M7u2 language points in reading
1. The date that aspirin was invented is given by medical historians as 1897, but in fact, 3,500 years ago, some recipes recommended drinking a tea made from the dried leaves of a particular plant to reduce body pains.
recommend作動詞，意思是“勸告；建議；介紹：推薦”。作“勸告“或”建議”講時，常構成短語：recommend doing sth
recommend sb to do sth.
recommend sb sth.
我勸你照他說的去做。
I recommend you _to do__ what he says.
我建議買這本字典。
I recommend _buying_ this dictionary.
你能把他推薦給經理嗎? Can you recommend him to the manager__?
注意:類似recommend這樣一些具有“命令、要求、建議“等含義的動詞.如后接賓語從句，則從句的謂語動詞用動詞原形或“should + do／be”。
2. It was in 1897 that a European chemist called Dr Felix Hoffmann produced acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) from some other chemicals to make a medicine for his father.
It is/was + 被強調的部分+ that/ who clause
是瑪麗的粗心導致了這次失敗。
It was Mary’s carelessness that led to the failure.
他是什么時候從北大畢業的？
When was it that he graduated from Beijing University?
3. This is one of the first medicines in the world ever to be sold as a standardized tablet.
This company was the first to produce portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.
在序數詞或形容詞的比較級、最高級后常用不定式作定語。如果不定式后動作和其邏輯主語之間為被動關系，則要用不定式的被動式。
他是最后一個被邀請發言的人。
He is the last person to be invited to speak.
她是這個國家第一個當選總統的女性。
She is the first woman to be elected president in the country.
劉翔是第一個破110米欄記錄的亞洲人。
Liu Xiang is the first Asian to break the 110m hurdles record.
4. Not only has aspirin saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with.
not only…but (also)…
not only在句首時，用部分倒裝， 而but also句子不倒裝。
他不僅喜歡足球，而且對籃球也感興趣。
Not only does he like football ,but also he is interested in basketball.
殘疾人不僅要讀，寫，烹調，而且還要學習，上大學，參加考試并得到工作。
Not only do disabled people read, write, and cook, but they also study, go to college, take exams and have jobs.
5. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, is the author of several published reports, one of which introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood.
a doctor from the USA 是Lawrence Craven的同位語；one of which引導定語從句，修飾先行詞reports；that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood是同位語從句，修飾先行詞idea。
我不知道他何時回來。
I have no idea when he will be back.
我們是否應該繼續做這項實驗的問題還沒解決。
The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment or not hasn’t been solved yet.
6. However, in 1971, Smith and Willis from the UK proved that aspirin was a blood-thinning medicine, and in 1977, a study carried out in the USA showed that the chemical ASA in aspirin could prevent a stroke, which is a type of serious illness when blood vessels in the brain burst suddenly or are blocked.
prove作"證明;證實"解時+名詞/代詞 /雙賓語/復合賓語/賓語從句等，可用于被動語態.
你能證實那一點嗎?
Can you prove that ?
你能向我們證實你的理論嗎?
Can you prove your theory to us?
他們證實自己機智、勇敢.
They proved themselves wise and brave.
這一切都證明他是一個誠實的人.
All this proved him to be an honest man.
伽利略證實地球和所有其它的行星都是繞太陽運轉的.
Galileo proved that the earth and all other planets move around the sun.
你能證實五月十日你在什么地方嗎?
Can you prove where you were on May 10th?
prove作“證明是;結果是;事實說明”解時, 不用于被動語態.用作連系動詞,接形容詞、名詞、不定式to be以及of短語.
結果證明這藥療效令人滿意.
The medicine proved satisfactory_.
結果證明她是一位非常嚴格的老師.
She proved a very strict teacher.
也許這本書會對你的研究有用處.
Perhaps this book will prove of some use to you in your studies.
結果她可能是最適合干這項工作的人.
She may prove to be the most suitable person for the job.
7. Eleven years later, Dr Thu from the USA showed that ASA could reduce the risk of colon cancer by 40%.
reduce… by減少了
by 意思為“到…程度，相差…幅度”
她比我高3公分。
She is taller than me by 3 centimeters.
海平面上升了3毫米。
The level of the sea rose by 3 millimeters.
reduce to 減少到
increase to 增加到
increase by 增加了
8. However it was not until World War II that two other scientists, Howard Florey(Australian) and Ernst Chain (German-born English) , managed to use new chemical techniques to purify it.
1) However, not until World War II did two other scientists manage to use new chemical techniques to purify it.
2) However, two other scientists did not manage to use new chemical techniques to purify it until World War II.
直到她的孩子長大她才得以回去工作。
She was not able to go back to work until her child grew up.
Not until her child grew up was she able to go back to work..
It was not until her child grew up that she was able to go back to work..
直到20世紀90年代我家鄉的學校里才開始普及電腦。
Computers didn’t begin to be widely used in the schools in my hometown until the 1990s.
Not until the 1990s did computers begin to be widely used in the schools in my hometown.
It was not until the 1990s that computers began to be widely used in the schools in my hometown.
9. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds.
如果你昨天來了的話，你就碰見她了。
If you had come yesterday, you would have met her.
要是有時間，我一定去。
If I had the time, I would certainly go.
如果明天天氣好的話，我會去海邊。
If the weather were fine tomorrow, I would go to the beach.
10. So although Fleming discovered penicillin, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great drug of the 20th century.
It was + 一段時間 + before –clause 過了多久才
It wasn’t + 一段時間 + before –clause 沒過多久…就
It will be + 一段時間 + before –clause 要過多久…才
It won’t be + 一段時間 + before –clause 要不了多久…就
這種狀況可能要過很多年才會得以改善。
It may be many years before the situation improves.
沒過三個月她就辭職了。
It wasn’t three months before he resigned.
要不了多久你就會成功的。
It won’t be long before you succeed
過了幾個小時后我們才到達那個山村。
It was several hours before we reached the village.
句型轉換
1. There is a high probability that you will find aspirin and penicillin.
___ ____ ______ ______ that you will find aspirin and penicillin. It is probable that
2. Our teacher recommends us to take notes while listening to a lecture.
Our teacher recommends ____ ______ _________ while listening to a lecture.
Our teacher recommends that ________ _______ _________ while listening to a lecture.
us taking notes; we take notes,
3. Regular radio broadcasts didn’t begin until 1920.
1) not until 的倒裝句
_____ ______ ______ _______ regular radio broadcasts ________.
2) not until 的強調句型
______ ______ _____ _______ _______ ______ regular radio broadcasts_________.
Not until 1920 did, begin; It was not until 1920 that, began
4. The first trial of this medicine took place in 1899.
This medicine was first ______ _______ in 1899. tried out
5. Not only has aspirin saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with.
Aspirin has______ _______ saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but also ______ ______ _____ other things.
not only; can help with
6. Eleven years later, Dr Thu from the USA showed that ASA could reduce the risk of colon cancer by 40%.
Eleven years later, Dr Thu from the USA showed that ASA could ______the risk of colon cancer ____ 60%. reduce …to
7. Dr Yuan Minsheng found that ASA could reduce blood sugar levels and ,therefore, help people with diabetes.
Dr Yuan Minsheng found that ASA could reduce blood sugar levels and ,____ ___ ______, help people with diabetes. as a result
8. This bacterial-killing medicine is considered by many to be one of the most important medicines in contemporary society.
Many ________ this bacterial-killing medicine ____ one of the most important medicines in contemporary society. consider ; as
9. He immediately thought that this application might help in treating wounds and illnesses caused by bacterial.
He immediately thought that if he _______ it ___ treating wounds and illnesses caused by bacterial, it might help. applied …to
10. Due to the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during World War II.
______ _____ the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during World War II.
Because of
11. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or
even minor wounds.
Penicillin _______ ______ then, otherwise many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds.
was available