Teaching Aims:
To give a brief introduction to attributive clause
To teach students the functions of relative pronouns and relative adverbs in attributive clauses
To develop students’ cognition in grammar, especially the basic elements of sentences
Teaching Important & Difficult Points:
The basic usage of the relative pronouns and learn to use them in different situations
How to apply relative clauses to situational use
Teaching Methods:
Introduction, task-based in-class activities; explanations of some rules of the attributive clause
Teaching Aids: a multimedia classroom
Teaching Procedures:
StepⅠRevision
1. Check students’ homework in writing on page 93. Ask some students to read their note of Part B on page 93.
2. Choose some words and expressions in Period 3 and dictate them before grammar is staged.
Step Ⅱ Lead-in
1. Ask Ss to recall what can be used to modify a noun in English and write down the following phrases on the blackboard.
a happy moment
blue sky
a girl student
bus station
a monkey in the tree
the article about your experience in the UK
T: A noun, an adjective or the prepositional phrases can be used to modify a noun.
2. Summarize the rules of the order in the examples above.
We put adjectives or nouns before nouns to modify them while we put prepositional phrases after nouns to modify them.
More examples(P8):
Adjective: the green team
Prepositional phrase: the team in green
Attributive clause: the team who are wearing green
T: The last sentence is an attributive clause. That means a sentence is used to modify a noun in the same way that an adjective or prepositional phrase does. The nouns they modify are called antecedents.
Step Ⅲ Introduction to attributive clause
Give some examples of AC on the screen and ask Ss to fill in the form below.
1. The girl who/that is standing next to our teacher is her daughter.
2. The girl whom/who /that my mother is talking to is my classmate.
3. The girl whose name is Rose sits next to me.
4. I can’t find the book which/that is borrowed from you.
5. I can’t find the book which/that you lent to me.
6. I can’t find the book whose cover/the cover of which is red.
Example Antecedent Attributive clause Function of the relative pronoun
1 the girl who/that is standing next to our teacher subject
2 the girl whom/who /that my mother is talking to object
3 the girl whose name is Rose possessive
4 the book which/that is borrowed from you subject
5 the book which/that you lent to me object
6 the book whose cover/the cover of which is red possessive
T: The nouns or the antecedent usually refers to a person /people or a thing/things, for example a story, a cake, books and so on. We use which/that as a relative pronoun to refer to things, while we use who/whom/that as a relative pronoun to refer to people. Which/that is used as the subject or object in the AC. Who/that is used as the subject and whom/who/that is used as the object in the AC. And they will know when which, that, whom, who can be left out if it refers to an object in the AC.
Step Ⅳ Identifying the attributive clause
1. Let students to read the guidelines in Point 2 on page 8.
2. Ask students to read the example sentences in Point 2 and let them say what function of the bold part in each sentence is. Then ask them to point out the attributive clause in sentence and put the whole sentence into Chinese, so they can compare the different ways in which the attributive clause is expressed in English and in Chinese.
Step ⅤPractice
1. To test how well they understand AC, the teacher is to give them a timely self check ---- tick the sentences with AC in C1 on P88. Puzzles like 3, 8 may be ignored for the time being, left to be thought over after class and solved in the next period.
2. Ask students to identify the attributive clauses in the article on P9. Show their findings on a screen, and ask them to mark “antecedents”, “relatives” and translate the sentences into Chinese. Explain some key words and expressions such as “upon”, “develop an interest in”, “donate”, “display”, “make a speech” etc. What’s more, students are asked to classify these marked relatives into “relative pronouns” and “relative adverbs”. As for relative pronouns, they are also required to tell the functions they play in each attributive clause.
1) David was one of the most important helpful students that we ever had. ( object )
2) In 1998, he went to Oxford where he got interested in Chinese culture.
3) Some of the cities in China which he likes most are Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Nanjing. ( object )
4) Most of the students that he taught have become his friends. ( object )
5) Some of the books were gifts that he got from his Chinese friends and students. ( object )
6) The paintings that David donated to the school are being displayed in the assembly hall. ( object )
3. Learn the new words from page 9 to page 11.
Ask students to turn to page 68 and study the new words (former-please).
Step Ⅵ Homework
Ask students to read the article on page 9 again and again
Ask students to finish C1 on page 88. Get them to point out the antecedent, the relative pronoun or relative adverb in the sentence with an attributive clause.
Period 6§Grammar and usage (2-2) Introduction to attributive clauses§
Teaching Aims:
To consolidate what’s learned the day before
To focus Ss’ attention on the usage of relative pronouns
To teach Ss in which situation who, whom, which or that can be left out.
Teaching Important & Difficult Points:
How to choose the right relative and use it properly
Teaching Methods:
Introduction, task-based in-class activities; explanations of some rules of the attributive clause
Teaching Aids: a multimedia classroom
Teaching Procedures:
StepⅠRevision
1. Check the homework with the students. Make sure that students know what an attributive clause is and the function of each relative word.
2. Have a dictation to go over the words we learnt last period.
Step Ⅱ Presentation
Question: What does a noun usually refer to?
(Students should know a person/people or a thing/things. For example, story, cake, and book are things, while friend, teacher and monitor are persons.)
Step Ⅲ Using relative pronouns
1. Ask students to read Point 1 on page 10 and point out the antecedent and the attributive clause in each sentence. Then ask: What does that/which function in each clause?
Ask students to read the tip box, so the student will know the difference between that and which.
2. Ask students to read Point 2 and point out the antecedent and the attributive clause in each sentence. Then ask: What does who function in each clause?
Ask students to read the tip box, so the students will know that can also be used to refer to a person/people.
3. Ask students to read Point 3 and Point 4, and point out the antecedent in each sentence.
4. Ask students to read the following sentences:
Bb: She has a bother. I can’t remember his name.
Question: What does his refer to? (His refers to a brother’s.)
Bb: She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.
Questions: Which part is the antecedent here? (a brother)
What is it used as in the attributive clause? (attribute)
Ask students to read Point 5 and point out the antecedent in each sentence. Then ask: What does the relative pronoun whose refer to in the two sentences.
5. Show the following table on the screen and ask students to fill in.
Antecedent Subject Object Attribute Note
For persons who/that whom/who/that whose A relative pronoun can be omitted when it is used as the object in an attributive clause.
For things which/that which/that whose/of which
Step ⅣSupplementation
注意that which在代物時常常可以通用,但有時只宜于用that ,不用which.
(1) 當先行詞為不定代詞all, much, little, only, just, every, last, one of, no, little, few, any, something, everything, anything，nothing, none, the one......及the very, the last, the next, the only或被不定代詞修飾時
e.g.: Is there anything (that) I can do for you? You should hand in all that you have.
All that can be done has been done. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.
The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest. This is the very book that I’m looking for.
We heard clearly every word that he said. She is the only person that understands me.
(2)當先行詞為序數詞、形容詞的最高級或被它們修飾時
e.g.: He was the first person that passed the exam. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. Is that the best that you can do?
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.
This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.
When people talk about Hang Zhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
(3)當先行詞既有人又有物時
e.g.: Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
The film star and her film that you have just talked about is really well-known.
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
(4)由which或who等特殊疑問詞引導的句子
e.g.: Which is the bike that you lost? Which is the car that killed the boy?
Who is the boy that won the gold medal? Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
(5)當先行詞在主句中作表語，而關系代詞也在從句中作表語時
e.g.: Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. He is not the person that he used to be.
c.f.: Shanghai is no longer what it used to be.
(6)如果兩個從句，其中一個關系代詞用which, 另一個用that以避免重復。
e.g.: He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
Step ⅤPractice
1. Complete a conversation with “who, whom, which, that or whose” on P11. There might be more than one answer for some blanks.
2. Learn and consolidate by correcting errors in sentences.
1) My brother who is in the army he came to see us. 去掉he
2) A small amount of money was all which was taken in the robbery. which改為that
3) The path was made by walkers who crosses mountains each summer. crosses改成cross
4) The difficulties of living near a volcano are well understood by the people farm the land there.
people和farm中間加who，或將farm改為farming
5) The danger of driving is something which worries me each time I travel. which改為that
6) The park which I usually go running is across from the road. which改為where
7) I bought the present that I gave him it for Christmas in Japan. 去掉it
8) It’s one of the most interesting books which I have ever read this year. which改為that
Step Ⅵ Consolidation
Students are encouraged to conclude the usage of relative pronouns. Afterwards, the teacher gives a brief conclusion as follows.
She is the teacher who taught us English Literature.
I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.
In attributive clauses, we use who to refer to people. that is less usual.
I sat next to a girl whose name is Diane.
The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.
We use whose to mean possession. It usually relates to a person, but it can also relate to things.
I don’t know the name of the teacher who / whom I saw in the computer room the other day.
The student who / whom we saw at the school gate is from America.
When ‘who’ functions as the object, it can be replaced by whom. In this case, whom is more formal than who.
The girl (that/who/whom) you have just seen is very good at English.
I’ll tell you something (that) I have heard.
We can leave out who, whom, which and that when they are the objects.
All my classmates enjoyed the cake that / which I made.
The book that / which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
In attributive clauses, that and which are used to refer to things. that is more usual but less formal.
Step Ⅶ Homework
◆ Ask students to make five sentences, each with an attributive clause.
◆ Do Part C2 on page 88 and do the first five exercises in their exercise-books.
◆ Ask students to read the dialogue on page 11 again and again.