly what happened. For two solid weeks, Mark, military uniform and all, accompanied Susan to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her other senses, specifically her hearing, to determine where she was and how to adapt her new environment. He helped her befriend the bus drivers who could watch out for her, and save her a seat.
Finally, Susan decided that she was ready to try the trip on her own. Monday morning arrived, and before she left, she threw her arms around Mark, her temporary bus riding companion, her husband, and her best friend. Her eyes filled with tears of gratitude for his loyalty, his patience, and his love. She said good-bye, and for the first time, they went their separate ways.
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday... Each day on her own went perfectly, and Susan had never felt better. She was doing it! She was going to work all by herself.
On Friday morning, Susan took the bus to work as usual. As she was paying the fare to exit the bus, the driver said, "Boy, I sure do envy you."
英語閱讀：TheFishermanandHisWife
There was once on a time a Fisherman who lived with his wife in a miserable hovel close by the sea, and every day he went out fishing. And once as he was sitting with his rod, looking at the clear water, his line suddenly went down, far down below, and when he drew it up again he brought out a large Flounder. Then the Flounder said to him, "Hark, you Fisherman, I pray you, let me live, I am no Flounder really, but an enchanted prince. What good will it do you to kill me? I should not be good to eat, put me in the water again, and let me go." "Come," said the Fisherman, "there is no need for so many words about it -- a fish that can talk I should certainly let go, anyhow," with that he put him back again into the clear water, and the Flounder went to the bottom, leaving a long streak of blood behind him. Then the Fisherman got up and went home to his wife in the hovel.
"Husband," said the woman, "have you caught nothing to-day?" "No," said the man, "I did catch a Flounder, who said he was an enchanted prince, so I let him go again." "Did you not wish for anything first?" said the woman. "No," said the man; "what should I wish for?" "Ah," said the woman, "it is surely hard to have to live always in this dirty hovel; you might have wished for a small cottage for us. Go back and call him. Tell him we want to have a small cottage, he will certainly give us that." "Ah," said the man, "why should I go there again?" "Why," said the woman, "you did catch him, and you let him go again; he is sure to do it. Go at once." The man still did not quite like to go, but did not like to oppose his wife, and went to the sea.
When he got there the sea was all green and yellow, and no longer so smooth; so he stood still and said,
"Flounder, flounder in the sea,
Come, I pray thee, here to me;
For my wife, good Ilsabil,
Wills not as Id have her will."
Then the Flounder came swimming to him and said, "Well what does she want, then?" "Ah," said the man, "I did catch you, and my wife says I really ought to have wished for something. She does not like to live in a wretched hovel any longer. She would like to have a cottage." "Go, then," said the Flounder, "she has it already."
When the man went home, his wife was no longer in the hovel, but instead of it there stood a small cottage, and she was sitting on a bench before the door. Then she took him by the hand and said to him, "Just come inside, look, now isnt this a great deal better?" So they went in, and there was a small porch, and a pretty little parlor and bedroom, and a kitchen and pantry, with the best of furniture, and fitted up with the most beautiful things made of tin and brass, whatsoever was wanted. And behind the cottage there was a small yard, with hens and ducks, and a little garden with flowers and fruit. "Look," said the wife, "is not that nice!" "Yes," said the husband, "and so we must always think it, -- now we will live quite contented." "We will think about that," said the wife. With that they ate something and went to bed.
英語閱讀理解1 8
Name_____________ Mark_________________
Passage10
My name is Ted Pike. I am a worker in a big store. I dont work in the morning. I only work at night. Every morning I come home at about half past six. I have breakfast at seven. After breakfast I go to bed. I get up at about half past two. I have lunch at a quarter to three and supper at twenty to eight. Then I go to work at a quarter past eight. I start work at nine. I look after the store every night. I like my work very much.
( )1. Ted works in the morning.
( )2. Ted sleeps at 6:30 a.m.
( )3. Ted doesnt work at 12 p.m.
( )4. Ted goes to work at 8:15 p. m.
( )5. Ted is at home in the morning.
Passage11
Hello! My name is Alice. There are seven people in my family. My grandfather and grandmother are in America. My parents are English teachers in China. I have two brothers. They are twins. We are students in the same school. I am in Grade One. They are in Grade Three.
( )1. Three are people in Alices family.
A. eight B. seven C. ten
( )2. Here parents are China.
A. at B. on C. in
( )3. There are children in her family.
A. seven B. three C. two
( )4. They are in same school.
A. a B. an C. the
( )5. Her parents are .
A. doctors B. teachers C.workers
英語閱讀理解1 9
British newspapers are much smaller than they used to be and their readers are often in a hurry ,so newspapermen write as few words as possible .They tell their readers at once what happened ,where ,when and how it happened and what was the result : how many people were killed ,what change was done and so on .Readers want the fact(事實) set out as fully and accurately as possible .Readers are also interested in the people who have seen the accident. So a newspaperman always likes to get some information (信息)from someone who was there, which can be given in the person’s own words .Because he can use only a few words ,the newspaperman must choose those words carefully ,every one must be effective(有效). Instead of “he called out in a loud voice”, he writes” he shouted”; instead of “the loose stones rolled noisily down the side of the mountain”, he will write” they thundered down the mountainside”. Because many of the readers aren’t very clever, and most of them are in a hurry.
1. From the text, we learn that newspapermen write as few words as possible ,because readers___.
A. want to know more about the news
B. take no interest in what has happened
C. have no time to read the news carefully
D. pay much attention to the result
2. The underlined word”one” in the text refers to ______. A.word B.newspaperman C.reader D.person
3. Which of the following would best complete the text ?
A. he will keep his writing short
B. he won’t care about his writing
C. he will give nothing but information
D. he won’t make his writing good enough.
4. In what way do you think British newspapers have become smaller?
A. In a page size. B. In number of readers.
C. In number of pages. D. In number of copies
5. Which of the following is true?
A. Readers are not satisfied with the short news.
B. Not many people have time to read the long articles in newspapers.
> C. Readers find the language of the newspapers exciting.
D. Newspapermen try to report as fully as possible.
CABAB
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