東海高級(jí)中學(xué) （222300）
楊金鋒
1. value
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：1）n. value用處，用途 ；價(jià)值
What is the value of your house? 你的房子值多少錢？
Don’t throw anything that may be of use.不要把任何有用的東西扔掉。(=Don’t throw anything that may be useful.)
Your help has been of great value.
2）vt. 估價(jià),定價(jià); 尊重；珍視
He valued the ring at $80. 他估計(jì)這枚戒指值80美元。
I value your advice. 我尊重你的勸告。
相關(guān)鏈接：
1) valueless a. 無(wú)價(jià)值的,不值錢的,不足道的，相當(dāng)于worthless
2) value / price
東西的“價(jià)值”（ value）指它“值”（ be worth） 多少錢；東西的“價(jià)錢”（ price） 指買者“花費(fèi)”（ cost）多少
備考必備： 1) be of +名詞=be +名詞同源的形容詞形式,常用的名詞有use/importance/help/value/interest/quality/service/benefit/necessity等。說(shuō)明被修飾詞具有某種特征或?qū)傩浴?/p>
I don’t want to hear what you are saying. It is of no interest to me. 我不想聽(tīng)你說(shuō),我對(duì)此不感興趣。(of no interest=not interesting)
Doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health. 做早操對(duì)你的健康有利。
Coal is of great importance to the development of industry. 煤對(duì)工業(yè)發(fā)展是相當(dāng)重要的。(of great importance=very important)
2). “(be)+of +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞表種類、數(shù)量、度量等時(shí),表示不同的人或物的共同特征,此時(shí)名詞前通常帶有冠詞。常用的名詞有size/kind/type/price/height/depth/width/length/weight/age/shape/colour等。如:
Machines are of different types and sizes.機(jī)器有不同的型號(hào)和規(guī)格。
3). “(be)+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示主語(yǔ)的根源關(guān)系,此時(shí)的名詞多是表示親屬、血統(tǒng)、種族、國(guó)籍及出處的名詞,常用的名詞有family/blood/race/origin等。如:
We are of the same blood. 我們是同一家族。
They are of noble race. 他們出身名門。
2.unfairly ad.公平地,
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：. I do think I was treated unfairly . 我的確認(rèn)為我遭到了不公平的待遇
相關(guān)鏈接：
1) fairly公平地,相當(dāng); ad. 相當(dāng)?shù)?/p>
It’s a fairly good book 這是一本相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的書。
I felt I hadn’t been treated fairly. 我覺(jué)得我沒(méi)有受到公正的對(duì)待。
Her suggestion fairly took me by surprise. 她的建議真叫我大吃一驚.
I fairly jumped for joy. 我簡(jiǎn)直高興得跳了起來(lái).
2 ) fairly / rather
前者通常用于令人愉快的場(chǎng)合， rather 則表示令人不十分愉快的場(chǎng)合
The car is fairly large for the four of us. 這輛車我們四個(gè)人勉強(qiáng)坐得開(kāi)。
To make matters worse, the room is rather small.
使得事情更糟糕的是，這個(gè)房子相當(dāng)小（房子太小，不太合適）
備考必備：This book is rather too difficult for children.這本書讓孩子們讀太難了。
fairly 不能和too連用，而rather可以。
3. conclusion n.終結(jié)， 結(jié)局 結(jié)論； 決定； 推斷 締結(jié)； 議定
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：All the evidence pointed to the conclusion that he was guilty.所有的證據(jù)表明他是有醉的。
備考必備：arrive at a conclusion 得出結(jié)論， 告一段落
come to a conclusion 得出結(jié)論， 告一段落
draw a conclusion 得出結(jié)論， 告一段落
reach a conclusion 得出結(jié)論， 告一段落
at the conclusion of 當(dāng)...完結(jié)時(shí)
bring to a conclusion 使結(jié)束； 談定（買賣等）
come to the conclusion that...所得結(jié)論是..., 斷定
in conclusion 最后， 總之（表明即將結(jié)束談話的內(nèi)容）
4．equality n. 同等，平等，相等
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：All three children have equality in our family.三個(gè)小孩在我們家都是平等的。
equality between the sexes 男女平等
相關(guān)鏈接：
1）equal adj. 相等的，平等的
She feels equal to the task. 她認(rèn)為能勝任該項(xiàng)工作。
Everyone should enjoy equal rights.每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)享有平等的權(quán)利。
Women demand equal pay for equal work. 婦女要求同工同酬。
2）v. 等于
None of us can equal her, either in beauty or as a dancer.不管是容貌還是舞藝我們都比不上她。
Two and five equals seven. 二加五等于七。
備考必備：
把某物分成均等的幾份，只能用equal，不能用same。
他把蘋果分成四等份。
（誤）He divided the apple into four same parts.
（正）He divided the apple into four equal parts.
3)重要詞組
be equal to sth.等于，與……相等，勝任……
One li is equal to half a kilometer.一華里等于半公里。
It is equal to me whether he comes or not.他來(lái)不來(lái)對(duì)我都一樣。
He is equal to this task.他能勝任這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
be equal to doing sth. 能勝任……
He is equal to doing this task.他能勝任這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
5. strengthen
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：
1)加強(qiáng)；增強(qiáng)
Our enemy has greatly strengthened during the truce talks. 和談期間，敵人力量已大為增強(qiáng)。
2)變強(qiáng)
The fence was strengthened with wire. 這堵圍欄用金屬絲加固了。
相關(guān)鏈接：
1)energy, strength, power
energy為“精力，活力，能量”，指人或動(dòng)物所積蓄的內(nèi)在或釋放的活力，也指物理學(xué)上的能量。
He has so much energy that he can work as hard as three men. （energy指精力）
The successful carrying out of the work is due to his youth and energy. （energy指活力）
The energy of the sun has been widely used now. （energy指能量）
strength為“力氣，力量”發(fā)揮的內(nèi)在素質(zhì)與體質(zhì)，也可指物理學(xué)上的強(qiáng)度。
All the passengers pushed the bus with all their strength, but it refused to move. (strength指力氣）
As the saying goes, “Unity is strength”, let us work hard together to overcome the difficulties. （strength指強(qiáng)度。）
power為“力，力量，能力，權(quán)力”。 它是力的總稱，指各種力，如電力，動(dòng)力或某事物的能力。它也可指人所具有的力量，能力，權(quán)力及勢(shì)力等。當(dāng)指人所具有的力氣時(shí)，它與strength同義。
A football player needs power/strength to run with the ball. （power指體力。）
I'll do everything in my power to help that old lady. （power指能力。）
Electricity gives us power and makes machines work. （power指電力。）
備考必備：in strength 大批的，批量的
Go from strength to strength 不斷取得成功，日益狀大
6. rid…of…擺脫……，去掉……
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：It’s the time we got rid of all these old toys.該是把這些舊玩具都扔掉的時(shí)候了。
A detailed plan will rid the world of Aids. 詳細(xì)的計(jì)劃會(huì)使愛(ài)滋病在世界上絕跡。
備考必備: get rid of+名詞為一個(gè)完整的詞組，不能分開(kāi)，即不能寫成get rid somebody of something. 而get rid of the world
7.elect 選舉
She was elected to a new leading position.她被推選到一新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位上。
相關(guān)鏈接：
select, elect
這兩個(gè)詞都有“選”的意思，但其含義和用法有異。
1) select指在廣泛的范圍中進(jìn)行有斟酌的“精選”，淘汰的意味較重，其后須跟名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)。
Most of the delegates to the conference are selected from advanced workers.
出席大會(huì)的大多數(shù)代表是從先進(jìn)工作者中挑選出來(lái)的。
It is difficult to select good materials for middle school students to read.
為中學(xué)生選出閱讀的好材料是困難的。
2) elect的最普通意思是通過(guò)正式手續(xù)或投票形式的“選舉”，其后須跟人或職稱名詞作賓語(yǔ)，亦可跟名詞+名詞，名詞+as短語(yǔ)，名詞+不定式短語(yǔ)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
They elected him to take part in the competition.他們選他參加競(jìng)賽。
備考必備：
1) 在“elect sb. +職務(wù)”句式中，表示獨(dú)一無(wú)二等職位前不用冠詞；若同樣的職位有多人存在，則必須加不定冠詞，以示其中之一：
We elected him monitor.我們選他為班長(zhǎng)。
They elected Jimmy Carter (as) President.他們選吉米卡總統(tǒng)。
相似的動(dòng)詞還有：call, name, make, appoint, keep, think , consider, find, leave等
2） 作出選擇；決定 ; 與to 連用
He elected to become a doctor. 他決定當(dāng)醫(yī)生。
She elected to return to work after her baby was born..她決定孩子出生后再去做工作。
8. make up 為“構(gòu)成，組成”，主語(yǔ)為構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體的各個(gè)個(gè)體，賓語(yǔ)是一個(gè)集合體。
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：Ten doctors make up a visiting team. 十位醫(yī)生組成了一支訪問(wèn)團(tuán)。
相關(guān)鏈接：此結(jié)構(gòu)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，需加介詞of，構(gòu)成be made up of短語(yǔ)。
A car is made up of many different parts. 一輛汽車是由許多不同的零件組成的。
Life is made up of both sweetness and sorrow. 生活中既有甘，又有苦。
備考必備：
make up 和解；和好 ;化妝；化裝
She made up her face to look prettier. 她把臉化了妝以便看上去漂亮些。
捏造，虛構(gòu)（故事、詩(shī)等）
The boy made up a story; it was not true. 男孩編了個(gè)故事，這故事不是真的。
make up for補(bǔ)償
make up for lost time 補(bǔ)回失去的時(shí)間
They hurried on to make up for lost time. 他們加速進(jìn)行以補(bǔ)回失去的時(shí)間。
9. oppose 有“反對(duì)；對(duì)抗；反抗”、“以……對(duì)抗”、“使對(duì)立/對(duì)照”等含義。
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)： 主要用于以下句式：
1）oppose+名詞/代詞。
I’ll not oppose you.我不反對(duì)你。
We’ll oppose force with force.我們反對(duì)以暴力對(duì)抗暴力。
2）oppose+動(dòng)名詞
We oppose copying everything foreign.我們反對(duì)樣樣照抄外國(guó)的。
相關(guān)鏈接：oppose object resist 都含“反對(duì)”的意思
oppose 為常用詞, 指“對(duì)某人、某事采取積極行動(dòng)來(lái)反對(duì)”, 著重動(dòng)作,尤指“反對(duì)一種觀念、思想、計(jì)劃等”
The father opposed to his son’s marriage.父親反對(duì)兒子的婚事。
object 常指“用言論或論據(jù)等表示反對(duì)”, 著重“個(gè)人嫌厭”和“(由于與個(gè)人有關(guān)因此)提出反對(duì)意見(jiàn)”
I objected to his plan.我反對(duì)他的計(jì)劃。
resist 指“積極地反抗、對(duì)抗”、“用武力阻止...的前進(jìn)”, resist the enemy抵抗敵人。
備考必備：
1).Oppose oneself/ sth. to….如：
I oppose myself to the training plan.我反對(duì)那項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃。
The soldier opposed his arm to the blow of the enemy soldier.那位士兵用手臂擋住敵兵的打擊。
2).be opposed to…反對(duì)
I’m much opposed to your going abroad.我非常反對(duì)你出國(guó)。
He had been violently opposed to this plan at first.起初他強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。
10.date back to 從...時(shí)就有, 回溯到, 遠(yuǎn)在...(年代) ;多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：It is said that the custom can date back to the 18th century.
據(jù)說(shuō)這種習(xí)俗可以追溯到18世紀(jì)。
相關(guān)鏈接：date back to = date from
date back to可追溯到; date from從某時(shí)期開(kāi)始(有)
語(yǔ)感稍有不同，前者和現(xiàn)在也有聯(lián)系，而后者沒(méi)有表明是否與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)。
This kind of music dates from the 18th century. 這種音樂(lè)可追溯到18世紀(jì)。
備考必備：
out of date 過(guò)時(shí)的，陳舊的
to date 到此為止
up to date 現(xiàn)代的；直到最近的
date back to 追溯到；從…開(kāi)始有
11.foolish愚蠢的
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)： It’s foolish to idle away one’s precious time.把大好時(shí)光浪費(fèi)掉是愚蠢的。
a foolish person 愚蠢的人
How foolish I was not to have bought it. 我沒(méi)買下它真是太傻。
It was foolish to take the test without preparation. 沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備就去應(yīng)試是愚蠢的。
荒謬的,可笑的
He looked foolish in his red pants. 他穿著紅褲子看上去真可笑。
相關(guān)鏈接：
1） fool n. 傻瓜，笨蛋 .V. 愚弄
fool sb. out of 騙某人的東西
fool sb. into doing 哄騙某人做
2）foolish “蠢”,著重缺乏智慧或判斷力； silly “ 傻“，著重頭腦簡(jiǎn)單、不懂事，有單純、糊涂的意味； stupid“笨”，著重生理遲鈍，反應(yīng)遲鈍.
備考必備：
1) 句型：foolish of sb. to do sth…
It was very foolish of you to park the car near the bus stop.你真愚蠢,竟然把汽車停在公共汽車站附近。
12 .take place發(fā)生，舉行
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)： Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years.
相關(guān)鏈接：
1)take the place of 代替，替代
2）take one’s place 代替某人，接替
3) take place , happen, occur, come about和break out用法區(qū)別
(1). take place 表示“發(fā)生、舉行、舉辦”，一般指非偶然性事件的“發(fā)生”，即這種事件的發(fā)生一定有某種原因或事先的安排，例如：
The Olympic Games of 2008 will take place in Beijing.
(2) happen作“發(fā)生、碰巧”解，一般用于偶然或突發(fā)性事件，例如：
What happened to you? (一般不說(shuō)：What did you happen?)
Maybe something unexpected happened.
I happened to see him on my way home.
= It happened that I saw him on my way home.
(3). occur作“發(fā)生、想到、突然想起”解，其意義相當(dāng)于happen，例如：
What has occurred? (=What has happened?)
A big earthquake occurred (=happened) in the south of China last month.
(4). come about表示“發(fā)生、產(chǎn)生”，多指事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，但還不知道為什么，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句，例如：
When Mother woke up, she didn’t know what had come about.
I’ll never understand how it came about that you were late three times a week.
Do you know how the air accident came about?
(5). break out意思為“發(fā)生、爆發(fā)”，常指戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、災(zāi)難、疾病或者爭(zhēng)吵等事件的發(fā)生，也可以表示突然大聲叫喊等，例如：
A fire broke out in the hospital in the mid-night.
After the flood, diseases broke out here and there.
備考必備：take place是不及物動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，此外要記憶以下常考的不及物動(dòng)詞： go, arrive, break out, take off, belong to等
13) calm 平靜的
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：
After the storm it became calm again.暴風(fēng)雨過(guò)后,天氣又恢復(fù)平靜無(wú)風(fēng)。
He was calm when I told him the bad news. 當(dāng)我告訴他這個(gè)壞消息時(shí)，他很平靜
相關(guān)鏈接：
calm vt, vi （常與down連用） 使安靜
The nurse calmed the little boy by giving him some candy.
保育員給那小男孩一些糖果,使他安靜下來(lái)了。
The mother calmed her child.母親使孩子安靜下來(lái)。
It was difficult to calm down the football fans.要使足球迷們平靜下來(lái)是很困難的。
14）for instance
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：for instance用于句首還是句末都可以
You can’t rely on her. For instance, she arrived an hour late for an important meeting yesterday.她這個(gè)人靠不住。比如說(shuō)，昨天有個(gè)重要會(huì)議，她就晚來(lái)一個(gè)小時(shí)。
take his example for instance.
for instance, he is such a damn guy.
相關(guān)鏈接：for example, for instance 兩者基本相同，用哪一個(gè)由個(gè)人喜好而定。
備考必備：
1）instant n 片刻 in an instant = immediately
2) the instant : as soon as 一……就
The instant I saw him, I knew he was the man the police were looking for.我一 看到他，就認(rèn)出他就是警方正在找的人。
u4
1． instruct vt 教；教授
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：instruct a class in history 教授一個(gè)班的歷史
She instructed me in the use of the telephone. 她教我使用電話。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
在接到把車開(kāi)出城的指令后,我開(kāi)始信心十足了。
相關(guān)鏈接：
1) instruction n. 指示，指導(dǎo)；
The boss gave me so many instructions at one time that I got muddled up.
老板一下子給了我那么多指示,把我弄得糊里糊涂。
2) instructions 使用說(shuō)明書，操作指南
Read the instructions on the pocket. 看一下袋子上的說(shuō)明。
3) teach, instruct
他教我們化學(xué)。 He instructs us in chemistry
He teaches us chemistry.
備考必備：
1) instruct sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
He was instructed to sail for New York. 他奉命前往紐約。
2)instruction 后that引出的同位語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)用“should +V”
2．salary n.薪水
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：
Teachers, government officials and clerks receive salaries. 教師，政府官員和職員接受薪水。
相關(guān)鏈接： salary, wage, fee
salary 指按月發(fā)的薪水，領(lǐng)取薪水者通常是經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn)而具有特殊技能或?qū)ｉT知識(shí)的人
He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.
他告訴我說(shuō)，公司付不起那么多薪水了。
What’s your salary? 你領(lǐng)取多少薪水？
wage一般指按星期甚至按天發(fā)的工資，領(lǐng)取工資者通常是做體力勞動(dòng)的人
The young wage -earner often earns good money掙工資的年輕人往往掙很多錢.
His wages are high, prices are high, too. 工資高，物價(jià)也高。
fee一詞在英語(yǔ)中指付給醫(yī)生、音樂(lè)師、美術(shù)工作者或律師的報(bào)酬。
The doctor’ s fee is ＄ 25 a visit.這位醫(yī)生一次出診費(fèi)是25英鎊。
School fees are high in that country.那個(gè)國(guó)家的學(xué)費(fèi)很高。
3．influence 感化；影響力；感化力 ;可以用名詞、動(dòng)詞
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：
The moon has an influence on animal behavior.
Many a woman has had civilizing influence on her husband.許多婦女對(duì)其丈夫有影響。
相關(guān)鏈接：influence , affect, effect
influence指通過(guò)間接、不易察覺(jué)的方式對(duì)人的思想或行為發(fā)生潛移默化的影響，也可以指自然界的影響。
What we read influences our mind
affect只用動(dòng)詞“使……發(fā)生變化”，可以引申為“感動(dòng)”“感染”
Any change in the weather affects the crops 任何天氣的變化都會(huì)影響莊稼的生長(zhǎng)。
effect 名詞，著重指影響“affect”的結(jié)果“效力”“作用”等，常用詞組have effect on 相當(dāng)于affect;
One of the effects of bad weather is poor crops 惡劣的天氣產(chǎn)生的后果之一是莊稼的歉收。
備考： exercise / have influence on / over…
Use one’s influence with sb.
Under one’s influence / under the influence ofsb.
4．remind （常與of, to + inf, that連用）;使想起；使記起；提醒
夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)：
1) remind sb. todo sth. 提醒某人做某事
Remind me to write to Mother. 提醒我給媽媽寫信。
Please remind me again nearer to the time of the interview.到快面試時(shí)請(qǐng)?jiān)偬嵝盐乙幌隆?/p>
2) remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起 某物
This reminds me of last year. 這使我想起去年的事。
3) remind that…Please remind me that I must call her up before nine.
請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐揖劈c(diǎn)前給她打個(gè)電話。
備考必備：
rob/ cure/ inform/ accuse sb./ of sth,
They knocked him down and robbed him of his watch.他們將他擊倒并搶了他的手表。
小試身手：
1．You’ll find this map of great ________in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
2．---You are always full of ________ . Can you tell me the secret? （07福建）
---Taking plenty of exercise every day.
A. power B. strength C. force D. energy
3．The conclusion they finally _______ was unreasonable.
A. got to B. arrived in C. arrived D. reached
4．I ruled the world. I would______ the world_______ everything that is bad.
A. get rid of; by B. be rid of; by C. rid; of D. get rid ;of
5．It’s the sort of work that -------a high level of concentration. ( 07山東)
A．calls for B．makes up C．lies in D．stands for
6．I’ve been ________ to wait here until the lecturer arrives.
A. instructed B. called C. wished D. hoped
7．The sea was ________ at the beginning of our voyage. But soon it began to roar.
A. quite B. calm C. lovely D. live
8．____________, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
A. For conclusion B. Under conclusion C. In conclusion D. To conclusion
9．The film _________ him of what he had seen in China.
A. kept B. told C. informed D. reminded
10. The husband strongly _________ his wife’s going there alone.
A. opposed B. opposed to C. against D. for
11. How can we make up to you _______ what you have suffered?
A. from B. in C. for D. by
12. The church , ________ 1173, was burnt up last night.
A. that dates back to B. dating back to C. dated from D. that dated from
13. It _________ to me that she didn’t know I had moved into the new house.
A. occurred B. happened to C. took place D. came about
14．When the rain started, the crowd disappeared __________.
A. in a hurry B. soon C. at an instant D. in an instant
15．If I forget , please _________ me.
A. tell B. announce C. remind D. reply
16． She equals me in intelligence but not in __________..
A. strength B. power C. energy D. source
17.He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.
A. payment B. salary C. fee D. wage
18. They are both _______ pretty and they can both run ________ fast.
A. equal, equal B. equally, equally C. equal, equally D. equally, equal
Keys: 1-5 CDDCA 6-10. ABCDA 11-18 CBADCABB