1. Festivals are meant to celebrate important times of year.
節(jié)日就是慶祝一年中重要的日子。
★此處動詞mean意為“要”“打算”“注定”，可用作被動語態(tài)，接不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語，也可接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如:
He believes he is meant to be a great man.
他相信他是該成為偉人的。
I mean you to do the exercise by yourself.
我是要你獨(dú)立完成作業(yè)。
We never meant you to spend your time like that.
我們從來沒打算讓你把時間那樣花掉。
【注】be meant for意為“打算……”“預(yù)定給予（某人）”。如:
Whom is this gift meant for?
這禮物是送給誰的?
This collection of short stories is meant for beginners in English.
這個短篇小說集是為英語初學(xué)者編的。
★mean的原意是“作……解釋”“意思是”“指……”，后接名詞、代詞或名詞性從句。如:
This sentence may mean three different things.
這句話可以有三種不同的含義。
What does this phrase mean?
這個詞組是什么意思?
The sign means that cars cannot enter.
這個交通標(biāo)志的意思是汽車不能入內(nèi)。
★mean后接動詞的-ing形式或that從句，表示“意味 著”“很可能有……的后果”。如:
Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
錯過這趟火車意味著要等一個小時。
But that'll mean flooding some of our land.
但那樣就會淹沒我們的一些土地。
That expression means that he is angry.
那表情意味著他生氣了。
★mean后接動詞不定式，意為“打算”“有……的意圖”。如:
I meant to give you this book this morning，but I forgot it.
我本想今天早晨把這本書給你的，但我忘記了。
I'm sorry if my words hurt you. I didn't mean to.
如果我的話傷了你，請你原諒，我不是有意的。
2. Discuss when they take place，what they celebrate and what people do at that time.
討論它們（中國節(jié)日）是什么時間舉行，慶祝的是什么事件，人們在那天做什么事。
take place意為“舉行”“發(fā)生”，沒有被動語態(tài)。如:
The wedding will take place next week.
婚禮下周舉行。
Great changes have taken place in Beijing.
北京發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
Elections take place every four years and Congress meets once a year.
每隔四年進(jìn)行一次選舉，國會一年開一次會。
【注】happen，occur也有“發(fā)生”之意，但通常是指偶然發(fā) 生，而take place常指按計(jì)劃或安排“發(fā)生”，絲毫不帶有偶然 的意味;occur既可指事物偶然發(fā)生，也可指按預(yù)定計(jì)劃進(jìn)行。happen為一般用語，occur是正式用語。如:
The thing happened in an out-of-the-way village in Henan.
這件事發(fā)生在河南一個偏僻的鄉(xiāng)村。
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
整件事情我都記得，就仿佛是發(fā)生在昨天似的。
Don't let the mistake occur again.
不要再出這樣的錯了。
If anything should occur，please let me know as quickly as you can.
如果發(fā)生什么事，請盡快告訴我。
【注】happen后接不定式時，表示“碰巧”。如:
We happened to be in Beijing at that time.
我們那時碰巧在北京。
Do you happen to know his telephone number?
你知不知道他的電話號碼?
【注】occur to sb.，“occur to sb.+that從句”表示“某人想起/想到”。如:
A good idea occurred to him.
他想到了一個好主意。
It didn't occur to him that his wife was having an affair.
他沒有想到自己的妻子有婚外情。
【注】與take place容易混淆的有:take the place of（代 替），take one's place（接替，就座），take the first place（得第一名）。如:
Plastics has taken the place of many materials.
塑料已經(jīng)取代了許多材料。
Who can take his place?誰能代替他?
She took the first place in the contest.
她在比賽中得了第一名。
3.Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather，planting in spring and harvest in autumn.
大部分古老的節(jié)日總是慶祝嚴(yán)寒的結(jié)束，春季的種植和 秋天的收割。
★would此處并不表示過去將來時，而是表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作。如:
He would sit there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all.
有時他在那里一坐幾個鐘頭，什么也不做。
She would never let anybody know what she was doing.
她總是不讓人知道她在做什么。
The old retired worker would often go to the park to play chess.
這位退休老工人常常到公園去下棋。
【注】請注意would與used to的區(qū)別，would與used to 都可用來表示過去的習(xí)慣，所不同的是:would只能用來表示重復(fù)的動作，不能接連系動詞表示狀態(tài);而used to既可表 示動作，也可表示狀態(tài)。例如我們只能說He used to be a university student，不能說He would be a university student。 又如:
When we were children，we would/used to go swimming every summer.
我們小時候每年夏天都去游泳。
I used to have a motorcycle.
我過去有一輛摩托車。（不能用would）
【注】would在描述過去某一習(xí)慣動作時往往帶有一定的感情色彩，可以表示說話人的某種心理，往往有“自愿的” “有意的”的含義;而used to只是客觀的敘述。如:
She used to ask me about my studies.
她以前常常問我的學(xué)習(xí)情況。（在這里used to只說出 了一個客觀事實(shí)，不帶任何感情色彩）
She would ask me about my studies.
她以前老是問我的學(xué)習(xí)情況。（would含有“關(guān)心我” “使我討厭”等意思）
He used to catch cold when he was a boy.
他小時候經(jīng)常感冒。（客觀敘述，不帶感情色彩）
【注】由于used to表示現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再如此了，因此句中 可以不需要時間狀語;而would只談過去，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，因此 句中常有時間狀語（如always，every day，often，sometimes 等）或表示時間的上下文。如:
My father used to tell stories.
我爸爸過去常講故事。
When he was abroad，he would always live with local families.
他在國外時，總是住在當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窦依铩?/p>
【注】would可以表示過去有時或偶爾發(fā)生的動作，因此可以和at times，sometimes，now and then，from time to time 等時間狀語連用;而used to只表示有規(guī)律的習(xí)慣性動作，因此不能和這一類時間狀語連用。如:
From time to time a large rock would roll down into the valley.
不時有大石頭滾到山谷里去。
4.Some festivals are held to honour the dead，or to satisfy the ancestors，who might return either to help or to do harm.
有些節(jié)日，是為了紀(jì)念死者，或者使祖先滿意，因?yàn)椋ㄗ嫦葌儯┯锌赡芑氐绞郎希ńo人們）提供幫助，也有可能帶來危害。
★honour此處作動詞，意為“紀(jì)念”“向……表示敬意”“禮遇”。如:
Children should honour their father and mother.
兒女應(yīng)當(dāng)尊敬父母。
They gave a state banquet to honour his visit to China.
他們舉行國宴歡迎他來華訪問。
The people honoured him by making him their president.
人們尊敬他推舉他當(dāng)主席。
★honour還可作“使……增光”解，用于禮貌地邀請某人做某事。如:
We would be honoured if you would visit us.
承蒙光臨，我們將感到十分榮幸。
He was honoured to be invited to speak at the meeting.
他有幸被邀請?jiān)跁习l(fā)言。
【注】honour也可作名詞，常用在do honour to sb.或do sb.honour結(jié)構(gòu)中，意為“使某人增光”“向……表示敬意”。如:
Her behavior in such a difficult situation does her honour.
她在困境中的表現(xiàn)給自己增了光。
They dressed their ships with flags to do honour to the leader.
他們用旗幟把船只裝飾起來是為了向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)表示敬意。
★satisfy此處是及物動詞，意為“使?jié)M意”“滿足”。如:
The proposed plan will not satisfy everyone.
擬議中的計(jì)劃不會讓所有人都滿意。
I don't like the story; it doesn't satisfy me.
我不喜歡這故事，它不合我的胃口。
【注】表示“某人對……滿意”，常用be satisfied with結(jié) 構(gòu)。如:
The boss isn't satisfied with your work; you must improve it.
老板不滿意你的工作，你必須改進(jìn)。
Both parties were highly satisfied with the results of the talks.
雙方對會談結(jié)果都非常滿意。
★either...or...是一個連詞結(jié)構(gòu)，表示選擇關(guān)系，意為“或者……或者……”“不是……就是……”，可連接兩個并列的主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語或并列的分句。當(dāng)連接兩個并列的主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)和最近的主語一致。如:
Either Tom or his brothers have to clean the kitchen.
或是湯姆或是他的兄弟們得去打掃廚房。（連接并列主語）
You can either come with me now or walk home.
你要么現(xiàn)在和我一道去，要么自己走回家。（連接并列謂語）
The books were either books on travel or detective stories.
這些書不是游記就是偵探故事。（連接并列表語）
She will be back either today or tomorrow.
她不是今天就是明天回來。（連接并列狀語）
You can take either the blue or the green one.
你可以拿藍(lán)色的或是綠色的那個。（連接并列定語）
You'll be interviewed by either Mr Nelson or Miss Green.
你將由納爾遜先生或格林女士接見。（連接并列的介詞賓語）
Either you leave this house or I call the police.
要么你離開這屋子，要么我去叫警察。（連接兩個并列分句）
★do harm意為“帶來/造成損害/危害”。如:
The drought did a lot of harm to the crops.
干旱對農(nóng)作物造成巨大的損害。
Modern farming methods have done a lot of harm to the countryside.
現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)耕作方式對農(nóng)村造成了相當(dāng)大的危害。
5. They also light lamps and play music because they think that this will lead the ancestors back to earth.
他們還點(diǎn)起燈籠，奏響樂曲，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這樣做可以把祖先引回到世上。
★light此處為動詞，意為“點(diǎn)燃”“點(diǎn)著”，其過去式和過去分詞可以是lit和lit，也可以是lighted和lighted。如:
When it was dark they lit the candles.
天黑時他們點(diǎn)燃了蠟燭。
Jones lit a second cigarette as soon as he had finished the first.
瓊斯剛抽完第一支煙就點(diǎn)燃了第二支。
The match lights easily.
這火柴容易劃著。
★light可作“照亮”解釋。如:
The room is lighted by six windows.
六扇窗戶為這房間提供了亮光。
The house was lit up as though a big celebration was going on.
屋里燈火通明，仿佛在舉行盛大的慶祝活動。
★light還有“用燈光指引”之意。如:
We will light you down the path.
我們給你照著亮走這條路。
Here is a candle to light you to bed.
用這支蠟燭給你照亮上床睡覺去。
★lead...to...意為“領(lǐng)往”“通向（往）”。如:
The door leads to the yard.
這門通往院子。
He led us to a room upstairs.
他領(lǐng)我們到樓上的一個房間。
★lead可引申為“導(dǎo)致”之意，可后接介詞to或into，也可接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如:
What led him to run away?
什么事促使他跑掉的?
That led me to think that the boy was ill.
那使我想到孩子是病了。
What led you to this conclusion?
是什么使你得出這個結(jié)論的?
6. On this important feast day，people eat food in the shape of skulls and cakes with “bones” on them.
在這個重要的節(jié)慶日子里，人們會吃制成顱骨形狀的食物，和裝點(diǎn)有“骨頭”的蛋糕。
★in the shape of意為“以……形狀”。如:
The garden is in the shape of a square.
這座花園是正方形的。
She made the cake in the shape of a heart.
她把蛋糕做成心形。
【注】請注意區(qū)別in the shape of和in shape，后者意為 “在外形上”“處于良好狀態(tài)”“處于有準(zhǔn)備狀態(tài)”。如:
The hat of yours doesn't seem to be in shape.
你這頂帽子看上去變形了。
We take exercise to keep in shape.
我們鍛煉來保持健康。
7.They offer food，flowers and gifts to the dead.
他們向亡者祭獻(xiàn)食物、鮮花和禮品。
★offer意為“提供”“提出”，通常用offer sb.sth.或offer sth.to sb.的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Why didn't you take the seat he offered you?
你為什么不坐他讓給你的位子?
He warmly offered me a ride.
他熱情地要我搭他的車。
★offer后常跟不定式，表示愿意做某事。如:
He offered to supply me with my school expenses.
他表示愿意為我提供學(xué)費(fèi)。
Having been there many times，he offered to be our guide.
他因多次去過那里，主動提出做我們的向?qū)А?/p>
★offer有時可表示“出售”“出價(jià)”。如:
I offered him a high price for his horse.
我出高價(jià)買他的馬。
They offered their boat for sale for 2，000 dollars.
他們把船拿來出售，索價(jià)二千美元。
8.It is now a children's festival，when they can dress up and go to their neighbours' homes to ask for sweets.
現(xiàn)在是孩子們的節(jié)日，在這時他們喬裝打扮去鄰居家要糖果。
★dress up此處意為“裝扮”“化裝”“打扮”。如:
They all dressed up as PLA men.
他們都打扮成解放軍的模樣。
She dressed up in Elizabethan costumes for the fancy dress ball.
她穿上伊麗莎白時代的服裝去參加化裝舞會。
Don't bother to dress up-come as you are.
你不要穿著太講究，就像平時一樣來吧。
★dress sb.up意為“給……化裝”“打扮……”。如:
Girls like dressing themselves up.
女孩子喜歡打扮自己。
The children dressed themselves up as policemen and thieves.
孩子們把自己打扮成警察和小偷。
★dress up sth.意為“對……加以掩飾”“美化”。如:
It's no use trying to dress up the facts.
試圖掩蓋事實(shí)是沒有用的。
9.If the neighbours do not give any sweets，the children might play a trick on them.
如果鄰居們什么糖果也不給，那么孩子們就可能捉弄他們。
★play a trick意為“捉弄”“開玩笑”，也可以說play a joke。 若要表示“捉弄某人”或“與某人開玩笑”，則用play a trick/ joke on sb.或play sb.a trick。如:
They played a trick on me.
他們跟我開了個玩笑。
Those boys like playing tricks on their teacher.
那些男孩喜歡開老師的玩笑。
They are playing harmless tricks on one another.
他們正彼此無傷害地取鬧。
10.India has a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi，the leader who helped gain India's independence from Britain.
印度在10月2日有一個全國性節(jié)日，紀(jì)念莫漢達(dá)斯 甘地，他是幫助印度脫離英國而獨(dú)立的領(lǐng)袖。
★gain作動詞，意為“獲得”“贏得”“博得”，是指經(jīng)過相當(dāng)?shù)呐Χ@得財(cái)產(chǎn)、名譽(yù)、權(quán)力、知識、進(jìn)步、領(lǐng)土等，含有取得成就的意味。如:
Nothing can be gained without an effort.
不經(jīng)過努力，什么也得不到。
To gain a complete mastery of English，one must study very hard.
要想精通英語就必須刻苦學(xué)習(xí)。
He gained his livelihood by teaching English.
他靠教英語為生。
【注】get，win也有“獲得”“得到”“贏得”之意，get是一般用語，指“得到”;win指偶然獲得或在比賽中取勝，還指通 過努力而獲得他人的愛、尊敬等。如:
He got many gifts on his birthday.
在生日那天，他得到許多禮物。
Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
愛因斯坦在1921年獲得諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎。
11. People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over.
越冬的糧食收集起來了，而且農(nóng)活結(jié)束了，（因此）人們都心懷感激。
★gather此處為及物動詞，意為“收獲”“收集”“采 摘”。如:
As soon as the wheat was gathered in，a storm broke out!
麥子剛收好就下了一場暴雨!
This year we gathered a rich harvest of grain.
今年我們糧食豐收了。
Some of the children gathered up the empty shells to play with.
有幾個孩子把空彈殼收集起來玩耍。
★gather可作“聚集”“聚攏”解釋。如:
When the accident happened quite a crowd quickly gathered round.
事故發(fā)生后，很快就在周圍聚攏了相當(dāng)多的人。
Joe gathered the boys and girls of the neighbourhood for a picnic.
喬把街坊四鄰的男孩和女孩們集合起來去野餐。
Dark clouds were gathering in the skies over Europe. War was soon to break out.
這時歐洲上空烏云密布，戰(zhàn)爭即將爆發(fā)。
★gather還有“積累”“逐漸獲得”之意。如:
She has gathered her medical experience from practice.
她從實(shí)踐中積累了醫(yī)療經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
As we came onto the highway，the car gathered speed.
我們駛上公路，汽車逐漸加速。
★gather亦可作“推斷”“了解”解釋。如:
From what John said I gather he'll be giving up his job in the summer.
從約翰所說的話，我推想他要在夏天放棄工作。
From his manner of dress，I gathered that he was a rich man.
從他的穿著樣式，我推想他是個富有的人。
12. The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring.
最富有生氣而又最重要的節(jié)日就是告別冬天、迎來春天的日子。
★look forward to意為“盼望”“期待”，此處to為介詞，后接名詞、代詞或動詞的-ing形式。如: I've been looking forward to coming to Beijing for a long time.
好久以來我一直盼望到北京來。
They looked forward very much to meeting him again.
他們很希望再次見到他。
Everybody was looking forward to this festival.
大家都盼望著這個節(jié)日。
13. These carnivals might include parades，dancing in the streets day and night，loud music and colourful clothing of all kinds.
狂歡節(jié)期間，人們身著各種艷麗的節(jié)日盛裝，伴隨著鼓 噪的音樂，在街頭游行，晝夜跳舞。
★loud此處是形容詞，意為“響亮的”“大聲的”“嘈雜的”。如:
The music is too loud. 這音樂太嘈雜了。
Can you make the radio louder，please?
你能把收音機(jī)開得更響一點(diǎn)嗎?
【注】loud也可以作副詞。這時，應(yīng)注意與aloud和 loudly相區(qū)別，它們表示的含義有所不同，loud作副詞時，意為“大聲地”“響亮地”。如:
If you've got something to say，say it out loud.
如果你有什么話要說，大聲地說出來。
Actions speak louder than words.
事實(shí)勝于雄辯。
★aloud意為“出聲”，表示真的把話說出來，而不是在腦子里默默地想，通常與動詞read，think等連用。如:
Can you read the text aloud?
你能朗讀課文嗎?
“What did you say?”“Oh，nothing，I was just thinking aloud.”
“你說什么?”“噢，沒說什么，我只是在自言自語�！�
【注】aloud也可以作“大聲地”解釋。如:
She called aloud for help.
她大聲呼救。
The pain made him cry aloud.
疼痛使他大聲叫喊起來。
★loudly意為“大聲地”，含有嘈雜、喧鬧的意味，有時可與loud替換。如:
Suddenly the bell on the wall rang loudly.
突然，墻上鈴聲大作。
Don't talk so loudly.
不要大聲喧嘩。
★clothing是衣服、服裝的總稱，是集體名詞，無復(fù)數(shù)形式;表示“一套/種衣服”，可以說a suit of clothing，an article of clothing或a piece of clothing。因?yàn)閏lothing是總稱，所以我們平常說的“衣、食、住”就是clothing，food and shelter。請看下面的例句，以加深對clothing詞義和用法的理解。如:
This shop sells men's clothing.
這家商店賣男裝。
The orphans are well provided with food and clothing.
孤兒的衣食供應(yīng)很充足。
★clothes統(tǒng)指身上的各種服裝，包括上衣、褲子、內(nèi)衣 等，不能用作單數(shù)形式，也不能和數(shù)詞連用，不能說a clothes，five clothes，但可以說many/these/a few/my clothes 等，作主語時視為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Most of her clothes were made by herself.
她的大部分衣服是她自己做的。
He had to buy a good many clothes.
他得買很多衣服。
★cloth是指做衣服等用的材料，如布料、毛料、絲綢等， cloth在一般情況下是物質(zhì)名詞，不可數(shù)，一塊布料是a piece of cloth，不能說a cloth。如:
How much cloth does it take to make a blouse for her?
給她做一件襯衫要多少布料?
This piece of cloth is long enough for you to make a shirt.
這塊布料夠你做一件襯衫。
【注】cloth可以和某些詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞，表示作為特殊 用途的一塊布時，是可數(shù)名詞，如a table cloth（桌布），a dish cloth（擦碗布），這時可簡稱為cloth。如:
Clean up the table with a cloth.
用布把桌子擦干凈。
The waiter dried the glass with a dirty cloth.
那個侍者用一塊臟布把玻璃杯擦干。
14. The country，covered with cherry tree flowers，looks as though it is covered with pink snow. （節(jié)日里）整個國度到處是盛開的櫻花，看上去就像覆蓋了一層粉紅色的雪。
★be covered with意為“被……所覆蓋”“到處都是……”。 如:
The mountain was covered with snow all the year round.
這座山終年都被白雪覆蓋著。
The island is covered with nests，big and small.
整個島上都是大大小小的鳥窩。
When he returned his body was covered with bruises.
他回來時渾身都是傷痕。
★as though意為“好像”，引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，也可以說 as if。如:
You look as though you know each other.
你們看起來像互相認(rèn)識。
It looked as though it might rain.
看來像要下雨。
He acted as if nothing had happened.
他的舉止就像什么事也沒發(fā)生一樣。
15. But she didn't turn up.
可（現(xiàn)在）她卻不見人影。
★turn up此處意為“露面”“來到”。如:
I was expecting him at ten，but he didn't turn up.
我指望他10點(diǎn)來，但他沒來。
Guess who turned up at Peter's wedding.
猜一猜誰在彼得的婚禮上露面了。
★turn up有“（東西偶然地）被找到”“（事情）發(fā)生”“出 現(xiàn)”之意，作此含義解時沒有被動語態(tài)。如:
Don't worry，that lost paper will turn up somewhere.
不用發(fā)愁，那份丟失的文件會在什么地方出現(xiàn)的。
It's no good waiting for something to turn up; you have to take action.
等待出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)是不行的，你得采取行動。
★turn up可作“開大（收音機(jī)/電視機(jī)等）音量”“增大 （煤氣/燈火等）”解釋。如:
Turn up the radio so that I can hear it better.
把收音機(jī)開大點(diǎn)，讓我聽得清楚一些。
She drew the curtain close and turned up the lamp.
她將窗簾拉上，把燈撥亮了一些。
【注】作此解釋時，若表示相反意思，用turn down。如:
The radio is pretty loud. Can you turn it down a little?
收音機(jī)聲音太大，你能開小一點(diǎn)嗎?
Please turn down the gas under the kettle.
請把燒開水的煤氣開小一點(diǎn)。
★turn up還有“（財(cái)政/商業(yè)）好轉(zhuǎn)”“上升”“增加”之 意。如:
The pound seems to be turning up at last.
英鎊似乎終于出現(xiàn)上升的趨勢。
Investment is turning up sharply.
投資正在急劇增加。
★turn up的原意是“卷起”“折起”“翻耕”。如:
Turn up your trousers legs and they won't get wet.
把褲腿卷起來就不會弄濕了。
This new tractor turns up the soil very thoroughly，doesn't it?
這臺新拖拉機(jī)翻地很徹底，是吧?
16. She said she would be there at seven o'clock，and he thought she would keep her word.
她說她會在7點(diǎn)到達(dá)，他（李方）認(rèn)為她會守信用的。
★keep one's word意為“遵守諾言”。如:
Jane kept her word and returned all the money.
簡信守諾言把錢都還了。
Don't believe him，for he never keeps his word.
別信他，因?yàn)樗麖牟恍攀刂Z言。
【注】與keep one's word同義的有be as good as one's word，be true to one's word。如:
We knew she was always as good as her word，so we trusted her.
我們知道她總是信守諾言，因此我們信任她。
How do I know that he will be true to his word?
我怎樣才能知道他會信守諾言呢?
【注】keep one's word的反義詞是break one's word。
17. He would drown his sadness in coffee.
他要用咖啡來解愁。
★drown one's sadness/sorrow（s）（in...）表示“（借酒）澆愁”“使忘掉煩惱”等。如:
He was drowning his sorrows in a bottle of whiskey.
他借一瓶威士忌來解愁。
He tried to drown his sorrow/sadness in excitement.
他故作激動以消除悲傷。
★drown還可表示“（噪音等）把（聲音）壓倒”“蓋住”。如:
The conversation was drowned by the arrival of the taxi.
談話的聲音被出租車的到達(dá)掩蓋了。
His loud voice drowned what the girl was trying to tell us.
他的高嗓門掩蓋了這個女孩要告訴我們的話。
★drown的原意是“淹死”“使淹死”。如:
The woman drowned while swimming in the sea.
這名婦女在海里游泳時淹死了。
The ship sank within minutes，drowning all the passengers on board.
沒有幾分鐘船就沉沒了，全體乘客遇難。
18.While she was on earth she met the herd boy Niulang and they fell in love.
她在人間遇到了牛郎，兩人相愛了。
★fall in love意為“愛上”“喜歡上”，后接介詞with。如:
I've fallen in love with this beautiful place.
我已經(jīng)愛上了這個風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的地方。
After working together for many years，they fell in love with each other.
他們在一起工作多年，（最后）相愛了。
She fell in love with the house as soon as she saw it.
她一見到這所房子，就喜歡上它了。
★be in love with也是“愛上”“相愛”之意，但側(cè)重表示狀態(tài)，可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用，而fall in love with 則不可以。如:
They have been in love with each other for years.
他們相愛已經(jīng)幾年了。
He has never been in love with anyone before.
他以前從來沒愛上過誰。
【注】fall/be in love后常接介詞with，但marry后都要 接介詞to，不能混淆。如:
She is determined to marry all her daughters to rich men.
她決心把她所有的女兒都嫁給有錢人。
19. Magpies make a bridge of their wings so the couple can cross the river to meet on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.
陰歷七月初七，喜鵲們會展翅搭橋，讓這對戀人過河相會。
★make...of...意為“用……制成……”，多用于被動語 態(tài)，of后主要跟表示材料的名詞，如wood，stone，brick，cot- ton，iron，steel等。如:
The desks and chairs are made of wood.
課桌和椅子是用木頭制成的。
The villagers made a bridge of stone and bricks.
村民們用磚石造了一座橋。
【注】如果從制成物已看不出原材料或者說制成物已改變了原材料的本質(zhì)，則用make...from...。如:
The wine is made from grapes.
酒是用葡萄釀造的。
Bread is made from wheat.
面包是由小麥加工做成的。
【注】口語中，也常常用make out of，與make of或make from意思相類似。如:
At present，many things are made out of plastics.
現(xiàn)在許多東西都是用塑料制成的。
It is much easier to learn the words of a language than to make sentences out of them.
學(xué)會一種語言的詞匯并不難，難的是用這些詞匯去造 句。
【注】如果要表示用某種原材料去制成某種產(chǎn)品，則用 make...into...。如:
Glass is made into bottles.
玻璃制成瓶子。
We can make bamboo into desks，chairs，cups，curtains and so on.
我們可以把竹子制成桌子、椅子、杯子、窗簾等等。
20. As Li Fang set off for home，he thought，“I guess Hu Jin doesn't love me.”
李方動身往家走，心里想:“我想胡瑾是不愛我了。”
★set off此處意為“動身”“啟程”，若表示去某地，set off 后接介詞for。如:
She usually set off for her factory at 6:30.
她通常六點(diǎn)半（從家里）動身到工廠去。
The villagers set off in search of the lost child.
村民們出發(fā)尋找失蹤的小孩。
Mr Carter set off for London at 11 o'clock.
卡特先生11點(diǎn)鐘動身去倫敦了。
★set off有多種含義，可以作“引起”“造成”解釋。如:
Don't set her off crying again，whatever you do.
不管你干什么，千萬別再惹她哭了。
If you set your grandfather off on his favourite subject，he'll talk for hours.
如果引起你祖父談起他喜愛的話題，他會說幾個小時。
★set off可作“裝飾”“襯托出”解釋。如:
Blue suits you and sets off the colour of your hair.
藍(lán)色適合你，使你的頭發(fā)顯得更漂亮了。
They set off the room with coloured tapes and flags.
他們用彩帶和旗幟把房間裝飾起來。
★set off還有“點(diǎn)燃”“使爆炸”之意。如:
The children gathered in the garden to set the fireworks off.
孩子們聚在花園里放煙火。
The first atom bomb was set off over Hiroshima.
第一顆原子彈是在廣島上空爆炸的。
【注】本課句中的set off意為“動身”“啟程”，set out也有此意。如:
In July 1768，the Endeavour set out for the Pacific.
在1768年七月，“奮進(jìn)號”向太平洋進(jìn)發(fā)。
Half an hour later，I set out again on my journey.
半小時以后我再次啟程趕路了。
★set out有“列舉”“評述”之意，而set off則無此意。如:
He set out his reasons for what he had done.
他列舉了他這樣做的理由。
He set out his ideas in simple English.
他用簡單的英文表達(dá)了他的想法。
★set out還有“開始……”“著手……”之意，強(qiáng)調(diào)目的明 確地開始一個長期的或困難的行動過程，而set off無此 意。如:
That winter they set out to write a history of Chinese literature.
那年冬天他們著手寫一部中國文學(xué)史。
She is just setting out on a career in journalism.
她剛開始在新聞界工作。
21.I don't want them to remind me of her.
我可不想因它們想起她來。
★remind sb.of sb./sth.意為“使某人想起/某人/ 事”。如:
This photograph reminds me of the happy days we had on the seaside last year.
這張照片使我想起我們?nèi)ツ暝诤I度過的愉快時光。
This reminded them of the days when they were in the army.
這使他們想起他們在部隊(duì)的日子。
It reminded me of my mother.
它使我想起了我媽媽。
★remind...of...還可作“提醒”解釋，作此解釋時，可用介詞about替換of，remind還可跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足 語。如:
The note was to remind him about something he had to explain to one of his students.
這個便條提醒他必須向他的一個學(xué)生解釋些什么。
Thank you for reminding me of the meeting I had to attend.
謝謝你提醒我去開那個必須參加的會。
I always remind myself not to be late for meetings.
我總是提醒自己開會不要遲到。
★remind后也可跟賓語從句。如:
I remind you that time will soon be up.
我提醒你，時間快到了。
The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late.
一看到那鐘，我就知道我遲到了。
22. So he did.于是他把花和巧克力都扔了。
★這是一個重復(fù)或肯定前面提到的動作的結(jié)構(gòu)，在本課中，相當(dāng)于so he threw these flowers and chocolates away。 請看下面的例句，體會“so+主語+...”結(jié)構(gòu)的含義。如:
You asked me to leave，and so I did.
你要求我離開，我這樣做了。
“It's raining hard.”“So it is.”
“下大雨了�！薄肮幌麓笥炅��！�
【注】請注意另外一個結(jié)構(gòu)，即“so+...+主語”，這是一個倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。與“so+主語+...”結(jié)構(gòu)不同的是，這個倒裝 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語與前面的句子主語不是同一個人或事物，它表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人/物，意為“……也這 樣”;而“so+主語+...”這個結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語與前面的句子主 語是指同一個人或事物，完全是附和前句的，內(nèi)容沒有什么 改變。請仔細(xì)閱讀下面的例句，注意辨別這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的不同 意義。如:
You asked him to leave，and so did I.
你要他離開，我也要他離開。
Louise can dance beautifully，and so can her sister.
路易絲舞跳得好，她妹妹跳得也好。
“I've lost the address.”“So have I.”
“我把地址弄丟了。”“我也丟了。”
【注】so的上述用法只能用在肯定句中，若前面的是一個否定句，則不能用so開頭，而要用neither或nor開頭，其結(jié)構(gòu)仍是倒裝句。如:
“I won't have any more.”“Nor will I.”
“我再也不要了。”“我也不要了。”
“Jack didn't like the play.”“Nor did we.”
“杰克不喜歡這出戲�！薄拔覀円膊幌矚g。”
“He hasn't handed in his composition.”“Neither have I.”
“他的作文還沒有交上去。”“我的也沒有交。”
【注】另外還有一個結(jié)構(gòu)需要請大家注意，即so it is with...，意為“對某人/某事（物）來說也是如此”，這不是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前面無論是肯定句或否定句都可以用，特別是前面 的句子中既有動詞的肯定式又有動詞的否定式，或前面句中 的兩個動詞不屬于同一類別，如一個動詞是行為動詞，另一個動詞是連系動詞時。如:
John likes Chinese but he is not good at it. So it is with Mary.
約翰喜歡中文，但并不擅長，瑪麗也是如此。（不能用So was Mary）