【知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語
1. observe
（1）. observe后可接名詞作賓語, 也可接that從句, 它還是個感官動詞, 可以說observe sb do/doing sth, 被動結(jié)構(gòu)為be observed to do. 例如:
As a child, he liked to observe the behaviour of insects.
他小時候喜歡觀察昆蟲的習(xí)性. (接名詞)
I spent some time observing their customs.
我花了一些時間觀察它們的生活習(xí)慣. (接名詞)
She observed a man walking/walk on the opposite side of the way.
她看到一個人在路那邊走著. (接復(fù)合賓語)
They were observed entering the hall.
有人看見他們走進(jìn)大廳去了. (接現(xiàn)在分詞)
The woman was observed to follow him closely.
有人看到那女子緊跟著他. (被動語態(tài)中接帶to的不定式)
He observed someone open the door.
他看見有人開門. (接復(fù)合賓語)
The boy observed what is going on between them.
這男孩子注意到他們之間發(fā)生的情況. (接從句)
（2）. 在正式文體中, observe還有 “遵守; 應(yīng)祝”的意思. 例如:
We must observe these principles in our action.
在行動上我們必須遵循這些原則.
Do you observe Christmas in you country?
你們國家過圣誕節(jié)嗎?
（3）.習(xí)語: the observed of all observers眾矢之的
（4）.近義詞: watch v.觀察
2. seek
（1）. seek可用作及物動詞, 也可用作不及物動詞. 用作不及物動詞時, 后常接介詞for或after. 例如:
Most men seek wealth; all men seek happiness.
大多數(shù)人尋求財富; 每個人都追求幸福.
He seeks your advice.
他請求你給他一些忠告.
Young people like to seek (after/for) success in life.
年輕人喜歡探索人生的成功之途
The explanation is not far to seek.
這種解釋不難理解.
（2）. 習(xí)語: seek out搜出; 挑出.
seek help求助
seek one’s fortune碰運(yùn)氣
seek one’s home回家
seek one’s bed就寢
seek after/ for探索
seek through找遍
（3）. 近義詞: explore v. 探索
3． addict
（1）. addict是名詞, 表示因吸毒或飲酒等 “有癮的人”, 或?qū)δ呈掠袕?qiáng)烈興趣的人, 是可數(shù)名詞.
例如：
Many heroin addicts have contracted ALDS.
許多吸食海洛因的人感染了艾滋病.
His brother is a football addict
他的弟弟是個足球迷
（2）. Addicted[ ]是其形容詞, 常用于be addicted to sth結(jié)構(gòu)中, 表示 “沉溺于……”. 在句中作表語, 不能作定語修飾名詞.
例如:
He was addicted to drug.
他吸毒成癮
Her sister is addicted to TV soap operas.
她妹妹沉迷于電視連續(xù)劇
4．concern
（1） concern作動詞, 表示 “擔(dān)心”的意思時, 常與about/for連用, 也可以跟that從句.
例如:
I was much concerned about her.
我很擔(dān)心她.
We’re all concerned for her safety.
我們都為她的安全擔(dān)心.
I’m concerned that they may have got lost.
我擔(dān)心他們可能迷路.
（2）. concern作名詞, 意思是 “關(guān)懷; 關(guān)心”.
例如:
He didn’t show much concern about it
他對此不是很關(guān)心.
（3）習(xí)語: be concerned with與……有牽連
be concerned about/for 關(guān)心; 擔(dān)心
二、詞義辨析
1．instead of, in place of和in spite of的區(qū)別
（1）. instead of是短語介詞, 表示 “代替”的意義時, 還含有 “對比”的意思, 譯成漢語時, “代替”兩詞不一定譯出. instead of常常和in place of互相使用, 其后常可用名詞, 代詞, 動名詞.
例如:
If you have no time, I’ll go instead of/in place of you.
如果你沒有時間, 我愿替你去.
We use plastics instead of/in place of iron.
我們用塑料代替鐵.
（2）.有時候instead of還能起連詞作用, 常譯為 “反而; 而不”.
例如:
Things will be better instead of worse.
事情將更好而不會更糟.
（3）. in spite of是 “不管; 不顧; 盡管” 的意思, 后跟名詞或名詞短語.
例如:
In spite of all his efforts he failed
他已竭盡全力, 但仍然失敗了.
They went out in spite of rain
盡管下著雨, 他們還是出去了.
observe, notice, look, see, watch, stare, glare和glance的區(qū)別
（1）. observe是及物動詞, 意為watch carefully, see and notice, 表示 “觀察; 注意地看; 仔細(xì)地看”等意思.
例如:
I spent some time observing their customs.
我花了一些時間觀察它們的生活習(xí)慣.
（2）. notice也是及物動詞, 意為pay attention (to) with wyes, 表示 “注意到”的意思.
例如:
I noticed him enter the office.
我看到他走進(jìn)辦公室.
（3）. look; watch; try to see指有意識地使視線對著某物, 強(qiáng)調(diào)動作. look是不及物動詞, 如跟賓語, 要和at連用, 強(qiáng)調(diào)注意的是其后的賓語.
例如:
The old lady was looking at him from head to foot.
這位老婦人從頭到腳地看著他.
I am looking at the boy.
我注視著這孩子.
（4）. see強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果, 意為 “看見; 看到” (notice sb/sth with one’s eyes); 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果.
例如:
I looked but saw nothing.
我看了, 但什么也沒看見.
（5）. watch側(cè)重所看事物的變化, 移動和發(fā)展(to look at something which is happening), 指有意識地以期待, 警覺等心情看上一段時間, 強(qiáng)調(diào)注意的是它后面的賓語.
例如:
We watched that boy swim.
我們觀看那個男孩游泳
I am watching the boy.
我在注視這孩子的舉動
[注意]根據(jù)習(xí)慣,看電視用watch,看電影用see.
（6）. stare指 “睜大眼睛出神地看, 注視” (look at someone or something with wide open eyes for a long time) ,這種注視出于驚訝, 好奇, 恐懼, 有時是粗魯無禮, 與at連用.
例如:
The little boy stared at the stranger for a few minutes before answering his questions.
這個小男孩驚訝地睜大眼睛望了那個陌生人好幾分鐘, 才回答他的問題
（7）. glare指 “怒視” (to look angrily), 強(qiáng)調(diào)敵對或威脅的態(tài)度, 與at連用.
例如:
He glared at the naughty children.
他瞪了那些淘氣的孩子一眼.
（8）. glance指 “瞥視, 匆匆一看” (take a quick look), 與at連用.
例如:
She glanced shyly at him out of the corner of her eyes.
她羞澀地用眼角打了他一眼.
3．辨析more than, no more than, more… than, not more than
請翻譯下列句子:
1．The speed is more than 80 miles per hour.
2．The villagers were more than glad to help those tourists.
3．All his education added up to no more than one year.
4．There were not more than a hundred people at the meeting.
5．She is more thoughtless than stupid.
Key：1．時速超過了80英里。（more than 多于，超過）
2． 鄉(xiāng)親們很愿意幫助那些游客。（more than 不只是）
3． 他所受的教育加起來不到一年。（no more than 僅僅，只有，少于）
4． 大概不到一百人參加了會議。（not more than 不超過，不多于）
5． 與其說她笨，倒不如說她粗心大意。（ more．．． than 與其說．．．倒不如說．．．）
三、重點(diǎn)句型
1．There did not seem much point in working on my PhD ---- I did not expect to survive that long.
There is no point （in） doing sth. “做某事沒有作用或意義”, 類似的句型有: There is no sense （in） doing sth.
例如:
There seems little point protesting; it won’t help.
There was no sense in making a child suffer like that.
2．What if…如果…將會怎樣; 即使…又有什么要緊。
例如：
What if he finds out that you have lost her book?
What if…還可以用來表示建議、邀請、要求等。例如：
What if you go instead of me?
3．Experienced editors and reporters make informed decisions about what events to report, how to report them, and why.
What events to report 是“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作賓語。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式與前面的疑問代詞有動賓關(guān)系，但不定式要用主動形式。
例如：
I really don’t know what to write at the moment.
4．The result is a better understanding of the world on all sides, leading to a future world where people from all countries are respected and different views and opinions are tolerated.
Leading to…. 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，表示結(jié)果。
例如：
Her father died in 1979, leaving her with four younger sisters.
四、語法復(fù)習(xí)
（一）動詞不定式
動詞不定形式：to+動詞原形；或者省略to.
沒有人稱和數(shù)量的變化，具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句子中作謂語以外的成分。
1．作主語：What does it mean to be a scientist?
2．作賓語：People who listen to Hawking’s lecture find it difficult to understand him.
3．作表語：Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.
4．作賓語補(bǔ)足語: He told me to bring some books for you.
5．作定語：The doctor told him he might not have more than twelve months to live.
6．作結(jié)果狀語：Readers were pleased and surprised to find that a scientist could write about this work in a way that ordinary people could understand.
7．目的狀語：In order to get married, I needed a job, and in order to get a job, I needed a PhD.
8．某些固定的形容詞搭配用于口語中，例如：Glad to meet you. Sorry to trouble you.
9．和常見的疑問詞搭配作動詞的賓語，相當(dāng)于賓語從句（賓語從句的主語和主句的主語要一致）。
例如：
I don’t know what to say/what I should say. Could you tell me when to start/when I should start?
（二）過去分詞作定語和表語
過去分詞在句子中可以作定語、狀語、表語和補(bǔ)足語，通常與句子中的某個名詞有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，有時還表示動作的完成或者狀態(tài)。
1．作定語：單個的過去分詞作定語放在名詞的前面，過去分詞詞組作定語放在名詞的后面，有時相當(dāng)于非限制性定語從句。
例如：
a broken glass, the used books, in an organized way, experienced editor
Chen wrote about the efforts to bring stolen cultural relics to China.
I want to wrote about people addicted to drugs/who are addicted to drugs.
過去分詞作后置定語時，有時有時態(tài)的區(qū)別，
例如：
Do you live in the building built last year?
I will live in the building being built now.
The building to be built will be for teaching.
過去分詞作定語表示被動的和已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示主動和的和正在發(fā)生的動作。
例如：
fallen leaves, falling leaves, fading flowers, faded flowers, boiling water, boiled water
1．作表語：表示事物或人所處的狀態(tài):
We were all surprised at his arrival.
This cup is broken.
My sister feels very interested in cooking.
過去分詞作表語表示主語的狀態(tài)是由于外界而引起，而現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語是動作的發(fā)出者，“令人……的”，
例如：
This snake is so frightening that the bravest boys are frightened at it.
He is interested in this interesting game.
This climbing is tiring and they are all tired now.
過去分詞作表語表示狀態(tài)，而被動語態(tài)表示動作。
例如：
This cup is broken.
This cup was broken by a careless boy.
He is well educated.
He was well educated in a famous college.
【考點(diǎn)透視 考例精析】
[考例1] _______ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.
A．To find out B．Finding out C．Find out D．Having found out
[點(diǎn)撥] 選A。動詞不定式作目的狀語。To find out more about university course表示撥打這個電話的目的。
[考例2] I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________?
A．to be buying B．to buy C．for buying D．bought
[點(diǎn)撥] 選B。動詞不定式作定語。意思是：你有什么要買的東西嗎？
[考例3] The weather ______ to be very good, which was more than we could expected.
A．made out B．turned out C．went out D．carried out
[點(diǎn)撥] 選B。make out 起草， 辨認(rèn)出，理解； turn out 結(jié)果是，證明是，生產(chǎn)； go out 外出，熄滅，不流行；carry out 完成，執(zhí)行，實行。
[考例4] ______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A．To face B．Having faced C．Faced D．Facing
[點(diǎn)撥] 選C。face 作動詞用意為“面臨、面對”，常用于face sth 或be faced with sth.兩種結(jié)構(gòu)。這里face與主語Arnold有被動關(guān)系，要用過去分詞作狀語。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．Medicine should not be left w_____ reach of small children.
2． In the accident the man suffered serious i_____ in both his head and legs.
3．Oh, your nose is b_________. Use a clean towel to stop it.
4． The nose is the o________ of smelling and the ears for hearing.
5．The factory are p________ our rivers with chemical waste.
6．The patient is receiving chemical t__________ because he has lung cancer.
7．He took a friendly ______ （態(tài)度）to us.
8．The police still do not have _________ （精確的）information on the number of people injured in the train accident.
9．Please state your name, address and _________（職業(yè)）in this form.
10．He felt a little bit ________ （內(nèi)疚）after breaking his promise.
二．單項填空：
1． They are now in great need of help. So your support will certainly make a ______.
A．deal B．decision C．point D． difference
2．The climbers are ______after the long and hard trip. They need rest and food badly.
A． used up B．made up C．given out D．run out
3． It has been raining every day so far. I hope tomorrow will ______fine.
A． turn to B．turn up C．turn into D． turn out
4． Children are naturally ______about everything around them.
A． curious B．worried C．interested D．serious
5． ______ no doubt ______he can win the game this time.
A．There’s; that B．There’s; whether C．It’s; that D．It’s; whether
6． To our delight she quickly adapted herself ______ the situation.
A． with B． of C．to D．into
7． He ______badly injured in the accident and was taken to hospital immediately.
A． made B．got C．received D．suffered
8．In order to keep their trade ______, they would have to buy less goods in the United States.
A． balanced B．balancing C．to balance D．being balanced
9．The old lady ______making clothes for her neighbor’s children.
A．engaged to B．was engaged to C．engaged in D．was engaged in
10． I never dreamed of there ______such a quiet place in the noisy city.
A．was B． had been C．being D．to be
【能力拓展】
完形填空:
In Britain, people have different attitudes to the police. Most people generally 1 them and the job they do – although there are certain people who do not believe that the police 2 have the power that do.
What does a policeman actually do? It is not 3 job to describe. After all, a policeman has a number of jobs in 4 . A policeman often has to control traffic, either 5 foot in the center of a town, or in a police car on the roads. Indeed, in Britain, he might be in the Traffic Police and spend all, or a lot of, his time 6 up and down main roads and motorways. A traffic policeman has to help keep the traffic moving, stop 7 motorists and help when there is an accident.
A policeman has to help keep the 8 , too. If there is a fight or some other disturbance, we 9 the police to come and restore order. And they often have to 10 situation at great risk to their own 11 .
We expect the police to solve crimes, of course, so an ordinary policeman, 12 he is not a detective (偵探), will often have to help 13 and arrest criminals.
And 14 do we call when there is an emergency – an air crash, a 15 , a road accident, or a robbery? We call the police. 16 policeman has to be 17 to face any unpleasant emergency that may happen in the 18 world.
The police do an absolutely necessary job, they do it 19 well and I support them, but I do not envy policemen, I do not think that I could 20 do the job of a policeman.
1． A．dislike B．join C．a(chǎn)ppreciate D． admire
2． A．should B． would C．could D．must
3． A．a(chǎn) funny B． a pleasant C． an interesting D． an easy
4． A．it B． one C． his D． them
5． A．on B． by C． under D． with
6． A．walking B． driving C． wandering D． searching
7． A．resting B． tired C．speeding D． drunken
8． A．peace B． silence C． situation D．condition
9． A．wait for B． call C．think of D． expect
10． A．turn to B． avoid C． deal with D．treat
11． A．safety B． families C． future D．friends
12． A．a(chǎn)lthough B． as if C． however D．even if
13．A．get rid of B． question C． look for D．sentence
14． A．how B．where C． what D．who
15．A．power failure B． fire C． thunder storm D．thief
16． A．Yet B． Then C．As D．So
17．A．provided B． promised C．prepared D．presented
18．A．future B． modern C．real D．whole
19．A．extremely B．specially C．surprisingly D．particularly
20．A．hardly B． forever C．ever D．never
參考答案
高二部分
Units 1-2 (B2)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1．within; 2．injuries; 3．bleeding; 4．organ; 5．polluting/ poisoning; 6．treatment; 7．a(chǎn)ttitude; 8． accurate; 9．occupation; 10．guilty
二、 1．D 2．A 3．D 4．A 5．A 6．C 7．B 8．A 9．D 10．C
能力拓展
1-5 CADBA 6-10 BCADC 11-15 ADCDB 16-20 DCBAC
1．C 根據(jù)下文作者的觀點(diǎn)可以排除A、B項，作者非常“欣賞”警察的工作，而不是“羨慕”。
2．A should此處的意思是“應(yīng)該”，此句的意思是“有一些人認(rèn)為警察不應(yīng)該有他們所擁有的權(quán)力”。
3．D 根據(jù)下文的描述，警察的工作種類很多，又充滿危險，所以選an easy。
4．B 根據(jù)下文的敘述，警察要做的工作有很多，所以“ a number of jobs in one”。 這里的jobs的意思是“pieces of work, tasks（多種工作，任務(wù)）”。
5．A 此處“on foot”為固定詞組。
6．B 在motorway上不能步行，只能開車，所以要用driving。
7．C 此處“speeding motorists”指的是超速行駛的機(jī)動車輛。選項“drunken”的意思是“喝醉酒的”，警察不可能一下子就判斷出來哪個司機(jī)是喝醉酒的。
8．A 下文“there is a fight”告訴我們，警察的任務(wù)是要維護(hù)和平。
9． D此題考察動詞及詞組的意義。 wait for 意思是“等待某人”；call意思是“打電話”； expect somebody to do something表示“期待某人做某事”；think of意思是“想起，想到”。D項最符合文中的意思“一旦有打架或者騷亂，人們就期待警察出現(xiàn)并維護(hù)秩序。”
10．C 面對的情況是需要處理的，所以選擇詞組deal with；動詞treat的意思是“對待、治療”。
11．A 警察在工作時會有危險，對他們的安全造成威脅。所以此處選safety。
12．D 這里的“although、 even if”都可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，但是even if是一種不是事實的假設(shè)，而although與主句的關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折，此處警察不是偵探，所以選even if。
13．C 此題考察詞組的意義區(qū)別。look for表示“尋找”；get rid of表示“擺脫，除掉”；question意思是“質(zhì)問”；sentence作為動詞意思是“判處，宣判”。此處的意思是“警察尋找并追捕犯罪分子。
14．D 根據(jù)下文的“we call the police”，選擇疑問詞who，指人。
15．B 根據(jù)前文的emergency（緊急情況），可以看出只有選項a fire（火災(zāi)）屬于“緊急情況”。
16．D 由前文可以知道，當(dāng)我們面對緊急情況時總是會找警察，所以按照意思順下來，就應(yīng)該用so表示“因此，結(jié)果 …”。
17．C 根據(jù)上文，面對emergency，警察隨時隨地都要“prepared”。另外，要注意詞組“be prepared do to something”。
18．B in the modern world：在現(xiàn)代社會里。
19．A “extremely”在此處意思是“非常，極端”，此處是贊揚(yáng)警察的工作非常好。
20．C 本句的否定前移了。當(dāng)主句主語為第一人稱、動詞為think等詞時，常用此否定前移結(jié)構(gòu)，翻譯成漢語應(yīng)該是“我認(rèn)為我不 …”。A、D項都是否定詞，與not構(gòu)成雙重否定，意思不對；forever不合此語境。