I. Word Study
1. cattle n. 牛(總稱)，cow(母牛; 奶牛)，ox(公牛)，buffalo(水牛；野牛)
集體名詞，如：people, police, cattle, crew（全體工作人員）,goods, personnel（職員）,youth等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The cattle are grazing in the field.
The police have caught the thief. People are enjoying themselves over there.
All the goods have arrived. twenty head of cattle
2. severity n. 嚴(yán)重性 severe adj. 嚴(yán)重的，劇烈的 severely adv.
severe injuries / pain a severe cold winter
They are suffering from a severe shortage of water.
My father was very severe with/on me when I made mistakes. 嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)格的
3. catastrophe: a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction or many people are injured and die 毀滅性的大災(zāi)難（可數(shù)名詞）
a catastrophe in which many people died
disaster: a sudden event such as a flood, storm, or accident which causes great damage or suffering 災(zāi)難，慘事，不幸
a flood disaster suffer a disaster
The hurricane brought __________ to the coastal town. 不可數(shù)名詞
4. put/bring pressure on/upon sb. (to do sth.) 給…施加壓力; 催逼某人
The birth of twins put pressure on them to find a bigger flat.
I don’t want to put pressure on you to make a decision, but we haven’t much time left.
He works well under pressure. The roof gave way under the pressure of the snow.
at high/low pressure緊張地/悠閑地 blood pressure 血壓
5. politics n. 政治 political adj. 政治的 political unrest
politician n. 政治家，政客 musician / physician / mathematician / electrician
6. yearly adv. 每年
We meet twice yearly. The festival is held yearly in most of the western countries.
adj. 每年的，年年的
We pay a yearly visit to my uncle. (every year or once a year)
a yearly season ticket 年度季票（concerning or lasting for a period of one year）
a monthly magazine / season ticket
a quarterly journal 季刊雜志 a weekly test 周練
7. on top of （in addition to sth. / besides sth.） 另外，此外
On top of borrowing $100, he asked me to lend him my car.
Put this record on top of the others. (在…的上面、上邊)
at the top of the agenda / be high on the agenda
On hearing the good news, the students were on top of the world. 極其高興的
shout at the top of one’s voice
from top to bottom / from head to toe
8. claim vt. 奪走（生命）；聲稱；自稱；索取；索賠
The disease claimed millions of lives. 此病使成千上萬(wàn)的人喪生。
There is a man at the game claiming to be a journalist. 自稱是
He claimed to have seen the ghost. 聲稱
The terrorists claimed that they were responsible for the bombing. 聲稱
The case has been here for days but nobody has claimed it yet. 索取，認(rèn)領(lǐng)
n. make a claim for /to sth. 要求認(rèn)領(lǐng) / 獲得某物
make a claim for damages / a pay rise 提出損壞賠償 / 增薪要求
9. target sth. (at / on sth. / sb.) vt. 將…作為目標(biāo)；瞄準(zhǔn)某物 aim at
a sales campaign ______________ the youth market 面向青年人市場(chǎng)的大推銷
n. 目標(biāo)，目的
The company has failed to meet its production targets.
meet/ achieve tagets 達(dá)成指標(biāo) an easy taget容易擊中的目標(biāo)；容易受攻擊的人
10. at risk ＝ in danger 處于危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)
His decision put our lives at risk. You really are at risk if you do not wear a seatbelt.
risk n. 危險(xiǎn)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn) at the risk of doing sth. 冒著…的危險(xiǎn)
run/ take a risk / risks run/take the risk of (doing) sth. 冒險(xiǎn)（做某事）
He managed to save the drowning boy at the risk of being drowned himself.
You can’t get rich without taking risks.
do sth. at the risk of one’s life / risk one’s life to do sth. 冒生命危險(xiǎn)去做某事
vt. 冒…的危險(xiǎn), 冒險(xiǎn)做… risk doing sth.
We can’t risk your catching the measles.
11. elderly adj. 年邁的，上了年紀(jì)的 (比old更禮貌的說(shuō)法)
the elderly/ the old / the elders 老年人 an elderly gentleman
elder adj. (家庭中的兩個(gè)人) 年齡較大的 n. 長(zhǎng)者，老者，前輩
My elder daughter is married.
12. unemployed: out of work/ out of a job 失業(yè)的 the unemployed 失業(yè)者
She has been unemployed / out of work / out of a job for a year.
unemployment n. 失業(yè)人數(shù)；失業(yè)狀態(tài)
employ vt. employment n. employer 雇主 employee 雇員
interview vt. interviewer interviewee
train vt. trainer trainee
13. without doubt / beyond(out) of doubt 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)；無(wú)疑地；確實(shí)地 in doubt不確定
That was without doubt the worst movie I’ve ever seen!
There is no doubt about / as to … 對(duì)于…沒(méi)有懷疑 / 疑慮
There is no doubt about / as to their honesty.
I don’t doubt that… / I doubt whether…
I don’t doubt ___________ he will come.
I doubt ___________ he will come.
---Do you doubt that the team will win the game.你認(rèn)為該隊(duì)會(huì)取勝嗎？
---I doubt it.不一定
adj. be doubtful about sth. be doubtful whether/if
14. crossroads n. 十字路口
We came to a crossroads.
at a/ the crossroads 處在抉擇的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻, (人生，經(jīng)歷)處于關(guān)鍵時(shí)期
Our business is at the crossroads: if this deal succeeds, our future is assured; if not, we shall be bankrupt.
單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞如：means（方法，手段）, works（工廠），sheep, deer, series, species,etc.
Not every means __________ useful. Not all means __________ useful.
There is a chemical works near the river. (化工廠)
15. switch vt. / vi. 轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)換
He suggested switching their talk to a more interesting topic.
switch on / off 打開 / 關(guān)掉
He switched the light on immediately he entered the lab.
Don’t forget to switch the cell phone off before going to bed.
16. import (進(jìn)口) …from / export（出口）…to
immigrate （移入）/ emigrate (移居國(guó)外)
17. depend on / upon 依靠，依賴；相信，信賴；依…而定(count on , rely on)
depend on sb to do sth. / depend on sb(sb’s) doing sth
He is a man to be depended on.
That depends on how you solve the problem.
That (all) depends. ＝ It all depends. 要看情況而定。
dependent adj. dependence n. independent adj. independence n
be dependent on = depend on / upon 依賴的，依靠的；隨…而定的
be dependent on one’s parents
Success depends on / is dependent on how hard you work.. 成敗取決于努力的程度。
be independent of 不依賴，獨(dú)立于
Children in the west are independent of their parents earlier than us.
18. artificial adj. 虛假的，假裝的； 人造的，人工的
She welcomed me with a rather artificial smile. artificial flowers
This drink contains no artificial colours(人造色素).
19. nutritional adj. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)的 malnutritional營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的
nutrition n. 營(yíng)養(yǎng) malnutrition n. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良 nutrient n. nutrious adj.
20. be in debt / in the red be in heavy debt/ heavily in debt
get/ run/ fall into debt be / get out of debt pay off one’s debt(s)
21. repay v. 償還 ，報(bào)答 n. repayment
repay sb. for his hospitality 報(bào)答某人的款待 repay sb. by/with money用錢報(bào)答
repay a visit 回訪 repay sth. to sb. / repay sb. sth. 還錢給某人
22. bare adj. walk in bare foot 光著腳走 a bare hill 無(wú)草木的山
a bare possibility 一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的可能性
adv. barely / hardly / scarcely / rarely 等放在句首要倒裝
23. alternative n. 替換物 alternative adj. 選擇的
the alternative of going or staying
have no alternative (choice)but to do sth.
II. Language points in welcome to the unit
1. Many countries around the world are developing at a very fast rate.(P1) 世界上的許多國(guó)家以飛快的速度發(fā)展著。
at a …rate 以…的速度 at an alarming rate
The taxi was going at a tremendous rate.
at the rate/speed of 以...速度
at any rate 無(wú)論如何,不管怎樣
Well, I'm not going home on foot, at any rate.反正,我會(huì)步行回家的.
2. Do you think that development may be bad for a country in some ways?(P1) 你認(rèn)為發(fā)展過(guò)速對(duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家在某些方面是有害的嗎？
in some way(s) / in a way / in one way 在某些方面, 在某種意義上,在某種程度上
In some ways it would be better if we met on Monday rather than Wednesday.
III. Language points in reading
1. Geldof intended the concert to raise money for and public awareness of the famine.
intend vt. 意欲；打算
intend to do sth. 打算做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
be intended/ meant for sb. / sth. 為某人 / 某物而計(jì)劃或設(shè)計(jì)
I hear they intend to marry. I didn’t intend you to act like that.
This book _______________ children.
raise money for…為……籌集資金 raise one’s awareness of sth.提高……的意識(shí)
2. In the end, $100 million was raised, which was sent as food aid and famine relief funding.
relief n. 減輕，免除；救濟(jì)，援救；寬慰 to one’s relief
Will this medicine give immediate relief from the pain?
Relief was quickly sent to the people who suffered in the earthquake.
He breathed a sigh of relief. 他寬心地嘆了一口氣。
v. relieve sb. of sth. 解除……的負(fù)擔(dān)
3. For example, the disease malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes.
spread 傳播，流傳，蔓延，展開，鋪開
Flies spread disease.
The disease is spreading fast.
He spread the news around the town.
Fear spread quickly through the village.
4. They need help, but the sad truth is that food aid alone is not enough to help these countries.
“主語(yǔ)＋介詞短語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)，即
主語(yǔ)＋with / along with / together with / as well as / besides / like / without / except / but / including + 謂語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)由主語(yǔ)決定。
The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street.
Mary, like many girls, loves dancing.
All the students, including Tom, are leaving.
No one except / but me knows about it.
5. Another important thing to remember is that the future of developing countries lies in the hands of children.
Lie here means “to exist”
A new life lies ahead of us.
Lie also means “to be located in”
The village lie in a valley.
The castle lay in ruins.
6. There is a saying goes “Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime”
go 意為表達(dá)是，強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)或指故事中發(fā)生情況如何
How does that song go?
read 意為寫著，寫成是，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是告示，信或段落等書寫的東西
The sign read “No admittance”
His tomb reads, “By his death, one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world.
say 意為寫道,說(shuō),指示,強(qiáng)調(diào)書面材料或可見(jiàn)的東西所提供的信息，在很多情況下能與read換用The notice said “Keep out”. The clock says 3 o’clock.
write 意為寫道，強(qiáng)調(diào)書面陳述，以文字說(shuō)
In his latest book he writes that the theory has since been disproved
tell 意為證明
Time will tell who is right.