湖南隆回一中 羅玉南
定語從句（1）--關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2) Whose
用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語）
定語從句（2）--關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。
1）when, where, why關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？
2）that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
定語從句（3）--判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）
（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（對） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where鶥. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where鶥. that C. on which鶧. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語)。
定語從句(4)---限制性和非限制性定語從句
1)定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）
2)當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或具有唯一性的名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。 3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝�，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。 說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
非限制性定語從句與高考試題
我們在學(xué)習(xí)英語時，常常遇到非限制性定語從句。下面結(jié)合高考試題談?wù)剬W(xué)習(xí)運用非限制性定語從句時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題。
1.that不能用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句煩
[考例1]燬he heard the terrible noise, ＿＿＿＿ brought her heart into her mouth．(MET’91)牘鶤．it B．which鶦．this鶧．that煩
[簡析]犙B。后半句為非限制性定語從句，不用that而用which來引導(dǎo)。which指代noise，在從句中作主語。
2.除which外，還可用when焪here焪hose焪hom等引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，且各自的用法及差異與它們用在限制性定語從句時相同。如：
Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching．
下個月即將來臨，屆時你們將在家鄉(xiāng)度暑假。（關(guān)系副詞when指代表示時間的名詞next month，并作從句的狀語。）
She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends．
她要到澳門去居住，在那里她有幾個密友。（關(guān)系副詞where指代表示地點的名詞Macao，并在從句中作狀語。）
[考例2]燫ecently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ＿＿was very reasonable.(上海2000)A．which price B．the price of which C．its price D．the price of whose
[簡析]犙B。whose在從句中作表示所屬關(guān)系的定語，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物時，�？赊D(zhuǎn)換為of which；指人時�？赊D(zhuǎn)換為of whom。
[考例3]營n the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p．m．, ＿＿＿＿ many people have gone home．
A．whose time B．that C．on which D．by which time(上�！�95)牑
[簡析]犗刃寫5:30 p．m．與time之間是一種同位關(guān)系，可用which來作定語替代。從句中的完成狀態(tài)，常與by短語連用，故選D。
3.在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如：
He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother．
他迫切地想到醫(yī)院去看望他繼母，他把繼母當(dāng)自己的親媽媽一樣愛戴。
4.非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞which，既可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整句的含義。
[考例4]燚orothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ＿＿＿＿ of course,焟ade the others unhappy．
A．who鶥．which鶦．this鶧．what煩(NMET 2000)牑煩
[簡析] 選B。指代“Dorothy總是高度評價自己在那場戲中所擔(dān)任的角色”整個事件。
[考例5]燙arol said the work would be done by October, ＿＿＿＿ personally I doubt very much．鶤．it B．that C．when D．which煩 （NMET’99）牑煩
[簡析]牨硎臼奔淶拿詞October，用“我個人非常懷疑”來修飾，意思不通。應(yīng)該修飾整個主句，表示對“Carol說在十月前能作好這項工作”懷疑。故選D。
5.修飾先行主句時as和which的差異從句置于句首時，非限制性定語從句只能用as引導(dǎo)，而置于句末時，as和which都行。
[考例6] ＿＿＿＿ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month．(NMET 2001)牘
A．It B．As鶦．That鶧．What煩
[簡析]牰漢瘧礱魑非限制性定語從句。選B。
[考例7] ＿＿＿＿ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing．
A．Which鶥．As鶦．That鶧．It煩(上海’99)牑煩
[簡析]牬鳶肝狟。與考例6同理。
定語從句（5）---介詞+關(guān)系詞
1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。 2）that前不能有介詞。 3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時間，點或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
=This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
=Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
定語從句（6）--as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，也可以放在句中或句末, as 的這種用法通常出現(xiàn)在一些固定短語之中如：
1．a(chǎn)s has been said before 如上所述
2．a(chǎn)s may be imagined正如可以想象出來的那樣
3．a(chǎn)s is well known 眾所周知
4．a(chǎn)s was expected正如預(yù)料的那樣
5．a(chǎn)s has been already pointed out正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣
6．a(chǎn)s we all can see 正如我們都會看到的那樣；
而which只放在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例題
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___ came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which鶧. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what鶥. which鶦. that鶧. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that鶥. which鶦. as D. it
答案B.as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：
(1） as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。
2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，具有描述性的特點，如，“在這一點上” 或“正如…..”；而which表結(jié)果，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞用which.。
在本題中，正因為rained hard， 才造后面的結(jié)果，所以正確選項應(yīng)為B。
As 的用法：
例1.the same… as；such…as; as / so…as…中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。as既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表語。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞前面常有as ／such ／the same等修飾詞。還要注意區(qū)分下列兩個詞組：
1．“such．．．that．．．”表“如此……以致……”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)果狀語從句；而“such．．．a(chǎn)s．．．”表“像……這（那）樣”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，as在定語從句中充當(dāng)主、賓、表語等。試比較下列兩個句子：
①He is such an honest man that we respect him.
他是一個如此誠實的人以致我們都尊敬他。
② He is such an honest man as we respect．他像我們所尊敬的那種誠實的人。
2．“the same．．．that．．．”表同一人或物，而“the same．．．a(chǎn)s．．．”表同種類的東西。試比較下列兩個句子：①This is the same book that I lost．這就是我丟失的那一本書。（指同一本書）②This is the same book as I lost．我丟失的那一本書一模一樣。（并不是原來的那一本）
例如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don't read such books as are not worth reading．不要讀那些不值得讀的書。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
The film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的賓語)
Cf.The film is so good that we moved to tears.(that是連詞，不作句子成分,引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
Last night we saw such a good film as we had expected.(as作expected的賓語)
Cf.Last night we saw such a good film that we thought it’s worth seeing again. (that是連詞，不作句子成分,引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)
例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。
定語從句（7）
1.先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
2. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（錯）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（錯）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（對）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（對）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語從句時 ，通常用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時，是個不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that�？墒÷�。What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句， 用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
定語從句（8）―――二個特殊關(guān)系代詞的用法
but，than作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，“特殊”在哪里？請關(guān)注本文。
1．but既可指人，也可指物，常在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相當(dāng)于“that ／which ／who．．．not”。它前面的主句通常有“否定”的詞（如：no，not， little，few，hardly等）。but引導(dǎo)的肯定定語從句和否定的主句連用，達(dá)到強烈肯定的修飾效果。例如：鶷here is no mother but loves her own children．（＝There is no mother that／who does not love her own children．）沒有不愛自己孩子的母親。
2．than既可指人，也可指物，可作關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句。than前通常有表比較的詞。例如：鶩ewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party．來參加晚會的朋友比我們預(yù)料的還要少。
定語從句（9）定語從句中的主謂一致
引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞人稱和數(shù)要根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞所指內(nèi)容而定。例如：Here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代sentences，謂語動詞用are)。I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代I, 謂語用am.)。
He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students)
他是被表揚的學(xué)生之一。
He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one)
他是唯一被表揚的學(xué)生。
PA:易與定語從句混淆的其他復(fù)合句
1.定語從句與同位語從句
定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系“。。。的（名詞）”。而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表事實或概念的抽象名詞，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定語從句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用。試比較：
1)We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位語從句，that從句表示news的內(nèi)容，that 在從句中不作任何成分)
2)We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定語從句，that 作told 的賓語)
2.定語從句與狀語從句。試比較：
1)He left the key where he had been an hour before.
(where引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句，相當(dāng)于in the place where)
2)He left the place where he lived for many years.
(where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾the place)
3)He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.
(as 引導(dǎo)定語從句)
4)He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
(that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,such…that… “如此…以致…”)
3． 定語從句與主語從句。試比較：
1) As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.
(as 引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代整個主句內(nèi)容，可置于句首)
2) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.
(it 做形式主語，代替that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句)
CF.What is known to us is that paper was first made in China.
4．定語從句與強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾house，where在定語從句中作地點狀語)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，可還原為I met the young man in the house.)
下面咱們一起來分析幾道定語從句的難題。
例1．It is the young man _______ looked for _______ caught the murderer.
A. that …who B. that …they C . they …that D they…which
分析：答案是C。本題考查了定語從句和強調(diào)句式。強調(diào)句式的結(jié)構(gòu)是“It is + 強調(diào)部分 + that/who….”。they looked for前省略了關(guān)系代詞that,因為先行詞the young man 在從句中做looked for的賓語。強調(diào)句為It is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那個他們尋找的年輕人抓住了殺人犯”。
例2．Is this factory _______ we visited last year?
A. where鶥 in which鶦 the one鶧 at which
分析：做這題首先要明白一個概念。被定語從句修飾的名詞前一般都有the，因為它已被限定。所以此題還原成陳述句應(yīng)該是this factory is______ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory ______ we visited last year.知道這一點后做題容易了，不能選A, B, D。因為句子沒有先行詞。所以答案是C。從句前省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which。題目如改為Is this the factory ________we visited last year? 空格處應(yīng)該用which 或 that。
例3．The book, the cover _______ is broken, is not mine.
A. of it鶥 for鶦 whose鶧 of which
分析：答案是D。先行詞the book 代入從句應(yīng)該是 the cover of the book is broken.相當(dāng)于whose cover。
例4．This is Mr Smith, _____ I think has something interesting to tell you.
A . who B whom C. that D. x
分析：此題同學(xué)們?nèi)菀族e選B，認(rèn)為先行詞Mr. Smith做think 的賓語。I think , you think, do you think 等表明某人觀點的短語是插入語。插入語的特點是去掉不影響句子表達(dá)。所以做題時遇到插入語，先去掉，This is Mr. Smith, _______ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A.
例5．Who _______ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it?
A . that鶥 who鶦 which鶧 as
分析：先行詞是who，到是指人，可為了避免重復(fù)，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。
例6．You can never imagine what great trouble I have had ________ the patient who
Received a serious wound.
A. treat B. to treat鶦 treating鶧 treated
分析：迷惑的答案是D，同學(xué)們?nèi)菀赘鶕?jù)had確定用過去分詞。而做好這題，關(guān)鍵是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth 做某事有困難。定語從句部分是I have had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 后又有一個定語從句。答案是C。
例7．This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson.
A. when鶥 that C which D in which
分析：答案是B。這里的time不指時間，而是次數(shù)。所以用that引導(dǎo)。
例8．I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her.
A . that B on which鶦 which D as
分析：此題先行詞是the way，用。。。方式的短語是in this way。所以定語從句應(yīng)該是in which you laugh at her。但習(xí)慣上也可說that you laugh at her。或者什么也不用you laugh at her。答案是 A。