Welcome to the unit & reading
精講典析
1. Read a debate on the environment and a report about the Yangtze River.（page 21）閱讀一份有關環境的辯論稿和一篇有關長江的報道。
debate的用法
① debate在句中是名詞，意為“討論”或“辯論”。例如：
Our class will hold debates. 我們班將舉行辯論。
Television actually encourages public debate about such issues.
事實上電視促進了關于這類問題的公眾討論。
(2) 辨析：debate, argue, quarrel, discuss的用法比較
這一組詞雖然區別較大，但仍有共同點，都側重于動作。
① debate vt. & vi. “辯論；爭論”,側重雙方各自申訴理由，“交鋒”意味較強。例如：
We debated the proposal for three days. 那個建議我們辯論了三天。
They debated until ten o’clock. 他們一直辯論到10點鐘。
② argue vt. & vi. 也有“辯論, 爭論”的意思，為支持某一想法、行動或理論而提出理由或證據，側重于擺事實，試圖說服對方，也可能是激烈的交換意見，以致爭吵。例如：
She was too tired to argue the point. 她太累了，不想再就這一點爭論了。
She argued that she should not go. 她爭辯說她不該去。
He argued with Mary about the best place for a holiday. 他和瑪麗爭論度假的最好地方。
③ quarrel vi.“吵架，爭吵”，因生氣失態以至于會傷害到對方。例如：
Those children are always quarrelling over little things. 那些孩子們總是為小事而爭吵。
We quarreled with them about the plan, in fact we supported them.
我們就有關這項計劃與他們發生爭吵，實際上我們是支持他們的。
④ discuss vt. “談論, 討論”，重在交換意見。例如：
We will discuss what to teach during the next term. 我們將討論下學期要教什么。
They discussed selling the house. 他們商討賣房子一事。
We discussed when we should go. 我們商量什么時候動身。
2. By how many times has the world’s population increased since 1800?（page 22）自1800年以來，世界人口增加了多少倍?
① population n. 人口；全體居民
population是不可數名詞，但常和不定冠詞連用。表“多少人口”要用what或how large。
population表示“人口”并做主語時，其謂語動詞習慣用單數形式。例如：
The United States has a population of more than 200 million. 美國有兩億多人口。
The population of this city is in the neighborhood of three million. 本市人口接近300萬。
What / How large is the population of Hong Kong? 香港有多少人口？
② 當population做主語指一特定人群時，謂語動詞單復數都可以。例如：
Most of the population in our village factory are women workers.
我們村辦工廠大部分職工是女性。
The population in these villages still uses well water. 住在這些鄉村里的人依然飲用井水。
There 50 percent or more of the population is illiterate. 那里50%或更多的群眾是文盲。
One third of the world’s population consumes / consume two thirds of the world’s resources.
三分之一的世界人口消耗了三分之二的地球資源。
3. With me is Mr Lin Shuuiqing, from the Society for Environmental Preservation, and Mr Qian Liwei, an economist.（page 22, lines 5-6）與我一起的是來自環境保護協會的林水清先生和經濟學家錢利偉先生。
這是一個完全倒裝句。這個句子由于主語較長，為避免句子頭重腳輕，往往把介詞短語或其他成分提到句首。這種句子的謂語多為連系動詞以及lie, stand, sit, fly, come, go, run, rush等動詞。例如：
After the banquet came a firework display in the square. 宴會后在廣場上燃放了煙花。
Seated on the ground were a group of young men playing guitar.
場地上坐著一群年輕人在彈吉他。
At the top of the hill stands a weather station. 山頂上有一個氣象站。
4. Then we will open the floor for discussion.（page 22, line 8）之后我們將展開討論。
open the floor for discussion意為“展開自由討論”，其中the floor意思是“（大會）發言權；發言機會”，可構成“open/take/have/get/obtain the floor for＋名詞或to do something” 等短語。例如：
The TV presenter will take the floor for his own opening speech at 3:00 pm.
電視節目主持人將在下午3點致開幕詞。
He has the floor to express his own view / point at the meeting.
他有權在會上表明自己的觀點。
Next, the chairman asked Ms. Jones to take the floor. 隨后，主席請瓊斯女士發言。
5. If you have any questions or comments, you can use this time to voice them.（page 22, lines 8-9）如果大家有任何問題或評論，可以利用這個時間說出來。
辨析： voice, express
① voice在句中用作及物動詞，指(用言語)“表達……”, 用名詞做賓語時，可以與express替換。例如：
A spokesman voiced / expressed the worker’s dissatisfaction.
發言人說出了工人的不滿情緒。
Get teachers to voice / express their opinions on important subjects.
讓教師們表達他們對重要問題的看法。
He voiced / expressed the feelings of the crowd. 他表達出群眾的情緒。
② express也有 “表達”（思想，情感）的意思，除名詞外，還可以用反身代詞做賓語。例如：
Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well. 也許我沒能把我的意思表達清楚。
She expresses herself most fully in her paintings.
她在繪畫中將自己的情感表達得最為淋漓盡致。
He can express himself in good clear English now after four years’ hard learning.
經過四年的艱苦學習,現在他能用清楚流暢的英語表達自己的意思了。
6. Pollution is so bad that many rivers are full of chemicals which flow into the sea and kill sea creatures.（page 22, lines 14-15）污染情形如此嚴重，致使許多河流飽含化學物質，河水流入海洋，殺死海洋生物。
(1) full of在句中作表語，意為“充滿”。full of還常做后置定語。例如：
It is bad manners to talk with a mouth full of food. 嘴里塞滿了東西說話是不禮貌的。
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
光說空話不做事，猶如花園光長刺。
(2) 辨析：so…that, such…that
1）so…that與such…that都表示“如此……以致……”。它們用法的區別在于搭配不同：so是副詞，所以后接形容詞或副詞，而such是形容詞，所以后接名詞。例如：
They were so busy that they forgot their meal.
They were such busy men that they forgot their meal.
他們忙得連吃飯都忘了。
2）但如名詞前有表數量的many，few，much，little修飾時，則要求用so。即：so＋many (few, much, little)＋名詞＋that從句
Bill Gates was so interested in software programming that he quit school in his first year at college.比爾蓋茨對于軟件編程是如此的感興趣，以致于他在大學一年級時就退學了。
3）當單數可數名詞前又有形容詞修飾時，既可用so,也可 用such，但冠詞的位置有所不同。若是復數可數名詞，即使有形容詞修飾，也只能用such，而不能用so。例如：
It is such a good dictionary that all of us have bought it.
It is so good a dictionary that all of us have bought it.
=The dictionary is so good that all of us have bought it.
這是一本好詞典，我們都買了。
7. In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats.（page 22, line 16）此外，捕撈船正將大量海洋生物趕盡殺絕。
(1) in addition副詞短語，“此外；而且”的意思，可以和 besides互換，做狀語時在句中的位置比較靈活, 但應注意in addition to是短語介詞。例如：
In addition / besides, they do not match very much. 除此之外，他們兩人并不十分般配。
They eat a great deal of fruit in addition / besides. 他們還吃大量的水果。
Peter is our youngest child, and we have three others besides / in addition.
彼得是我們最小的孩子, 我們另外還有三個孩子.
In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight.
除了這些安排以外，還增派救護車值班到午夜。
(2) wipe out在句中意為 “消滅；摧毀”；wipe out還可以表示“(用抹布把器皿)擦凈”、“擦掉(符號)”。例如：
The earthquake wiped out the whole town. 那次地震毀掉了整個城鎮。
The plague once could wipe out a village. 鼠疫曾一度可以奪走整個村莊村民的生命。
Wipe out the bath before you use it. 使用浴盆前先把里面擦洗干凈。
These cups have been thoroughly wiped out. 這些杯子已經擦干凈了。
She got angry and wiped out her name on the blackboard.
她生氣了, 于是就把黑板上她的名字擦掉了。
8. While we damage our environment, we keep producing more and more people who need more land to live on and more food to eat.（page 22, lines 19-20）毀壞環境的同時，我們仍在生育越來越多的人口，他們需要更多的土地來居住，需要更多的糧食來食用。
(1) keep producing 不停生產
keep doing sth.的意思和用法與keep on doing sth.相同，但后者更多地強調重復性和決心。
例如：
Our line can get very busy but please keep trying and you will eventually get through. (page 13) 熱線有時候可能會很忙，但請繼續撥打，最終你會撥通的。
He caught such a bad cold that he kept coughing all morning.
他患了重感冒，整個上午都不停地咳嗽。
He kept on phoning me, and I really didn’t want to talk to him.
他不斷地給我打電話，可我實在不想和他說話。
(2) more land to live on短語中不定式作后置定語，more land是不定式的邏輯賓語，與to live on之間構成邏輯上的動賓關系，而live為不及物動詞，后面必須有介詞才可帶邏輯賓語，live on后的on不能掉。
After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand on. 她考慮這個問題后，拿出個大盒子，站在上面。
9. My suggestion is that we should try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things we make and buy.（page 22, lines 22-23）我的建議是我們應當盡量削減生產，減少制造和購買的物品數量。
(1) suggestion /suggest虛擬語氣用法
① My suggestion is that…后的表語從句中should + 動詞原形是虛擬語氣。主語是suggestion, idea, proposal, request等表建議、要求和看法的名詞時, 作表語從句的謂語動詞為原形動詞或should + 原形動詞，should可以省略。例如：
My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建議是我們應該去幫助他。
Our only request is that this problem should be settled as soon as possible.
我們唯一的請求就是盡快解決這個問題。
② suggestion后同位語從句的謂語動詞為原形動詞或should + 原形動詞，should可以省略。例如：
He made the suggestion that the political prisoners (should) be set free. 他提議釋放政治犯。
He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train. 他建議我們坐火車去。
He agreed with my suggestion that we should change the date.
③ 動詞suggest表“建議”時其后的賓語從句謂語動詞為原形動詞或should + 原形動詞，should可以省略。例如：
Mr Lin suggested we (should) cut back on the amount of things we produce in order to save the environment. (page 23) 林先生建議削減生產來保護環境.
I suggest you（should）set about your work without delay. 我建議你馬上開始工作。
④ suggestion除“建議”意義之外，還有“暗示; 跡象; 說法”的意思，動詞suggest也有 “暗示；使人想到；意味著” 的意思，其后接同位語從句或賓語從句時不應用虛擬而應是陳述結構，例如：
There is no suggestion that he was involved in any wrongdoing.
沒有跡象表明他曾參與過任何壞事。
They dismissed the suggestion that they hadn’t worked hard.
他們不接受他們沒有努力工作的說法。
His attitude suggests that he isn't really interested. 他的態度表明他并不真的感興趣。
Her face suggests that she’s bored. 從她的面部表情可知她生厭了。
(2) cut back (on) “削減；減少; 減低”,
We shall have to cut back on our spending. 我們將不得不削減我們的經費。
If we don’t sell more, we’ll have to cut back (on) production.
我們若不能增加貨物的銷售量, 就必須大幅度降低產量。
We must cut back on expenditure in order to save more money.
我們應減少開支, 以節省更多資金。
類似短語：
cut back 縮減（生產，開支）； cut down 砍倒，減少；
cut in 插入，插嘴；cut off 切斷（電力、煤氣等）； cut out 刪掉，裁減
10. It would be beneficial to expand our recycling industry, and teach people about environmentally friendly ways of living.（page 22, lines 24-25）發展循環再造業，教會人們有益環境的生活方式，會很有益處。
（1）It would be beneficial to…是形式主語的句型，“it”是形式主語，真正的主語是不
定式to expand our recycling industry。又如：
It requires courage to do this kind of work. 干這種工作是需要勇氣的。
（2）beneficial adj. 有益的；有利的
I hope your holiday will be beneficial to you. 我希望你的假期會對你有益。
常用句型：be beneficial to 對……有益處
同義短語：be of benefit to sb. 對某人有益處；do good to 對……有好處
［表示推測或希望］也許，大概
I would imagine that they’ll want to keep it.
我猜他們也許想保留它。
I guess some people would consider it brutal.
我想有些人大概會認為這很野蠻。
表示不確定之意
It would seem to be getting warmer. 天氣似乎變得更暖和了
11. It is obvious that you are very concerned about the present situation of our environment.（page 23, lines 29-30）顯然，你對我們的環境現狀很擔憂。
(1) It is obvious that…是形式主語句型，it作形式上的主語，that引導的主語從句是真正的主語。形容詞obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, quite clear, unusual, etc.常用于此句型中。例如：
It is certain (that) he will come to the discussion. 他肯定會來參加討論。
It is probable that she might change her mind at the last minute.
她大概會在最后時刻改變主意。
It was surprising that he finished writing a novel in only twenty days.
他在二十天內寫完了一本小說, 真令人吃驚。
It is strange that nobody knows where he has gone. 說也奇怪，無人知道他去哪兒了。
(2) 辨析：be concerned about, be concerned for, be concerned with
be concerned可以和不同的介詞搭配，構成系表結構的慣用語，也都有基本相同的意義“關心；關注”，但在著重點上還是有微細的區別。例如：
① be concerned about著重于“非常重要的位置或分量”。
They appeared completely unconcerned about what they had done.
看來他們完全不在乎自己的所作所為。
You should not be too much concerned about saving appearances. 你不該過于計較面子。
Everybody is concerned about the future of his country. 每個人都關心自己國家的前途。
② be concerned for著重于“為……擔心；擔憂”。
We’re all concerned for her safety. 我們都很擔心她的安全。
Naturally we were concerned for him when we heard of the accident.
當我們聽到那意外事件時, 自然地為他擔憂。
Some people don't show much concern for our environment.
有些人不太關心我們的環境。
③ be concerned with著重于“對……感興趣”。
What parts of this issue would they care about or be concerned with?
他們會關心或參與這個問題的哪些部分？
It is reported that the pop singer is concerned with selling drugs.
報道那個流行歌手涉嫌販毒。
(3) concern n. “關心; 關注”
You need feel no concern about the matter. 你不必擔心那件事。
China expresses its profound concern over such a development.
中國對此發展表示嚴重關切。
12. When people think of factories, they think of clouds of dirty smoke or a pipe pouring chemical waste into a river.（page 23, lines 31-32）每當人們想起工廠，就會想到滾滾煙塵，或向河流傾泄化學廢物的管道。
(1) pouring chemical waste into a river是現在分詞短語做后置定語。
(2) 辨析：pour into…， pour…into…
兩個短語在意義上略有不同。
① pour into（不斷地、大量地〕“流進；涌入”。例如：
The river pours into the sea. 河水奔騰流進大海。
The crowd suddenly poured into the store. 人群突然涌進商店。
② pour…into“把……倒入、投入”。例如：
She poured a little whisky into a glass. 她往杯里倒了點威士忌。
The government poured a large sum of money into the project.
政府把大筆資金投入了這項工程。
13. What I’m here to say is that having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and a stable economy should be possible at the same time. （page 23, lines 36-38）在這里我想說的是，與很多環保人士共同努力過后，我知道健康的環境和穩定的經濟并存是可能的。
(1) 這是一個比較復雜的長句；what I’m here to say是主語從句, 系動詞is后的that引導一表語從句；在整個表語從句中having worked side by side with many environmentalists現在分詞的完成式做狀語表時間，謂語動詞know后面是that引導的賓語從句。
(2) side by side意為“并肩地”，其中by表示以連續的單位、批量或程度計。類似重疊短語有：
day by day 一天天地 little by little逐漸地
one by one一個一個地 step by step 逐步地
14. But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides.（page 23, line 45）我的確贊同循環利用是助益兩者的關鍵。
the key to sth./doing sth.意為“是……的關鍵”。此外，key還有“鑰匙”、“答案”等意思。to 是介詞，其后接名詞、代詞或V-ing形式。例如：
a key to the grammar exercises 語法練習答案
the answer to the question 問題的答案
the key to the door 房門的鑰匙
secretary to the managing director 總經理的秘書
notes to the text 課文的注釋
the key to the success 成功的秘訣
the solution to the problem 對于這個問題的解決辦法
a monument to the martyrs 烈士紀念碑
15. This might make wood and seafood more expensive, but paying a higher price for some things is not always bad for the economy. (page 23, lines 49-51)
這或許會讓木材和海產品價格上漲，但為某些東西付出高一些代價并不總意味著對經濟不利。
(1) 這是一并列句，but后第二分句中paying a higher price for some things是動名詞短語做主語。
(2) is not always bad for…是一部分否定句結構，部分否定句型結構歸納如下：
部分否定是將否定對象以各種不同的程度給以一部分，或大部分否定。這在英語學習中特別值得注意。常見結構有：
① 否定詞not與表頻率的副詞always連用時（not always = sometimes），可理解為“并非總是”。例如：
He isn’t always late for school. 他也不是上課老遲到。
I don’t always begin work at nine in the morning. 我并不總是上午9點開始工作。
② 定詞not與all, both, every及其復合詞（everything、everybody、everywhere）等詞連用,表示不完全否定。例如：
All the boys don’t like football. =Not all the boys like football.（Some boys like football but some of them don’t.）不是所有的男孩都喜歡足球。
Every horse can not run fast. = Not every horse can run fast. (Some horses can’t run fast.)
不是每匹馬都跑得快。
Both of the answers are not right. (One of the two answers is wrong.) 并非兩個答案都錯。
This kind of thing is not found everywhere.（You can find this kind of thing somewhere.）
這種事不是處處皆有。
③ 含有seldom、hardly、little、few等準否定詞的句子也應屬于部分否定范圍。例如：
You have done little for us. 你幾乎沒為我們干什么。
Very few people understood what he said. 幾乎沒人懂他的話。
Hardly anyone believes that. 怕沒幾個人相信。
16. Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.（page 23, lines 51-52）我征詢周圍很多人的看法，許多人愿意花稍高的價格來買環保產品。
(1) ask around “到處打聽”, around是副詞。
I do not know , but ask around-somebody will know.
我不知道，但你不妨打聽一下，總會有人知道。
Well, I guess one thing I can do is to ask around. 我想我能為你做的事是去四處詢問一下。
類似短語：
look around四下觀望 get around隨意走走
move around走來走去 run around 到處跑
drive around 到處駕駛 walk around 到處走動
show sb. around帶領某人參觀
(2) willing是形容詞。它意為“愿意的”或“情愿的”時多作表語。常用句型有：
① 系動詞 + willing to do sth. “樂于、愿意做……”.例如：
What dose Qian Liwei say many people are willing to do? (page 24)
錢利偉說許多人愿意干什么？
We are quite willing for you to have dinner with us. 我們很樂意你和我們一起吃飯。
They appear /seem willing to talk to us. 他們看起來愿意跟我們交談。
② willing其后可以接從句。從句中的謂語動詞習慣用虛擬語氣should加原形動詞。例如：
He is willing that she (should) marry him. 他愿意她和他結婚。
Are you willing that he (should) be allowed to join in? 你愿意讓他加入嗎?
(3) pay a / the price for “為……付出代價”。例如：
They will have to pay a high price for it. 為此他們得付很高的代價。
17. People should take responsibility for not buying certain kinds of fish, because there are not many left in the ocean.（page 25）人們應該負起責任來，拒絕購買某些種類的魚，因為這些魚類在海洋中所剩無幾了。
(1) 辨析：take responsibility for, be responsible for
這一組短語在意義上有點相似, 都有“對……負責”的意思，但不應忽視他們的微細區別。
① take responsibility for “對……負起責任”, 側重于動作的過程；與不同的動詞搭配，產生不同的意義。例如：
If anything goes wrong, I’ll take responsibility for it. 出了問題我兜著。
Will you take responsibility for arranging the food? 你能負責安排食物的事宜嗎？
He has no responsibility for that accident. 他對那個事故沒有責任。
The bank refuses to accept responsibility for the mistake.
銀行拒絕對這一錯誤承擔責任。
② be responsible for “對……負責任”，這是一個系表結構，側重于動作后的結果，例如：
You are supposed to be responsible for them. 你是應當對他們負責的。
He must be responsible to me for this matter. 這件事他必須對我負責。
They’re responsible for cleaning the engine. 他們是負責清洗發動機。
Who was responsible for the mistake? 誰應對這一錯誤負責？
(2) 辨析：certain, some
都可以做形容詞來修飾名詞，在意義上也比較接近，有時候可以互換，但在結構上應注意變化。
① certain意為“某, 某些”，即可修飾單數也可以是復數名詞。例如：
To a certain degree, he has failed. 從某種程度上說，他已經失敗了。
A certain person called on me yesterday. 某個人昨天拜會了我。
Certain plants don’t grow well in this country. 有些植物在這個國家生長不好。
② some做 “某個, 某一”理解 , 其本身已涵蓋“一”的概念，因而僅用于修飾單數可數名詞。修飾可數名詞復數，其意思是“一些”。例如：
There must be some / a certain mistake. 這肯定有某種錯誤。
He is working at some / a certain place in the north. 他在北方某地工作。
He has gone to some / a certain place in Asia. 他到亞洲某地去了。
18. What if we run out of space? （page 25）
用完了空地，會出現什么結果呢？
(1) What if…? =What would happen if…?“要是/如果……又會怎樣?”，和“what about…?”一樣已成為一約定俗成的句型。
What if you should fail? 假如你失敗了, 該怎么辦呢?
What if we move the picture over here? 倘若我們把這幅畫移到這兒來，怎么樣呢？
What if you go instead of me? 你替我去會怎么樣？
(2) run out (of)在本單元是 “用完、耗盡”的意思，強調動作的結果。例如：
Our food soon ran out. = Soon we ran out of food. 我們的糧食很快就吃完了。
You have run out of money. What if he comes back? 你已經把錢花完了，他回來怎么辦？
19. My dad says he doesn’t mind a little bit of pollution, as long as it means people have jobs.（page 25）我爸說并不介意少量的污染，只要這意味著人們有就業的機會。
① as long as =so long as“只要”，是一從屬連詞詞組，可引導條件狀語從句。例如：
So long as we live, we must serve the people heart and soul.
只要我們還活著，就要全心全意為人民服務。
You may borrow this book as long as you promise to give it back.
只要你答應歸還，你就可以把這書借走。
I’m sure we are safe as long as (we are) in his care.
我深信只要在他的保護下,我們就會平安無事。
② as long as=since / now that，也有“既然、因為”的意思, 引導原因狀語從句。例如：
As long as we’ve driven this far, we might as well go on. 我們既然已經駛得這么遠了,就不妨繼續前進.
As long as you’ve offered, I accept. 既然你已給我，我就接受
課堂作業
Ⅰ. 根據首字母或漢語提示完成句子,注意詞形變化。
1. As winter approached, the days became shorter.
2. We’re just debating the question of environment protection.
3. It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.
4. The agreements will be effective from November.
5. The figure of an angel appears on the coin.
6. I’m quite willing (自愿的) for you to go with them.
7. You can’t appreciate (贊賞) English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.
8. People who refuse to pay tax (稅)can be put in prison.
9. The father of a family