Unit1 Getting along with others
第一部分 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
1. get long 相處；進(jìn)展；過活
How are you getting along/on with your work? 你的工作進(jìn)展得怎么樣？
Jack is easy-going and everyone likes to get along with him. 杰克是個(gè)隨和的人，大家都喜歡和他相處。
How are you getting along these years? 這些年過得怎么樣？
get through 做完；通過（考試）；看完，度過，用完；（電話）接通
We’d better get through the things at hand as quickly as possible.
我們最好盡快把手頭的事情做完。
To everyone’s relief，we all get through the maths exam.
令大家寬慰的是，我們都通過了數(shù)學(xué)考試。
I must get through the book before Saturday. 我必須在星期六之前看完這本書。
I tried calling my parents, but I couldn’t get through. 我試著給父母打電話，但是接不通。
Her friends helped her to get through the first awful weeks after Bill died.
她朋友幫她度過了比爾死后最初的痛苦的幾周。
歸納：get across 傳播，為人理解
get about 走動(dòng)；（消息等）傳開
get away 走開，離開；逃脫
get back 回來，回到；取回，恢復(fù)
get down 從….下來，記下
get down to 著手，開始做
get into 卷入，進(jìn)入
get off 從….下來；動(dòng)身，出發(fā)
get on 登上；（with）與….相處
get out 逃走；（消息的）泄露；出版，發(fā)表
get over 從（疾病，痛苦）恢復(fù)；克服（困難）
get together 聚集，集合
get up 起立，起床
get rid of 擺脫，干掉；去除
2. admit vt.& vi 準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入；容納；容許；承認(rèn)
Luckily, he was admitted into/to a key university this year. 幸運(yùn)的是，今年他被一所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)錄取。
The cinema admits about 3000 audience. 這家電影院可容納大約3000名觀眾。
The rescue admits of no delay. 營救工作不容耽擱。
注意：我承認(rèn)我的錯(cuò)。（3種翻譯）
I admit my mistake.
I admit making a mistake.
I admit that I was wrong.
3. keep one’s word（＝keep one’s promise） 遵守諾言
break one’s word （＝break one’s promise）違背諾言
give one’s word 許諾
eat one’s word 認(rèn)錯(cuò)，收回前言
in a/one word 總之，一句話
in other words 換句話說
in words 用語言
word for/by word 逐字逐句的
leave word 留言
get in a word 插話
have a word with 和….說句話
have (a few) words with 和….說幾句話； 和….吵架
Word came that ….. 有消息傳來
have/get/receive word that …… 收到….消息
4. forgive （forgave, forgiven）vt. 原諒，寬恕；赦免，免除
She forgave him and never argued with him. 她寬恕了他，以后再也不和他吵架了。
Please forgive him for his rudeness. 請(qǐng)?jiān)徦拇拄敗?/p>
Won’t you forgive me such a small debt? 請(qǐng)你免了我這么小小的一筆債好嗎？
辨析：forgive， excuse與pardon
excuse “原諒”，語氣較輕，后接過錯(cuò)、疏忽或犯過失的人，常用與口語中。
Excuse me for getting in a word. 原諒我插話。
pardon “寬恕，赦免”之意，更側(cè)重于免除因犯罪而應(yīng)付的責(zé)任或懲罰之意。普通用法中pardon me 與 excuse me 意義相仿。
forgive 該詞與pardon有時(shí)可以通用，但往往在免于懲罰和追究之外，還含有絲毫不帶怨恨之意。
When you grow up, you will know the truth and forgive me.
當(dāng)你長大后，你將會(huì)知道真相并且原諒我。
After the revolution all political prisoners were pardoned.
革命后所有的政治犯都被赦免。
Excuse/forgive me for being late. 請(qǐng)?jiān)徫襾硗砹恕?/p>
5. focus vt.& vi. 集中注意力；聚焦；調(diào)焦距 n. 中心點(diǎn)；焦點(diǎn)，焦距
She always wants to be the focus of attention. 她老想成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。
All eyes were focused on the chairman. 大家的目光都集中在主席身上。
I have a camera with automatic focus. 我有一架自動(dòng)對(duì)焦的照相機(jī)。
In class, you’d better focus (your attention) on what the teacher says.
課堂上你要集中注意力老師所說的。
拓展：focus on/upon sth. 集中注意力在….
in focus 焦距對(duì)準(zhǔn)；清晰的
out of focus 焦距沒對(duì)準(zhǔn)；模糊的
come into focus （某物）輪廓明顯、清晰；（問題等）突出
bring….into focus 對(duì)好焦距；使變得清晰
6. as a result 結(jié)果；因此 （＝as a consequence）
He didn’t study hard. As a result, he failed to pass the exam.
他學(xué)習(xí)不努力。因此，沒能通過考試。
He ate some bad fruits. As a result, he fell ill. 他吃了些壞水果。因此，他病了。
比較：as a result of 由于….的原因；作為…..的結(jié)果
result from 因…..而引起 （＝be caused by）
result in 導(dǎo)致；致使 （＝lead to）
He was killed as a result of the car accident. 他因車禍而身亡。
His failure resulted from his carelessness. 他的失敗是由于他的粗心造成的。
The workers fear that the company’s reorganization will result in layoffs.
工人們擔(dān)心公司的重組將會(huì)導(dǎo)致下崗。
拓展：表原因的短語
due to/ because of / thanks to/ owing to / as a consequence of
As a result of / Thanks to / Owing to / Because of the bad weather, the sports meeting has to be put off. 由于糟糕的天氣，運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)不得不延期。
7. mean 的一詞多義
（1）vt. 意欲，打算； 意味著，意思是；對(duì)…..當(dāng)真
What do you mean by saying that? 你那樣說是什么意思？
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 錯(cuò)過火車意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。
I meant to call on you, but I’m too busy. 我本來要去拜訪你的，但是，我太忙了。
I said I would help you, and I meant it. 我說我會(huì)幫你的，我是當(dāng)真的。
（2）adj. 刻薄的、卑鄙的、吝嗇的
The man is very mean with money. 那人對(duì)錢很吝嗇。
The stepmother is very mean to him. 繼母對(duì)他很刻薄。
拓展： meaning n. 意思 meaningful adj. 有意義的 meaningless adj. 沒意義的
means n. 方法，辦法；手段
8. stand vt. & vi. 容忍，忍耐；經(jīng)受，承擔(dān)；處于….的狀態(tài)
The color of the cloth won’t stand washing. 這種布的顏色不耐洗。
When I came in, the door stood open. 我進(jìn)來時(shí)，門是開著的。
She can’t stand being teased in public. 她不能忍受在公共場所被人嘲笑。
拓展：stand out 突出，顯眼；引人注目
stand for 代表，代替；象征
stand by 站在一邊；支持某人
9. apologize vi. 道歉
apologize to sb. for sth./doing sth. ＝ make an apology to sb. for sth./ doing sth.
因某事而向某人道歉
I must apologize for giving so much trouble while I am here.
我在這期間給您添麻煩真事對(duì)不起。
He made an apology to the teacher for his being late. 他因遲到而向老師道歉。
拓展：接受道歉 accept an/one’s apology
10. blame vt.& n. 責(zé)備，譴責(zé)；過錯(cuò)
They blamed the failure on me. 他們把失敗歸咎于我。
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan. 他們因計(jì)劃的延誤而責(zé)怪秘書。
The car driver took the blame for the accident. 小汽車的司機(jī)承擔(dān)了事故的責(zé)任。
It is Jack, not I, that should be to blame. 是杰克，而不是我該受責(zé)備。
歸納：blame sb. for sth. 因某事而責(zé)備某人
blame sth. on/upon sb. 把責(zé)任歸咎于某人
be to blame 應(yīng)受責(zé)備（不能說 to be blamed）
take the blame for 承擔(dān)….的責(zé)任
11. doubt vt. 懷疑，疑問； n. 懷疑，疑惑
There is no doubt that－clause 毫無疑問
There is no doubt about sth. 毫無疑問
There is some doubt whether-clause 對(duì)某事有些疑問
Doubt 作動(dòng)詞用后接賓語從句時(shí)，肯定句中用whether或if 引導(dǎo)從句，在否定句和疑問句中用 that
There is no doubt that he will win the prize. 毫無疑問他會(huì)獲獎(jiǎng)。
There is some doubt whether he will come on time. 他是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)來還是疑問。
I don’t doubt that he is honest. 我不懷疑他是誠實(shí)的。
I doubt whether we have enough food to go. 我懷疑我們是否有足夠的食物去維持。
Do you doubt that he will give us a hand? 你懷疑他能否給我們幫助？
拓展：without doubt 無疑地
in doubt （about） 不確定
no doubt （that） 無疑
12. embarrass vt. 使窘迫，使尷尬；使局促不安
What he said made me very embarrassed at once. 他說的立刻使我很尷尬。
He was embarrassed by debts. 債務(wù)使他局促不安。
Meeting adults embarrassed the shy child. 預(yù)見大人使這個(gè)害羞的孩子很窘迫。
拓展： embarrassment n. 困窘；尷尬
embarrassed adj. 難堪的，尷尬的
embarrassing adj. 令人難堪的，使人尷尬的
13. strength n. 力量，力氣；實(shí)力
拓展：strong adj. 強(qiáng)壯的，堅(jiān)固的
strengthen v. 加強(qiáng)，鞏固
辨析：power 指權(quán)力、職權(quán)；電力、功率；大國、強(qiáng)國
energy 指能量、精力
force 指武力、暴力、軍力
strength 指體力、強(qiáng)度、力量
To help you will be outside my power. 幫你將超出我的職權(quán)范圍。
He is a man full of energy. 他是一個(gè)精力充沛的人。
He regained his strength and stood up. 他重新聚力站了起來。
In 1998, he joined the air force. 1998年他加入了空軍。
14. persuade vt. 勸說；使相信；說服
At last, I persuaded him to give up smoking. 我終于說服他戒煙了。
How can we persuade them into accepting our views?
我們?cè)趺床拍苷f服他們接受我們的看法？
Can you persuade him out of the foolish plan? 你能勸他放棄這個(gè)愚蠢的計(jì)劃嗎？
She persuaded me of her ability. 她使我相信了她的能力。
The man persuaded the police that he was not guilty. 這個(gè)人使警察相信他是無罪的。
辨析：persuade 是成功地勸說某人做某事
advise 勸某人做不一定會(huì)成功
try to persuade 勸不一定成功
We tried to persuade him to study hard, but he wouldn’t listen.
我們盡力地勸他努力學(xué)習(xí)，但是他不聽。
15. delay vt.& vi. 耽擱，拖延；推遲
n. 延緩，延遲；阻塞；拖延
The train was delayed five hours. 火車被延誤了五個(gè)小時(shí)。
After a delay of an hour, we started off again. 耽擱了一個(gè)小時(shí)之后，我們?cè)俅纬霭l(fā)了。
It is your own fault to delay sending out these invitations. 延誤送出請(qǐng)?zhí)悄阕约旱腻e(cuò)。
The man couldn’t have been saved, if he hadn’t been sent to hospital without delay.
如果這個(gè)人沒用被立刻送到醫(yī)院，他可能就救不過來了。
拓展：delay doing sth. 耽擱做某事
without delay 毫不耽擱地；立刻
16. discourage vt. 阻止，勸阻；使灰心，使氣餒
拓展： courage n. 勇氣
encourage vt. 鼓勵(lì)
discouraged adj. 泄氣的
下列詞組都可表示“阻止某人做某事”
discourage/ prevent/ stop/ keep/ sb. from doing sth.
Don’t let one failure discourage you, try again.
不要因?yàn)橐淮蔚氖《鴼怵H，再試一次。
When you meet with any difficulty in life, don’t be discouraged.
生活中遇到什么困難時(shí)，別灰心。
Parents should discourage their children from smoking.
父母應(yīng)該阻止他們的孩子抽煙。
17. suffer vt. 遭受，經(jīng)歷；vi. 受痛苦，受損失，患病（from）
She was suffering from a headache. 她正經(jīng)受頭痛之苦。
The city suffered serious damage from the earthquake.
這個(gè)城市遭受地震的嚴(yán)重破壞。
Be careful, or our work will suffer. 細(xì)心一點(diǎn)，否則，我們的工作會(huì)受損失。
He cheered up again after suffering defeat. 遭受失敗后，他又重新振作起來。
18. absorb vt. 吸收；吸引 （常接液體、聲、熱、光線、雜質(zhì)、知識(shí)等作賓語）
Dark surfaces absorb more heat from the sun. 深色的物體表面能從太陽吸收更多的熱量。
He is so clever that he can absorb the knowledge easily in class.
他很聰明，能夠在課堂上輕易地吸收知識(shí)。
absorbed adj. 專注的，全神貫注的 （和in搭配）
The boy sat there, absorbed in thought. 那個(gè)男孩坐在那里，沉思著。
The old man was absorbed in the book. 老人全神貫注地讀這本書。
拓展：be absorbed by 被….吞并；被…..所吸收
absorb one’s attention 吸引某人的注意
第二部分 單元難點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)
1. I must have sounded very proud of myself after the test, saying loudly how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good mark. 考試之后，我的口氣聽上去想必很是自鳴得意，因?yàn)槲胰氯轮f那次考試是多么容易，還說我肯定能取得好成績。
（1）must have done 表示對(duì)過去的事情進(jìn)行肯定推測，譯為“一定已……”
Mary must have some trouble; she keeps crying over there.
瑪麗肯定遇到了什么麻煩，她不停地在那兒哭泣。
His brother must have taken the magazine away. 他弟弟肯定把那本雜志帶走了。
另外，must 可以對(duì)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行肯定推測
He must be at home now, for the light is on. 燈亮著，他一定在家。
He must be sleeping now. 他現(xiàn)在一定在睡覺。
拓展：must 表示肯定推測，而could/may/might 所表示的推測可能性依次遞減。
According to the radio, it might/could rain this evening. 根據(jù)電臺(tái)的預(yù)報(bào)，今晚可能有雨。
He might/may have been punished by his parents yesterday.
他昨晚可能被他的父母懲罰了。
can 表示可能性時(shí)，只能用于否定句和疑問句。
What she said can’t be true. 她的話不可能是真的。
Who can it be over there? 那兒的人是誰？
（2） loudly adv. 大聲地，含有喧鬧、嘈雜之義
aloud adv. 出聲地，側(cè)重于讓人聽見之義，常和read，think，call，cry，speak連用
loud adv. 大聲地，聲音通常比較悅耳。Adj. 大聲的
（3）be sure to do 一定，務(wù)必。表示說話人的推測、判斷或提醒。
He is sure to succeed. 他一定會(huì)成功的。
Be sure to come tomorrow. 明天務(wù)必要來。
2. I was so upset that I felt like crying. 我傷心得想哭了。
feel like a. 感到想做，想要 （后接名詞、句子、動(dòng)名詞）
b. 摸起來像
Do you feel like a cup of tea? 你想喝杯茶嗎？
I don’t feel like going out. 我不想出去。
I feel like he has betrayed us 我覺得他已經(jīng)背叛我們了
The elephant felt like a snake. 大象摸起來像條蛇。
3. Afterwards, I went to the playground. I was determined to be cheerful, but Hannah sensed something was wrong. 后來，我去了操場。我決定要讓自己高興起來，但漢娜還是感到哪兒有些不對(duì)勁。
be determined to do sth. “下決心做某事，決定做某事”
He was determined to join the army and serve the country. 他決定參軍報(bào)效祖國。
determined 還可以作形容詞，意思是“堅(jiān)定的”，作定語。
Only a determined man can gain great success. 只有堅(jiān)定的人才能獲得成功。
拓展：“下決心做某事的”表達(dá)方法有：
make up one’s mind(s) to do sth.
do what sb. can to do
do all that sb. can to do sth.
try one’s best to do
go all out to do sth.
4. Yesterday, I saw him talking to another boy, peter, and I cannot help wondering if he wants Peter to be his best friend instead of me. 昨天，我看到他和另外一個(gè)叫彼得的男生在說話，我禁不住想，他是不是希望彼得取代我，成為他最要好的朋友。
cannot help doing sth. 忍不住，情不自禁
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying out. 聽到這個(gè)消息，他情不自禁地哭起來。
He just can’t help it. He has to obey orders. 他沒用辦法，他必須執(zhí)行命令。
拓展：can’t help （to） do 不能幫忙做某事
can’t help but do sth. 忍不住，不得不
help sb. to do 幫助某人做某事
help sb. with sth. 幫助某人做某事
help sb. out 幫助某人擺脫困境
help oneself to sth. 隨便吃；自取；請(qǐng)便
with one’s help 在某人的幫助之下
be of help ＝ helpful 有用的，有幫助的
5. Football is very important to me, but so is our friendship. 足球?qū)ξ襾碚f是很重要的，但友誼對(duì)我也同樣重要。
a. so + be/have/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ＋ 主語 表示前面一種肯定的情況也適用于后者，主語和謂語進(jìn)行了倒裝。
I like English, so does my brother. 我喜歡英語，我兄弟也如此。
He can dance well, so can Mary. 他舞跳得不錯(cuò)，瑪麗也如此。
b. so + 主語 ＋ be/have/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 表示說話人對(duì)前面的一種情況進(jìn)行確認(rèn)，主語和謂語不倒裝。（前后句主語是同一人）
“ Tom hopes to be a teacher.” “So he does.” “ 湯姆希望當(dāng)老師。”“他確有此意。”
--The film is very good. --So it is . 電影真不錯(cuò)。的確是。
c. so it is/was (the same) with sb./sth. 該結(jié)構(gòu)也表示前面的情況也適用于后者，但不同的是，上文可能有兩個(gè)分句或兩個(gè)（或以上）既有肯定也有否定的情況。
He likes English but he is not good at it. So it is with Jack. 他喜歡英語但是并不擅長。杰克也如此。
YaoMing was born in Shanghai and has become an image of her. So it is with Liuxiang.
姚明出生于上海并且成為上海的形象大使。劉翔也是的。
6. I have no doubt he will succeed. Maybe one day he will make it to the Olympics! 我毫不懷疑他會(huì)成功。也許有一天他會(huì)在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上有出色的表現(xiàn)！
a. I have no doubt that 相當(dāng)于 There is no doubt that “對(duì)……毫不懷疑”
b. make it 意為“規(guī)定世間；做成；成功；趕到；”
-- Can we catch the train? -- I hope we can make it.
我們能趕上火車嗎？希望來得及。
-- What about Sunday? -- OK, let’s make it.
星期天怎么樣？好的，就定這天。
When he made it to school, the class had begun. 當(dāng)他趕到學(xué)校時(shí)，已經(jīng)上課了。
7. When asked they usually hesitate before responding, “ My best friend? ……”
當(dāng)問及這個(gè)問題的時(shí)候，他們往往在回答之前都要猶豫一下，“我最好的朋友？……”
句中when asked ＝ When they are asked 當(dāng)狀語從句中的主語和主句的主語一致且后有be動(dòng)詞，則主語和be動(dòng)詞可以省略。
When heated, water can be changed into steam. 當(dāng)水加熱時(shí)，它會(huì)變成水蒸氣。
I won’t go to the party unless invited. 除非被邀請(qǐng)，要不然我不去參加這個(gè)舞會(huì)。
The word can be left out if used a second time. 如果這個(gè)詞第二次使用，它可以被省略。
8. We have been friends ever since.
ever since a. 作副詞，意為“從……之后一直”，和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。
He moved here in 1998 and he’s been here ever since.
他1998年搬到這兒，之后一直住這兒。
b. 作連詞，意為“從……以來一直”，也和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。
I’ve known her ever since she was a child.
打從孩子起我就認(rèn)識(shí)她了。
第三部分 語法學(xué)習(xí)
本單元重點(diǎn)語法是復(fù)習(xí)不定式和動(dòng)名詞的用法。要點(diǎn)如下：
一、 動(dòng)詞不定式
1． 常用形式：一般主動(dòng)式to do,
一般被動(dòng)式to be done
完成主動(dòng)式to have done,
完成被動(dòng)式to have been done
進(jìn)行式to be doing
2．語法功能：可作主語、表語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語和狀語（即除謂語之外的各種成分）。例如：
1） 主語：To master a foreign language is very important.
2） 表語：My job is to drive them to the company every day.
3） 賓語：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?
Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
4) 賓補(bǔ)：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
I didn’t notice them come in.
注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to, 但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)以后（即不定式作主補(bǔ)時(shí)）要帶to。
help（幫助）后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式可帶to，也可不帶to， 即help sb.(to)do sth.
5) 定語：不定式位于所修飾的名詞，代詞之后，
Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?
He is the man to depend on/to believe in.
6）狀語： in order to
A．目的狀語：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English.
to
注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。
B．原因狀語： I’m glad to see you .
注：這種“be＋形容詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，其不定式有時(shí)也可視為賓語，
如：He is eager to go to college.
She is sure to come here.
C．結(jié)果狀語：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.
△在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)中表“太…結(jié)果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.
注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此時(shí)不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他們很幸運(yùn)去國外訪問。
另外，too后如果是happy, glad之類形容詞時(shí)，不定式也表肯定意義。
如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
△在“形容詞/副詞＋enough＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中表“足以能…”，如：He is strong enough to do the work .
3．復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式（for sb. to do sth.），可作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。for 本身無意義，sb.可稱之為不定式的邏輯主語。例如：I think it necessary for him to go there at once.（復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式作賓語）
注：當(dāng)作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質(zhì)或特征時(shí)，不用for, 而用of,
如：It is kind of you to help me .（相當(dāng)于You are kind to help me .）這類形容詞有g(shù)ood, nice, kind, wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite（不禮貌）等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：It’s right/ wrong for/of him to do the work alone.
4．疑問詞＋不定式：可作主語、表語或賓語。如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主語）We don’t know when and where to go .（賓語）
5．動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式（not to do sth.），語法功能同不定式肯定式。
6．不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系：
1）一般式：表示的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語動(dòng)作之后，或
沒有時(shí)間限制。例如：
They often watch us play table tennis.（與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)）
She hopes to go there again.（在謂語動(dòng)作之后）
It is necessary and important to read English every day.（無時(shí)間限制）
The factory to make radios is over there.（無時(shí)間限制）
2）完成式：表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.
3）進(jìn)行式：表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作且與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：
She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.
7．不定式的被動(dòng)式：名詞、代詞為不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí)，一般用不定式被動(dòng)式。
例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be built there is very long.
二、動(dòng)名詞
1． 形式同現(xiàn)在分詞，有四種。
一般主動(dòng)式doing, 一般被動(dòng)式being done
完成主動(dòng)式having done,完成被動(dòng)式having been done
2． 動(dòng)名詞的基本用法：
1） 作主語：Seeing is believing. / Talking is easier than doing.
2） 作表語：My hobby is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking.
3） 作賓語：When he came in, we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking.
4） 作定語：This is her father’s walking stick.
3． 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：
形式：his/him working there, Wang Dong’s/ Wang Dong working there
語法功能如下：
1） 作主語：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首作主語時(shí)，只能用sb’s的形式，此句中的Your不可改為You。）
2） 作賓語：I don’t like his/him staying with us.
3） 作表語：My joy is his winning the table－tennis game.（his不能改為him）
4． 動(dòng)名詞的完成式：
動(dòng)名詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作為一種時(shí)間要領(lǐng)不強(qiáng)的或泛指的動(dòng)作，或是與句中謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生。或在謂語之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，則要用完成式。例如：
We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.
在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等動(dòng)詞之后，某些介詞后，或某些習(xí)慣用語中，用動(dòng)名詞的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：
I remember him some money before.
He forgot me that. /After finishing his homework, he
went out for a walk.
5． 動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式
如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為動(dòng)名詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者，這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞就要用被動(dòng)式。
例如：The problem is far from being settled.
動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式往往用一般被動(dòng)式來代替，以免句子顯得累贅。例如：
I still remember being invited（代替having been invited）by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai.
6． 動(dòng)名詞與不定式作主語、賓語的用法比較
<1> 作主語：
(1)多數(shù)情況兩者可以互換。例如：Seeing is believing.＝To see is to believe.
Talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝To talk is easy and to do is difficult.
(2)如果表示一種具體、短期的行為，或表示將來的行為，宜用不定式。例如：
It took him two hours to finish the work.
To be a scientist is his desire（愿望）.
(3)如果表示一種經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的行為，一般用動(dòng)名詞。例如：
Getting up early is a good habit.
<2>作賓語：
(1) 有些動(dòng)詞跟不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語皆可，意義也差不多，主要有：begin, start,
continue, love, prefer等。
(2) 有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式作賓語，主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse,
decide.
(3) 有些動(dòng)詞后只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，已學(xué)過的這類詞有：finish, imagine, insist on, enjoy , escape, consider, can’t help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practice , put off（延遲）＝delay, suggest, feel like, look forward to, devote…to(doing),be worth.
(4)有些動(dòng)詞后跟不定式、動(dòng)名詞意義有明顯差別，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on
A. forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事
B. remember to do sth. 記住要做某事
remember doing sth.記住做過某事
C. regret to do sth. 遺憾（要）做某事
regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事
D. stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
E. mean to do sth. 決意／打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味／表明做某事
F. try to do sth. 努力／設(shè)法去做某事
try doing sth. 試圖／嘗試用某一方法做某事
G. want/need/require to do sth. 要／想做某事
want/need/require dong. 需要／想要被…
H .go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做不同的事
go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做相同的事
第四部分 鞏固練習(xí)
Part A 單項(xiàng)填空：
1. Mary never does any reading in the evening, _____________. (05全國)
A. so does John B. John does too
C. John doesn’t too D. nor does John
2. ――The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.
―― Oh, dear! She ____________ a lot of difficulties! (05江蘇)
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
3. ―― Is Bob still performing?
―― I’m afraid not. He is said _____________ the stage already as he has become an official. (05江蘇)
A. to have left B. to leave
C. to have been left D. to be left
4. ―― The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
―― Don’t worry. We have already ______ two thirds of it. （06四川）
A. got down B. got through C. given in D. given away
5. ―― There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.
―― My goodness! I can’t imagine ___________ that old. (06 江蘇)
A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been
6. Who is _________ the fire?
A. to blame for starting B. to blame to start
C. to be blamed for starting D. to be blamed to start
7. Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the ____________ of the current (水流) would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.(疲憊的)
A. power B. force C. strength D. energy
8. ________ I entered the room he was __________ in his book and didn’t notice me.
A. When; devoted B. While; deep
C. When; absorbed D. While, puzzled
9. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ___________ to eat more fruit and vegetables. (04上海)
A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded
10. There is no doubt ___________ he’s an honest boy, so there is no doubt _______ his honesty.
A. whether; for B. that; of C. what; about D. why; of
Part B 詞匯練習(xí)：
1. Due to the bad weather, we had to d_______________ the sports meeting.
2. I tried to d______________ him to give up smoking, but I failed.
3. He is hard to deal with because he is as s_____________ as a donkey.
4. I have no d________________ that he will win the first prize.
5. Don’t feel a________________ about her safety.
6. Some students have wrong a____________ towards study.
7. He listened with a p_____________ look on his face because he couldn’t understand it.
8. She is s_____________ from stomachache now.
9. He decided to help me without any h__________________.
10. The products from this company are sold w______________.
本期參考答案：
Part A 1-5 DDABC 6-10 ACCDB
Part B 1. delay 2. discourage 3. stubborn 4. doubt 5. anxious
6. attitudes 7. puzzled 8. suffering 9. hesitation 10. worldwide