綜觀近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)閱讀題，盡管推斷題呈不斷上升的趨勢(shì)，但細(xì)節(jié)仍然占有較大比例，而且已由過(guò)去簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)號(hào)入座直接答題轉(zhuǎn)向通過(guò)語(yǔ)句的同義或反義轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)考查同學(xué)們對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的理解能力，因此難度比往年有所增加。本文擬就細(xì)節(jié)題的不同類型談?wù)勂浣忸}技巧。
一、語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換題--跳讀查找法
這是做事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題最基本也是最常用的方法。在通常情況下，細(xì)節(jié)題主要考查考生對(duì)某句話或某幾句話的理解，同學(xué)們?nèi)裟芨鶕?jù)題干內(nèi)容從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，然后進(jìn)行比較和分析，便可確定最佳答案。
運(yùn)用跳讀查找法時(shí)，同學(xué)們要特別注意試題（包括選項(xiàng)）與原文之間的適當(dāng)變換。根據(jù)近幾年的考題情況來(lái)看，現(xiàn)在很少有直接用原文中的句子進(jìn)行考查和猜試的，而通常要進(jìn)行一定的處理。而這種“處理”主要就是指進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換，其中包括同義變換、概念解析、歸納事實(shí)等。請(qǐng)看下面的例子（重慶高考英語(yǔ)試題）：
“My kids really understand solar and earth-heat energy,” says a second-grade teacher in Saugus, California. “Some of them are building solar collectors for their energy course.” These young scientists are part of City Building Educational Program (CBEP), a particular program for kindergarten through twelfth grade that uses the stages of city planning to teach basic reading, writing and math skills, and more.
The children don’t just plan any city. They map and analyze the housing, energy, and transportation requirements of their own district and foretell its needs in 100 years. With the aid of and architect (建筑師) who visits the classroom once a week, they invent new ways to meet these needs and build models of their creations. “Designing buildings of the future gives children a lot of freedom,” says the teacher who developed this program. “They are able to use their own rich imagination and inventions without fear of blame, because there are no wrong answers in a future context. In face, as the class enters the final model-building stage of the program, an elected “official” and “planning group” make all the design decisions for the model city, and the teacher steps back and becomes an adviser.”
CBEP is a set of activities, games and imitations that teach the basic steps necessary for problem-solving: observing, analyzing, working out possible answers, and judging them based on the children’s own standards.
1. An architect pays a weekly visit to the classroom______.
A. to find out kid’s creative ideas B. to discuss with the teacher
C. to give children lectures D. to help kids with their program
2. Who is the designer of the program? _____
A. An official B. An architect C. A teacher D. A scientist
解題分析
1. 選D。根據(jù)第2段中的With the aid of an architect who visits the classroom once a week, they invent new ways to meet these needs and build models of their creations可知答案為D。 句中的aid“幫助”，與help同義。
2. 選C。 根據(jù)第2段中的…the teacher who developed this program 可知答案選C。develop與design在此大致同義。
二、生活應(yīng)用題--常識(shí)理解法
生活應(yīng)用題要求考生在讀懂文章的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合一定的生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷。不過(guò)，有趣的是，高考有時(shí)會(huì)出席那一些“低級(jí)”常識(shí)判斷提，即無(wú)需看懂文章，也可選出最佳答案。請(qǐng)看一個(gè)實(shí)例（全國(guó)卷高考英語(yǔ)試題）：
A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle: it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
“Having a party at home usually requires a lot of running around on the part of the parents, and often the birthday boy or girl gets lost in wild excitement. But it really doesn’t have to be that way,” said Anaclerio. Last summer, Anaclerio and her friend Jill Carlisle, a Northbrook mother of a 2-year-old, founded a home party-planning business called “A Party in a Basket.” Their goal is to help parents and children share in the fun part of party planning, like choosing the subject or making a cake, while they take care of everything.
Drawing on their experiences as mothers, they have created (制作) 10 ready-to-use, home party packages. Everything a family needs to plan a party, except the cake and ice cream, is delivered to the home in a large basket.
“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive (互動(dòng)) and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject. For example, at the Soda Shoppe party the guests become waiters and waitresses and build wonderful ice cream creation.”
The standard $200 package for eight children includes a basket filled with invitations, gifts, games and prizes, paper goods, a party planner and the like. For more information, call Anaclerio at 708-864-6584 or Carlisle at 708-205-9141.
1. Which of the following is most likely to be a party planner?
解題分析：
先看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（圖形）所表示的意思：選項(xiàng)A是一個(gè)記事本，左邊寫著Date, Things to do…., 右邊寫著People to invite….；選項(xiàng)B是一份禮品；選項(xiàng)C是一張卡片，上面寫著Happy Birthday； 選項(xiàng)D是一份菜單上面寫著Potato soup 3.00…等。聰明的考生，只要注意到題干中的a party planner, 變可排除B、C選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)常識(shí)，他們顯然不是planner(計(jì)劃書(shū))。A、D兩項(xiàng)到底選哪項(xiàng)呢？?jī)身?xiàng)都有點(diǎn)像planner，但仔細(xì)比較一下便可知A最佳。a party planner的意思是“晚會(huì)計(jì)劃書(shū)”，根據(jù)常識(shí)，要計(jì)劃一場(chǎng)晚會(huì)，當(dāng)然首先要明確日期（date）,還要確定做些什么事（things to do）以及邀請(qǐng)什么人（people to invite）等，而選項(xiàng)D只是一份菜單，它表明的只是一些菜的價(jià)格，顯然與a party planner 不符。
三、細(xì)節(jié)排序題--首尾定位法
這種試題要求考生根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序。同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲞@種題時(shí)可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一個(gè)動(dòng)作和最后一個(gè)動(dòng)作，迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出正確答案。請(qǐng)看下面的例子（浙江高考英語(yǔ)試題）：
Fat and shy, Ben Saunders was the last kid in his class picked for any sports team.” Football, tennis, cricket-anything with a round ball, I was useless.” He says now with a laugh. But back then he was the one always made fun of in school gym in Devonshire, England.
It was a mountain bike he received for his 15th birthday that changed him. At first he went biking alone in a nearby forest. Then he began to ride the bike along with a runner friend. Gradually, Saunders set his mind on building up his body, increasing his speed and strength. At the age of 18, he ran his first marathon.
The following year, he met John Ridgway and was hired as an instructor at Ridgway’s School of Adventure in Scotland, where he learned about Ridgway’s cold-water exploits. Greatly interested, Saunders read all he could about North Pole explorers and adventures, then decided that this would be his future.
In 2001,after becoming a skillful skier, Saunders started his first long-distance expedition(探險(xiǎn))towards the North Pole, It took unbelievable energy. He suffered frostbite（凍瘡）, ran into a polar bear and pushed his body to the limit, pulling his supply-loaded sled（雪橇）up and over rocky ice.
Saunders has since become the youngest person to ski alone to the North Pole, and he’s skied more of the North Pole by himself than any other British man. His old playmates would not believe the change.
Next October, Saunders, 27, heads south from the coast of Antarctica to the South Pole and back, a 2900-kilometre journey that has never been completed on skis.
1. Which of the following is the correct order of the events that happened to Saunders?
a. He ran his first marathon b. He skied alone in the North Pole.
c. He rode his bike in a forest. d. He planned an adventure to the South Pole.
A. acdb B. cdab C. acbd D. cabd.
解題分析：
題目要求我們按事件發(fā)生時(shí)間來(lái)進(jìn)行安排。根據(jù)首尾定位法，第一步是c. He rode his bike in a forest, 最后一步是d. He planned an adventure to the South Pole,故答案選D。
四、尋找信息題--題干定位法
快速尋找信息題一般為功能閱讀題，主要形式有廣告、公告、演出信息、航班時(shí)間表等。做這類題時(shí)沒(méi)有必要閱讀全文，宜采用“題干定位法”。請(qǐng)看下面的例子（浙江高考英語(yǔ)試題）：
Take Action for a Better World: Volunteers Needed
Six months’ preparation in Denmark: Africa studies, team work combined with social work risk group teenagers.
Six months’ community work in Malawi in people to people projects: Child Aid, HIV/AIDS Fights and Teacher Training.
Qualifications(條件)：18 years, hard-working and social engagement.
Please contact us by email：takeaction@betterworld.com
Part-time Work with Exchange Students
YOUTH International is a non-profit high school foreign exchange student organization. We welcome teenagers from over 80 countries worldwide and provide host families. The Community Representative is a part-time position designed for people with a strong desire to do something rewarding in the community and earn some extra money.
Applicants(申請(qǐng)人) best suited for this work should enjoy teenagers, have a strong interest in cross-cultural communication, and feel comfortable networking. Full training and support will be provided through branch offices throughout the U.S Positions available in most states.
If interested, please email staff@youth.org or call 888-123-9872.
International Summer Job
Hi, I’m an ESL student in China. I’m 20, quiet and polite, and I speak reasonable English. I am looking for a summer job in an English-speaking country. I can teach Chinese or do house and garden work, and cook Chinese dishes. Can anybody offer me a Job? I don’t need to earn much, just enough in 2 months (July-August) to pay for my return ticket to China. My goal is to improve my English and see a bit more of the world.
My email is : ram3462@hotmail.com
Call for Native Speakers of English
I am looking for native speakers of English to join in an experiment. This experiment is carried out over the Internet. You don’t need any specific knowledge other than understanding and speaking English at a native level. The first task will take you around 15 minutes. After this task, you can decide whether you want to continue the experiment. The tasks involve reading texts and designing questions and answers.
If you are willing to help me , then please email me : club3864@hotmail.com
1. Who is suitable to work as a Community Representative in YOUTH International?
A. One who enjoys working with teenagers from different countries.
B. One who hopes to take action in fighting against diseases
C. One who has a strong desire to improve his or her English
D. One who wants to earn some pocket money in the program
2. Where will Jack, a volunteer, receive the training before he is sent to work in Malawi?
A. In some local offices in the U.S B. In an ESL organization in China
C. In a preparation program in Denmark D. In an exchange student center in Africa
3. If Mrs. Black in the U.S hopes to learn some Chinese at home, she may contact__________.
A. takeaction@betterworld.com B. ram3462@hotmail.com
C. club3864@hotmail.com D. staff@youth.org
解題分析
1. 選A。 根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞YOUTH International 可知，此題答案一定在第二個(gè)表格中。再根據(jù)其中的teenagers from over 80 countries 以及… should enjoy teenagers…可知答案選A。
2. 選C。 根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞volunteer和work in Malawi可知，此題答案一定在第一個(gè)表格中。再根據(jù)其中的Six months’ preparation in Denmark可知答案選C。
3. 選B。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞hopes to learn some Chinese at home可知，此題答案一定在第三個(gè)表格中，故答案選B。