Unit 2 Fit for life
教學目標：1.知識與技能
了解并掌握重點詞匯的含義和用法，學習動詞短語的用法，練習用英語為廣播節(jié)目寫一個發(fā)言稿，培養(yǎng)英語語言的綜合運用能力。
2. 學習策略
圍繞醫(yī)學這一話題，學習有關(guān)醫(yī)學和中醫(yī)的知識，了解與其有關(guān)的英語詞匯和常用句式，增加文化背景知識。
3. 情感態(tài)度與價值觀
通過對醫(yī)學，與其是中醫(yī)知識的了解，激發(fā)學生的愛國熱情，培養(yǎng)學生勇于探索的意識和精神，更積極地投入到戰(zhàn)勝疾病的活動中，使學生的身心得到健康發(fā)展。
Reading -----Two life-saving medicines
I. Summary of the text.
Main idea of the passage The history and the uses of two life-saving medicines: aspirin and penicillin.
Main idea of Part 1(paragraph 1) A simple introduction of the two medicines.
Main idea of Part 2(paragraph 2--3) The history and uses of aspirin.
Main idea of Part 3(paragraph 4--5) The history and uses of penicillin.
II: Read the article again and fill in the form below.
Effects of aspirin 1. reduce fever
2. help stop body pains
3. reduce the risk of heart attacks
4. prevent a stroke
5. reduce the risk of colon cancer
6. increase the length of people’s lives ;help people
with diabetes
Effects of penicillin 1. help in treating wounds and infections
2. treat other illnesses including pneumonia
III: Language points:
1. If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find aspirin and penicillin. (L.2)
倘若你打開世界上任何一個藥柜,都很可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。
①open up phrasal verb 1) to show sth. that was hidden or not previously known:
The debate could open up sharp differences between the countries.
這次辯論能夠揭露這些國家之間的明顯差異.
2) to make a space larger or less enclosed:
We're going to open up our kitchen by knocking down a couple of walls.
我們打算把墻壁推倒來擴大我們的廚房.
3) to start to talk more about yourself and your feelings:
I've never opened up to anyone like I do to you.
我從來沒有對任何人象對你一樣地敞開心扉.
②probability n. [C or U] the likelihood of sth. happening or being true:
What is the probability of winning? 獲勝的可能性有多大?
There's a high/strong probability (that) (= It is very likely that) she'll be here.
很可能她會來這兒.
probable adj. likely to be true or likely to happen:
The probable cause of death was heart failure. 死亡的可能原因是心臟病.
[+ that] It is probable that share prices will fall still further. 他很可能會來.
注意比較：
probable: adj. 很可能的，與likely意思相近，有時可以互換；
possible的語氣稍弱。他們各自的句型如下：
It’s probable/possible for sb. to do sth.
It’s probable/possible that…
It’s likely that…
sb./sth. is likely to do sth.
2. … but in fact, 3,500 years ago, some recipes recommended drinking a tea made from the dried leaves of a particular plant to reduce body pains. (L.7)
但事實上,早在3,500年前就有一些藥方建議人們飲用一種由特殊植物的干葉制成的茶來減輕身體的病痛。
①recommend v. [T] to suggest that someone or sth. would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done:
She has been recommended for promotion. 她已經(jīng)被推薦提升了.
[+ (that)] The doctor recommended (that) I take more exercise.
醫(yī)生建議我進行更多的鍛煉 .
[+ ing form of verb] I recommend writing your feelings down on paper.
我建議你把自己的感覺寫在紙上.
recommended adj.
It is dangerous to take more than the recommended dose of this medicine.
服用超過這種藥的建議量是很危險的.
recommendation n.
I got the job on his recommendation 在他的舉薦下我得到了這份工作.
[+ that] The report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built.
這份報告建議不要再建造監(jiān)獄.
② make…from…
to produce sth., often using a particular substance or material:
Butter is made out of/from milk.. 黃油是用牛奶做的.
相關(guān)短語:
make…of…/be made of…
Earrings are made of gold 耳環(huán)是金子做的.
make…into…/be made from
Wood can be made into tables. 木頭可以制成桌子.
make up/be made up of…
Eleven players make up the football team. 11個隊員組成了這支足球隊.
The football team is made up of eleven players. 這支足球隊是由11個隊員組成的.
3. The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899 when the company Hoffmann worked for began giving the medicine in power form to physicians to use with patients. (L.13)
1899年, 該藥品第一次進行實驗, 當時, 霍夫曼供職的公司開始將該藥以粉末形式提供給醫(yī)師, 讓他們用于病人。
①trial n. [C or U] 1) a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable sth. or someone is:
They've employed her for a six-month trial (period).
他們雇傭她已經(jīng)有6個月的試用期了.
Ｔhis new method is on trial. 這個新方法正在試用．
② in…form=in the form of…
The lawn was laid out in the form of the figure eight.
這塊草坪是以八這個數(shù)字的形式設(shè)計的.
in any shape or form: of any type:
I'm opposed to war in any shape or form. 我反對任何形式的戰(zhàn)爭.
4. A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops as a tablet containing 500 milligrams of ASA. (L.16) 一年以后，阿司匹林被制成片劑在藥店出售，每片含有200毫克的乙酰水楊酸。
contain v. [T not continuous] to have sth. inside or include sth. as a part:
How much liquid do you think this bottle contains? 你認為這個瓶子里裝有多少水?
Try to avoid foods which contain a lot of fat. 盡量不要吃含有很多脂肪的食物. .
注意比較:
include v. [T] to contain sth. as a part of sth. else, or to make sth. part of sth. else:
The book contains 40 maps, including a map of China.
The bill includes tax and service.
Tax and service are included in the bill. 帳單包括稅收和服務(wù).
5. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, is the author of several published reports, one of which introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood. (L.24) 美國的一位醫(yī)生勞倫斯.克雷文發(fā)表了好幾篇報告，其中1953年的一篇報告提出了阿司匹林可以稀釋血液。
thin 1)adj. (thinner, thinnest) having a small distance between two opposite sides:
a thin book 一本薄書
2) adj. (thinner, thinnest) (of the body) with little flesh on the bones:
Thin, hungry dogs roamed the streets. 又瘦又餓的狗在街上游蕩.
3) adj. (thinner, thinnest) (of a liquid) flowing easily:
a thin soup 稀湯
4) v. [T] to make a substance less thick, often by adding a liquid to it:
thin wine with water 用水沖淡酒
6. … and in 1977, a study carried out in the USA showed that the chemical ASA in aspirin could prevent a stroke, which is a type of serious illness when blood vessels in the brain burst suddenly or are blocked. (L.26) 1977年，美國的一項研究證明，阿司匹林中的化學物質(zhì)乙酰水楊酸能預(yù)防中風。中風是由于大腦血管爆裂或梗塞而產(chǎn)生的一種突發(fā)疾病。
7. In 1999, aspirin was 100 years old and yet there have been more discoveries on how it can help increase the length of people’s lives. (L.30)
到1999年，阿司匹林已有100年的歷史，然而關(guān)于它如何幫助延長人類壽命方面還有更多的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
length n. 1) [C or U] the measurement of sth. from end to end or along its longest side:
The boat is ten metres in length. 這艘船長10米.
2) [C] a piece of sth. such as string or pipe:
a length of rope 一段繩子
3) [C] the amount of time sth. takes:
the length of a film/speech/play 一部電影/一篇講話/一部戲劇的長短
keep sb. at arm's length
to not allow someone to become too friendly with you:
I always had the feeling she was keeping me at arm's length.
我一直感覺她避免我和她親近.
at length
1) for a long time:
George went on at great length about his various illnesses.
2) FORMAL If sth. happens at length, it happens after a long period of time:
At length, they allowed her to go home. 終于他們允許她回家了.
8. He noted that mould would grow had grown on a special transparent jelly that had bacteria on it. (L.38) 他注意到，帶有細菌的一種特殊的，透明的果子凍上長起了霉。
9. It was not until World War II that two other scientists managed to use new chemical techniques to purify it. (L.46)
直到二戰(zhàn)另外兩個科學家才設(shè)法使用新的化學方法來凈化它。
It was not until that… 這是一個not… until…結(jié)構(gòu)的強調(diào)句型。
強調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is/was +被強調(diào)部分+that…
高考鏈接
1. It was not until she got home _______ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. (2006全國II)
A. when B. that C. where D. before
2. It was after he got what he had desired _______ he realized it was not so important. (2006遼寧)
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案：1-2 B A
10. They were able to produce it in large quantities. (L.48) 他們能夠大量地生產(chǎn)它。
quantity n. [C or U] the amount or number of sth., especially that can be measured or is fixed:
Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in his possession.
警察發(fā)現(xiàn)他擁有大量的毒品．
We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night.
那天晚上我們消費了大量的食物和飲料．
For reference
表示“許多”的詞或短語如下：
(1) 修飾可數(shù)名詞的：many, a great/good many, quite a few, a large/great number of/numbers of, many a
(2) 修飾不可數(shù)名詞的：much, a great deal of, a large amount of/large amounts of
(3) 既可以修飾可數(shù)又可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞的：a lot of/lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of/large quantities of, a mass of, masses of
高考鏈接
We always keep _______ spare paper, in case we ran out. (2006浙江)
A. too much B. a number C. plenty of D. a good many
答案：C
11. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds. (L.52)
如果沒有青霉素，很多人會死于由細菌引起的疾病。
available adj. able to be obtained, used, or reached:
Is this dress available in a larger size? 這件禮服有大點尺寸的嗎？
die v. [I] (dying, died, died) to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly:
Twelve people died in the accident. __________________________
She died of/from hunger/cancer/a heart attack/her injuries. ______________________
die相關(guān)短語: die from： 死于（外因）die of： 死于（疾病，饑餓，嚴寒等內(nèi)因）
die away： （聲音等的）消逝 die down： （火勢，怒氣等的）平息
die out： （風俗習慣，物種等的）滅絕，消失 die off： 相繼死去直至死光
die for：為…而死；渴望得到…
For example:
The sound of his footsteps gradually died away. 他的腳步聲漸漸地消失了．
It was several minutes before the applause died down. 幾分鐘后掌聲才平息下來．
Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago. 恐龍是數(shù)百萬年前滅絕的．
It's a custom which is beginning to die out. 這是一個開始消失的風俗．
His parents died off within a year. 他的父母在一年內(nèi)相繼去世．
I am dying for/to have a drink. 我口渴得要命．
12. In 1945, all the three scientists, Fleming, Florey and Chain, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work, and penicillin rapidly became the powerful ‘wonder drug’ which saved millions of lives. (L57)
由于弗萊明, 弗洛里和錢恩的貢獻, 1945年他們共同獲得諾貝爾獎的生理學或醫(yī)藥學獎, 而青霉素因挽救了數(shù)百萬人的生命, 很快成為一種強大的“神奇藥品”。
13. It was fundamental to saving many thousands of lives and is one of the most important medicines of contemporary society. (P21)
它對于拯救許多人的性命是很重要的,并且它是當代社會最重要的藥物之一.
Grammar and usage
------------ Phrasal verbs
動詞常與其他詞類（多是副詞和介詞）搭配在一起，構(gòu)成固定詞組，稱之為動詞短語。 一般動詞短語可以分為以下幾類：
1．動詞+介詞
這一結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞短語相當于一個及物動詞，這類短語動詞的賓語比較固定，均放在介詞之后。例如：
Whether we will go climbing depends on the weather. 我們會不會去爬山要看天氣。
He is searching for his glasses. 他在找眼鏡。
2．動詞+副詞
這類短語動詞有的可以用作及物動詞，有的用作不及物動詞。動詞短語的賓語是名詞時，可置于動詞短語之后，亦可置于動詞短語中間；但若賓語是代詞時，只能置于動詞和副詞之間。例如：
Wipe the dirt out on your shoes, please. / Wipe out the dirt on your shoes, please.
請擦掉你鞋上的臟東西。
There is dirt on your shoes. Wipe it out. 你的鞋上有臟東西，請擦掉。
3． 動詞+副詞+介詞
這類機構(gòu)中，介詞的賓語不能置于介詞之前，eg. be fed up with 厭倦 ；catch up with 趕上; go on with 與------相處; hold on to 堅持.
4. 動詞+名詞+ 介詞
常見短語有: take care of 照顧，照料; make room for 給…騰地方; make friends with
與…交朋友; play a joke on 戲弄某人; have a look at 看一看; say goodbye to 告辭等
5．動詞+形容詞（包括相當于形容詞的過去分詞）+介詞
這類動詞短語相當于及物動詞。例如：
He wondered whether the newcomer was worthy of trust.他不知道那個新來的是否值得信任。
I was deeply upset about it.。那件事情我厭煩透了。
常見短語有: be late for 遲到 be angry with 生氣 be busy with 忙于
be short for 是…的簡稱 be interested in 對…感興趣 be famous for 因…而著名
be good at 擅長 be different from 與…不同 be good/bad for 對…有益/害
6. 動詞+反身代詞+介詞
常見短語有: help oneself to 隨便吃 give oneself to 熱心于 occupy oneself with 忙于
enjoy oneself 玩得開心 dress oneself in 穿著 devote oneself to 專心,致力于,獻身
I: Exercises: choose the best answer:
★ 1. There were a lot of people standing at the door and the small girl couldn’t get ____. (06全國) A. between B. through C. across D. beyond
2. I was still sleeping when the fire ____, and then it spread quickly.
A. broke out B. put out C. came out D. got out (06廣東)
★ 3. Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it ____ shopping and eating. (06天津)
A. refers to B. speaks of C. focuses on D. comes to
4. ---How are you managing to do your work without an assistant?
---Well, I ____ somehow. (06重慶)
A. get along B. come on C. watch out D. set off
5. It’s already 10 o’clock. I wonder how it ___ that she was two hours late on such a short trip. (06湖北)
A. came over B. came out C. came about D. came
6. For all these years, I have been working for others. I’m hoping I’ll ____my own business someday. (06江西)
A. turn up B. fix up C. set up D. make up
7. She ____ Japanese when she was in Japan. Now she can speak it freely. (06福建)
A. picked out B. made out C. made up D. picked up
★ 8. ---The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
---Don’t worry. We have already ____ two thirds of it. (06四川)
A. got down B. got through C. given in D. given away
9. The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now _____ the matter. (06湖北)
A. seeing through B. working out C. looking into D. watching over
★ 10. As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village ____ scenes of my childhood. (06湖北)
A. called up B. called for C. called on D. called in
11. Although the wind has ____, the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat. (06湖北)
A. turned up B. gone back C. died down D. blown out
12. We’re trying to ring you back, Bryan, but we think we ___ your number incorrectly. (06浙江)
A. looked up B. took down C. worked out D. brought about
★ 13. ---Four dollars a pair? I think it’s a bit too much. (06安徽)
---If you buy three pairs, the price for each will ___ to three fifty.
A. come down B. take down C. turn over D. go over
14. With no one to ____ in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless. (06陜西)
A. turn to B. turn on C. turn off D. turn over
★ 15. After he retired from office, Rogers ___ painting for a while, but soon lost interest. (06山東)
A. took up B. saved up C. kept up D. drew up
16. The computer system _____ suddenly while he was searching information on the Internet. (06遼寧)
A. broke down B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in
17. It is certain that he will ____ his business to his son when he gets old.
A. take over B. think over C. hand over D. go over
★ 18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ____ as planned.
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
★ 19. It’s ten years since the scientist ____ on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up
20. ---____for the glass!
---It’s OK. I’m wearing shoes.
A. Look out B. Walk out C. Go out D. Set out
★ 21. Could you please tell me where you bought the shoes you ____ yesterday?
A. tried on B. put on C. had on D. pulled on
★ 22. He accidentally ____ he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks.
A. let out B. took care C. made sure D. made out
23. We have to ____ the wheat as soon as possible because a storm is on the way.
A. get away B. get across C. get through D. get in
24. Once a decision has been made, all of us should ____ it.
A. direct to B. stick to C. lead to D. refer to
★ 25. The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to ___ our studies.
A. get down to B. get out C. get back for D. get over
★ 26. In some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA courses has ____.
A. turned down B. turned over C. fallen down D. fallen over
27. The forest guards often find campfires that have not been ____ completely.
A. turned down B. put out C. put away D. turned over
★ 28. It’s the present situation in poor areas that ___ much higher spending on education and training.
A. answers for B. provides for C. calls for D. plans for
★ 29. His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has ___ many good changes in their lives.
A. got through B. resulted from C. turned into D. brought about
30. John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.
A. send…away B. leave…off C. see…off D. show…around
(Keys: BADAC CDBCA CBAAA ACBBA CADBA CBCDC )
Project-----Magic needles: Chinese acupuncture
Fast reading
1. Scan the text and find which of the topics is not mentioned: history, past uses, current uses, acceptance in the West, benefits and disadvantages.
( The disadvantages of Chinese acupuncture are not mentioned. )
2. What medical problems can acupuncture treat?
(Bad pains, headaches, injuries, stomach problems, blood pressure problems, addiction to cigarettes, drugs, alcohol and food (overeating). )
3. How does acupuncture reduce or relieve pain?
( It is unclear now. One theory suggests that acupuncture blocks pain signals from reaching the spinal cord or brain. Another theory suggests acupuncture promotes the production of chemicals in the body which reduces pain.)
4. How does an acupuncturist examine a patient?
(First ask the patient’s medical history and lifestyle. And then look at the color of the patient’s skin and tongue, listen to his breathing and check his pulses.)
5.. How many pulses are there and what are they connected with?
( There’re twelve different pulses, six on each wrist. Every one is connected with a major body organ or function of an organ.)
6. Why will an acupuncturist check pulses?
(This will help him/her find out which energy channel doesn’t have enough energy.)
Useful Phrases
Reading:
1.focus on 2. open up
3.be made from 4. reduce body pains
5. in powder form 6.be sold as a tablet
7.thin blood 8.the best-selling painkiller
9. try out 10. in large quantities
11. due to 12. come true
13.die from 14, turn into
15.have an influence on 16. throughout the world
Project :
1.magic needles=Chinese acupuncture 2.the Stone Age
3.make hole on swollen areas of the body 4.be replaced by
5.take one’s place 6. let out
7.at certain points on the body 8. check one’s pulse
9. energy channel
10.treat addictions to cigarettes/ drugs/ alcohol ---
11.Chinese traditional herbal medicine
12.promote the production of chemicals in the body which reduce pain