1 advantage n.優勢, 有利條件, 利益.
(1)優勢；長處
Mary speaks good English, but she has an advantage because her mother is English.
瑪麗英語說得好，因為她有一個有利條件，她媽媽是英國人。
Many women think this is an advantage for men.許多婦女認為這是男人的優越之處。
(2)利益；便利
Is there any advantage in getting there early?早到那里是否值得?
常用短語：take advantage of利用很好地使用；利用：占…的便宜自私地獲利；剝削：
take advantage of all educational opportunities.利用一切教育機會
took advantage of the customer.欺騙消費者
to advantage有利產生良好效果；有利于：
The roses were displayed to advantage in a blue vase.玫瑰插在藍色的花瓶中，產生了良好的效果。
be of advantage to對...有利 to sb.'s advantage(=to the advantage sb.)
gain\have an\the advantage over勝過, 優于
give sb. an advantage over使某人處于更有利的地位
turn out to sb.'s advantage變得對某人有利
turn sth. to advantage使轉化為有利, 利用某事物
with advantage有利地, 有效地
2 disadvantage n.不利；不利條件
His inability to speak English puts him at a disadvantage when he attends international conferences.他不會說英語，這使他在參加國際會議時于不利的地位。
His bad health is a great disadvantage for him to get a good paid job.
他體弱多病對他求得一個薪水很高的工作很不利。
(be) at a disadvantage處于不利地位
put sb. at a disadvantage使某人處于不利地位
to sb.'s disadvantage對某人不利, 使某人吃虧
3 conduct n.行為；舉止；舉動；品行
His conduct disagrees with his words.他言行不一。
vt., vi.行為；舉止；為人；表現；處理； 經營；引導；實施
Your children conduct themselves well.你的孩子們表現甚佳。
My aunt conducts her business very successfully.我的嬸嬸把企業經營得很成功。
conduct an experiment做實驗
conduct a survey進行偵察 conduct an opera指揮樂曲
常用短語：under the conduct of在...指導［管理］下
4 chargevt., vi.要價；索價；要人支付；收費
The fruit seller charged me too much money.這個水果商要了我很多的錢。
How much did he charge you for repairing the bicycle?他修理自行車收了你多少錢?
（與to, up to連用）記賬；在帳冊等上記入…
Don't forget to charge the money of the shoes to my account.別忘了把鞋錢記在我帳上。
（常與with連用）責令；公開指責；控訴
He was charged with stealing a car.他被指控偷了一輛汽車。
命令；使負責
She charged me to look after her daughter.她要我負責看管她的女兒。
（與with連用） 使負責
裝滿；充滿：
charge a furnace with coal.往壁爐里裝炭
（常與up連用）使充電Does your car battery charged easily?你那輛汽車的蓄電池容易充電嗎?
常用短語：in charge of負責
The chief engineer was in charge of directing the building of the subway.
主任工程師負責指揮地鐵的建造工程。
in the charge of sb.由某人負責, 由某人照料[管理]
at one's own charge(s)自費, 用自己的錢
take charge of負責, 看管
under the charge of在...看管[負責]之下
charge with控告(某人)犯(某罪)；[通常用被動態]給(槍、炮等)裝上(彈藥)；使承擔
5 prove
vt.證明,證實prove sth.
prove that Facts have proved that the creative power of the people knows no limits.事實證明人民的創造力是無窮的。
prove oneself (to be) +adj./n.
He proved himself to be a great scientist.
link-v. prove (to be)+adj\n.
He proved a successful manager
The method / drug proved (to be) highly effective.這個方法/這種藥證明是非常有效的。
The article has proved most useful.這篇文章證明非常有用。
He proved (to be) a doctor.他原來是個醫生。
6 control
7 pick out挑選，選出：分辨從環境中辯認出；分辨出
picked out the best piece of silk.挑出最好的一匹絲綢
picked out their cousins from the crowd.從人群中認出他們的堂兄弟
pick on選擇;（作挨罵或受罰對象）挑中（某人）
Why pick on me?為什么偏偏挑中我？
pick up撿起;獲得;收聽; 承載（客人，貨物等）; 學得通過學習或經歷獲得（知識）：購買：染上（病）：不經意得到隨便或偶然地獲得：
pick up speed加速
My radio can pick up France.我的收音機可收聽法國廣播。
The bus picks up commuters at three stops.公共汽車在三個站載送通勤者
picked up French very quickly.很快地學起法語來
8 sense n.
官能, 感覺, 判斷力, 見識, ...感, 意義, 理性
vt.感到, 理解, 認識
He has a good sense of smell.他的嗅覺很靈敏。
A sense of humour is a great asset for a person. (喻)幽默感是一個人的寶貴資產。
He sensed that his proposals were unwelcome.他覺得他的建議不受歡迎。
常用短語：in a sense在某一方面；就某種意義來說
in no sense決不是, 決非
make sense有 意義；意思清楚；有道理
make sense of理解；懂；明白
bring to one's senses使頭腦正常[清醒過來], 開導某人, 使醒悟
there is no [some] sense in doing...做...是沒有[有一些]道理的[意義的]
9 doubt n.懷疑；疑慮；未確定 [常用復]疑慮, 疑懼
There is no doubt that he is guilty.毫無疑問，他是有罪的。
I have (my) doubts about whether he is the best man for the job.
我懷疑他是否做這項工作的最好人選。
Please dismiss all doubts about it.請打消對此事的一切顧慮。
不信任；不相信We have no doubt of his ability.我們相信他的能力。
vt., vi.不確定；疑惑;不信任；懷疑看來…不會；不相信
I doubt that he'll come.我不相信他會來。
常用短語：beyond doubt[常作插入語]毫無疑問
throw doubt on對...產生懷疑, 使人對...產生懷疑
make no doubt(of) (對...)毫不懷疑;that)一定要設法確定
no doubt無疑地; [口]很可能
without (a) doubt無疑地
Unit 17
1 inspire 鼓勵；激勵
inspire sb. with hope激起某人的希望
I was inspired to work harder than ever before
.我受激勵比以往任何時候都更加努力地工作。
inspire sth. in sb.使某人產生某種感情; 激發某人的某種感情
inspire sb. with sth.使某人產生某種感情; 激發某人的某種感情
inspire sth. into sb.把某種思想灌輸給某人
2 mean adj.低劣的, 卑鄙的, 普通的, 吝嗇的, 簡陋的,不舒服的
vt.意謂, 想要, 預定 vi.用意, 有意義
I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot.
我本來打算今天給你這本書的，可是我忘了。
Peter's father was very mean; he never gave Peter any new clothes.
彼得的父親很小氣，他從不給彼得添新衣服。
He means this house for his daughter.他預定把這棟房子給女兒。
He was meant for [to be] a doctor.本來是準備把他培養成為醫生的。
習慣用語：（1）be meant to do照道理[照規矩]應該必須；得要；
（2）Do you mean to say ...?你的意思是說...嗎? 難道...嗎?
（3）What do you mean by ...?你這是什么意思?
(=What on earth do you mean by ...?) 你怎么膽敢...? 你怎么竟然...?
（4）mean much [a great deal] to sb.對某人很重要; 對某人很可貴
（5）mean sb. for準備讓某人干某工作
3 just in the corner
4 threaten vt., vi.恫嚇；威脅
His father threatened to beat the boy if he stole again.
男孩的父親威脅說如果他再偷東西的話，就要揍他。
預示…的惡兆；使有…的危險
The river of liquid rock threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape just in time.這股巖漿威脅著要將他團團圍住,但泰哲夫還是設法及時躲開了。
5 die down漸弱，消退沒勁了；平靜了：
The winds died down.風漸漸平息了
die off相繼死亡種群突然急劇的衰減：
Rabbits were dying off in that county.在那個地區的兔子相繼死亡了，直至滅絕
die out滅絕完全的滅亡；滅絕：
tribes and tribal customs that died out centuries ago.部落和部落文化在幾個世紀前就消滅了
6 regret n.遺憾, 悔恨, 抱歉, 歉意 vt.為...感到遺憾, 后悔, 惋惜, 哀悼, 懊悔 vi.感到抱歉
I regret spending so much money on a car.我后悔在一輛小汽車上花這么多錢。
I regret to say I cannot come.很抱歉，我不能來了。
He told me with regret that he could not come to the party.他很抱歉地對我說他不能來參加這個聚會了。
Much to my regret , I'm unable to accept your kind invitation.我不能接受你盛情的邀請, 非常遺憾。
express regret at [for, over]對...表示可惜[遺憾], 為...表示抱歉
7 value n 價值, 估價, 評價, 價格, [數]值, 確切涵義
vt.估價, 評價, 重視;尊重；珍視
What is the value of your house?你的房子值多少錢？
Your help has been of great value.你的幫助很有價值。
He valued the ring at $80.他估計這枚戒指值80美元。
I value your advice.我尊重你的勸告。
of no value沒有價值的
value at估(某物的)價為
8 term n.學期, 期限, 期間, 條款, 條件, 術語
a term of office任期
to get a term of seven years in prison被判7年徒刑
He was made captain of the football team for a term of one year.
他被推選為足球隊隊長，任期一年。
(pl) 合同或協議書的條件、條款、細則
come to terms with與…達成協議
If you agree to my terms -- free meals and good wages - I will work for you.
如果你同意我的條件，免費用餐并給高薪，我就為你工作。
習慣用語：come to terms屈服; 妥協; 達成協議; 接受條件, 對...采取將就態度
during one's term of office在任職期間
in terms of依..., 據...; 從...方面; 從...角度來講; 關于, 在...方面, 就...來說
in the long term從長遠觀點來看
in the short term就眼前來說
keep terms with sb.和...繼續談判, 與某人保持友好關系
9 promise
break [go back] one's [a] promise違背諾言, 違約
give [show] promise有希望, 有前途
keep one's [a] promise遵守諾言, 守約
make [give] a promise答應, 許諾
of great [high] promise大有希望的, 前程遠大的
promise well很有希望, 前景很好
10 bear vt., vi.bore, borne, bearing
載運；帶走負荷；負重;生（孩子）生產（農作物或水果）;忍受
Different trees bear different fruits.什么樣的樹結什么樣的果。
He bears a grudge against me because I took his place in the office.
他對我懷恨在心,因為我取代了他在辦公室里的位置。
to bear pain忍痛
bear with容忍；忍耐
We have to bear with his bad temper because he is a bit frustrated these days.
我們不得不容忍他的壞脾氣因為這些日子他有點灰心喪氣。
11 hang vt., vi.hung; hanging懸掛
to hang a picture on the wall把畫掛在墻上
I hung my coat (up) on a hook.我把外套掛在掛鉤上。
吊死hanged
12 fame n.名聲, 名望 vt.(常用被動語態)使聞名, 使有名望, 盛傳
ill fame丑名, 惡名
The city is famed for its scenic spots.該市以風景優美著稱。
Famed adj.聞名的, 有名的, 出名的; 負有盛名的
be famed for以...出名
come to fame成名
Unit 18
1 settle vt., vi定居；使定居
My son has settled happily in America.我兒子已在美國愉快地定居了。
安置；安頓We are settled in our new home.我們住入新居。
落下；棲息The insect settled on a leaf.一只昆蟲落在一片樹葉上。
使平靜，使安靜，使鎮靜
Wait until the excitement has settled down.等到興奮的情緒鎮靜下來再說。
決定，確定；解決
We have settled who will pay for the meal.我們已經定了由誰來付飯錢。
They settled the dispute among themselves.他們自己把這個爭論解決了。
〈法〉和解
償清，付還Please settle your account immediately.請立刻結清你的欠帳。
常用短語：settle one's affairs最后一次安排好自己的事
settle down安頓下來過穩定有序的生活：
He settled down as a farmer with a family.他與一家人安頓下來務農
平靜變得不緊張或安靜
settle for勉強接受盡管不完全滿意也能接受：
had to settle for a lower wage than the one requested.不得不接受一個比所需低的工資
2 voyage n.航程, 航空, 航海記, 旅行記 vi.航海, 航行 vt.渡過, 飛過
journey trip tour voyage expedition都含“旅行”的意思。
journey 應用范圍很廣, 指“有預定地點的陸上、水上或空中的單程長、短途旅行”, 一般來說, 它著重指“長距離的陸上的旅行”, 如:
He decided to make a journey to New York by air.他決定乘飛機去紐約。
trip 為一般用語, 指“任何方式的, 從事業務或游覽的旅行”, 往往著重于“短途旅行”, 在口語中, 可與journey 互換, 如:
He made a trip to the Great Wall yesterday.昨天他游覽了長城。
tour 指“以游覽、視察、購物等為目的的旅行”, 常含有“最后回到原出發點”的意思, 如:
He is going to make a round-the-world tour.他要周游全球。
voyage 主要指“乘船作水上旅行”, 也可指”空中旅行”, 如:
He got seasick during the voyage.在航行中他暈船。
excursion 指“娛樂性的短途旅行”, 如:
She went on excursion to the West Lake.她到西湖去游玩了。
expedition指“有特定目的的遠征或探險”, 如:
They're going to make an expedition to the South Pole.他們要去南極探險。
3 possession
Un.有, 所有, 擁有; 占有
[pl. ]所有物; 財產, 財富;
a man of great possessions富人
personal possessions個人財產
How did you get possession of it?你是怎樣得到它的?
He gave up possession of the house.他放棄了這房子的所有權。
常用短語：in possession of sth.占有某物
in one's [sb.'s] possession (=in the possession of sb.)(某物)為某人所占有[持有]
take possession of獲得, 占有; 購得；占據, 占領
3 make up彌補, 虛構, 縫制, 整理, 包裝, 和解,化妝；補足；組成
She made up her face to look prettier.她把臉化了妝以便看上去漂亮些。
The boy made up a story; it was not true.男孩編了個故事，這故事不是真的。
make up a bed整理床鋪
make up for補償
How can we make up to you for what you have suffered?我們如何補償你所遭受的損害？
make up for lost time補回失去的時間
make over更改；修改〈法〉轉讓財產
Can you make over this old shirt?你能修改這件舊襯衫嗎？
His wealth was made over to his children.他的財產已移交他的孩子們了。
make out勉強了解；開出，寫（支票、賬目等）成功；有（友好）關系；理解, 懂得
辨認出；聲稱；偽裝；把…說成
He immediately sat down and made out a check.他立刻坐下來開了一張支票。
How did you make out with your classmates?你和同班同學關系如何？
He makes out he's younger than me.他聲稱比我年輕。
make of懂得；了解；解釋
I can't make of what he wants.
make it及時到達；成功
make one's way前去；去
make into制成, 做成; 使轉變為
make from [make up from]用...制成, 用...做成
4 relation n.關系, 聯系, 敘述, 故事, 親戚
Some of my relations, my mother's aunt and uncle, live in America.我有些親戚，如我母親的姑姑和叔叔，住在美國。
關系；聯系the relation between wages and prices工資和物價的關系
in [with] relation to關于...,就...而論
have relations with和...有(某種)關系
make relation to提及..., 讀到...
relationship n.親戚關系
‘Do you know her relationship to that girl?’ ‘She's her sister.’
“你知道她和那個女孩有什么親戚關系嗎？”“她是她的妹妹。”
關系；聯系The teacher has a very good relationship with her students.
這位老師和學生們關系很好。
5 beyond prep.在(到)...較遠的一邊, 超過, 那一邊 adv.在遠處
prep.在（到）…較遠的一邊
What lies beyond the mountains?山的那一邊有什么？
晚于；超過This work is beyond my grasp.這件工作非我力所能及。
Don't stay there beyond midnight.不要過了午夜還留在那兒。
為…所不能及；多于；超出
Understanding this article is beyond my capacity.我看不懂這篇文章。
The fruit is beyond my reach.那個果子我夠不著
It is beyond me.[口]我能力所不及; 我不能理解。
beyond sb.為某人所不能理解
6 off adv.離開, 在遠方, 離去, 分離, 中斷, 完成
prep.從...離開, 脫離
to drive off開走 cut off the gas關上煤氣 Turn the light off.把燈關掉。
相距，隔著12 nautical miles off12海里以外 several years off隔好幾年
不工作，休息 have Sunday off星期日休息
Keep off the grass.勿踐踏草坪。
The ship was blown off course.船被吹離了航道。
We are going off the subject.我們離題了。
在離…海的附近an island off the coast of southeast東南沿海的一個島嶼
7 sign n.標記, 符號, 記號, 征兆, 跡象, 征候
v.簽名(于), 署名(于)～, 簽署
身勢，姿勢；信號He made a sign for me to follow him.他向我示意跟著他（走）。
告示；標語； 牌示，牌子The sign by the road said ‘No Parking'.路邊的牌子上寫著“禁止停車”。
跡象；征兆；征候There are no signs of life about the house.這房子沒有有人住的跡象。
Sign mark都含"標記"、"征兆"的意思。
sign 系常用詞, 指"具有一定含義的任何有形或無形的符號或標志, 它的表示可以是實物、表情、動作、文字、語言及任何痕跡或征兆", 如:
There is a stop sign at an intersection .在交叉路口處有停車標志。
mark 指"為某一目的有意作的標記", 也指"無意留下或自然形成的痕跡", 如:
Suffering left its mark on his face.苦難的經歷在 他臉上留下了痕跡。
補充
Unit 16-
10 recognize：用作動詞，有以下義項：認出；承認；分辨出。
Eg. Though she changed so much, I recognized her at first sight.
They recognized him to be a great leader.
Do you recognize (=make out) his handwriting?
注意：recognize, realize和know的區別：recognize=know again; make out“認出；分辨出”；realize=come to know“意識到”；know“認識”
11 comfort：表示“舒適；安慰”時為抽象名詞，表示“令人感到安慰的人或事”時為可數名詞。Eg. He lives in great comfort. 他生活極為舒適。
It is a comfort to know that she is safe.得知她平安無事，是一個安慰。
comfortable adj. 舒服的。Eg. The chair is comfortable to sit in.
12 pick out：精心挑選；辨別出；
Eg. She picked out the shoes that match the dress.
Can you pick out your brother in the crowd? I managed to pick out the passage.
相關歸納：（1）pick at申訴；指責；吃一點點
Eg. His mother picked at him for being lazy.
The sick woman just picked at the food he brought.
（2）pick on選擇某人
Eg. The teacher always picked on me to answer a hard question.
（3）pick up拾起；讓乘客上車；駕車接某人；恢復；偶然得到；接收廣播
Eg. I picked up the book on the ground.
I’ll pick you up at your home.
After staying in hospital for long, the patient was advised to go to the seaside to pick up his health.
It’s easy for my radio to pick up VOA English.
He picked up some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris.
（4）pick over慎重地調查；仔細地檢查
Eg. He picked over a basket of apples.
13 bring out：使顯示, 出版, 生產, 說出
Eg. Difficulties can bring out a person’s best qualities.困難可以顯現一個人的最佳品質。
She has brought out two new books at the same time.
The company is bringing out a new kind of soap.
相關歸納：（1）bring up撫養；提出；嘔吐
Eg. He has brought up five children.
He was ill and brought up his dinner.
（2）bring down使價格降低
Eg. I don’t know what brought down the price of clothing.
（3）bring about引起；導致=cause to happen
Eg. What brought about the forest fire?
（4）bring in引進；賺取
Eg. The new policy brings in a lot of new fashion.
The sale brought us in over $1000.那筆買賣使我們賺了一千多美元。
We have brought in a good grain harvest for three years on end.我們已經連續三年獲得了糧食豐收。
(5）bring forward提出；提議;把…提前(= put forward)
We'll bring the party forward.我們要把晚會提前
Eg. Now I’d like to bring forward the question of funds.我現在提出資金的問題。
（6）bring back帶回；使憶起
Eg. The landscape brought back my hometown which I had left five years before.
注意：bring out在表示“出版”的意思時，相當于publish，
為及物動詞短語。而短語come out表示“出版”的意思時，為不及物動詞，不能用于被動語態。Eg. When does John’s new book come out.
bring out生產；制造to bring out a new kind of soap生產一種新肥皂
使顯露to bring out the worst in sb.使（某人）顯露其最丑惡的一面
(7) bring off辦成功
Though it was a very difficult job, Helen was able to bring it off successfully ahead of schedule.
盡管那項工作很艱巨,海倫還是成功地提前完成了任務。
(8) bring up教育；養育;提出；引出;嘔吐
to bring up the question提出問題
(9) bring on引起；導致
Working out in the rain for a long time may bring on a fever.
在雨中工作很長時間可能使人發高燒。
The use of natural fertilizer can bring the crops on nicer than the use of chemical fertilizer.
使用天然肥料比使用化肥使莊稼長得更好。
14 “花費”的句型還有：sb. +spend +money/time +on sth./(in) doing sth.; sb. +pay money +for sth.; It takes sb. some time to do sth.; pay money for sth.; buy sth. for money
15 go on doing, go on to do, go on with, continue
go on doing sth.指繼續做同一件事。
go on to do sth.指接著做另外一件事。
go on with sth.指繼續同一件事，此時with后能接名詞、代詞，不能跟v.-ing形式。
continue繼續同一件事，也可以是另一件事。該詞有以下用法：a. continue +n; b. continue doing/to do; c. continue (to be) +adj.
Unit 17--18
13 admire：用作及物動詞，主要義項有：贊賞；佩服；稱贊等。
Eg. I admire him for his sincerity. 我欽佩他的誠實。
Don’t forget to admire the baby.不要忘了夸獎那嬰兒。
其名詞為admirer贊美者； admiration感嘆；欽佩；贊美
注意：admire和envy的區別：envy的側重點在于強調“羨慕和嫉妒”
14 turn to：轉向, 變成, 求助于
Eg. He turned to me and said hello to me.
If you are in trouble, please turn to me.
相關歸納：（1）turn on/off開/關（電器、煤氣等）
（2）turn up開大；調高（音量、煤氣等）；露面
Eg. He hasn’t turned up yet. Will you turn up the radio?
（3）turn down關小；調低（音量、煤氣等）；拒絕
Eg. Our request for a pay rise was turned down again.
（4）turn out關掉；熄滅；結果是；證明；生產
Eg. The day turned out fine.
It turned out that he had never been there.
The factory can turn out 1,000 cars a day.
（5）turn over翻地；翻身；翻倒；仔細考慮
Eg. The farmers turned over the soil with a fork to destroy the weeds.
He turned over in the bed and couldn’t fall asleep.
He turned it over in his mind.
（6）turn against背叛；反抗
Eg. For this many of his former friends turned against him.
注意：turn to短語中的to為介詞，后面不能使用動詞原形。相似的還有：devote…to…；pay attention to；refer to等。但是，He turned to go out.的意思為“他轉身走了出去。
15 so far, as far as, so far as
so far“到目前為止”，常跟現在完成時連用。可置于句首，句中或句末。
as far as=so far as“直到；同樣運的距離”，as far as既可用于肯定句，亦可用于不定句，而so far as僅用于肯定句，也可表示“就……而言，至于”，兩者可互換。
Exercises:
(1). _____ we have learned English for six years.
(2). Your work has been good _____ this year.
(3). We didn’t go _____ the others.
(4). _____ I know he will be away for three months.
(5). He will help you _____ he can.
16 deal with, do with, do without
do with為及物動詞短語。用于特殊疑問句時一般用what引導。含有“處理；處置”“對待（不用被動語態）”“以……將就（不用被動語態）”“放置（常用過去時或完成時態，不用被動語態）”“忍受（與cannot連用，不用被動語態）”等意思。
do without的意思為“沒有……也行；將就”“用不著”。
deal with為及物動詞短語。用于特殊疑問句時一般用how引導。主要義項有：對付；處理；論及……（和do with同義，主要區別在于特殊疑問詞）；相處；與……交易（不用于被動語態）
Exercises:
(1). Your clothes are worn out. What did you _____ them?
(2). He didn’t know what to _____ the property his father had left.
(3). The new teacher didn’t know what to _____ the class.
(4). Butter was so expensive that we had to _____ margarine(人造奶油) in those days.
(5). What have you _____ papers for the meeting?
(6). I cannot _____ the loud noise.
(7). We cannot _____ a telephone in our business.
(8). There wasn’t any coffee left, so we had to _____.
(9). He knows well how to _____ children.
(10). I think the problem should be _____ quickly.
(11). This book _____ ancient history of China.