動 名 詞 (The Gerund)
動名詞可以起名詞的作用，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語；同時，它還保留著動詞的一些特征，如有完成式和被動語態，可以有自己的賓語和狀語.
動名詞的形式：以write為例
主動語態 被動語態
一般式 writing being written
完成式 having written having been written
一、動名詞的句法功能：
1． 作主語
eg.) Reading books makes one wise.
Collecting stamps is interesting.
① 與不定式區別:
動名詞作主語表示經常性、習慣性的抽象動作;不定式作主語表示具體的特別是將來的動作。
Eg.) _____ (Walking, To walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
_____ (Finishing, To finish) the work in a week is impossible.
② 常用it作形式主語:
限于名詞: good, use, fun, joy或形容詞:good, nice, interesting, useless, worth, etc.
eg.)It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
It’s no good quarrelling with such a bad-tempered person.
③ 注意主謂一致:
單個的動名詞短語作主語,謂語用單數;由and連接的多個動名詞短語作主語, 謂語多用復數.
Eg.) Plating flowers _____ (need) constant watering.
Learning a theory and putting it into practice ___ (are, is) two different things.
④ 用于結構:
There is no doing sth.
No doing.
have a good (hard ) time/ difficulty/ problem/trouble /fun/ pleasure (in) doing sth.
Eg.) There is no ____ (know) what will happen in the future.
No _____ (spit) in public places.
With the boy _______ (lead) the way, we had no difficulty ________ (find) his house.
2.作表語：(be, remain, taste, sound, smell等link-v.后)
eg.)In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.
My job is _____(type) letters.
(抽象、習慣性、經常性的動作)
My job now is _______(type) these letters.
(某次具體的特別是將來的動作)
3.作定語：
動名詞和現在分詞作定語時的區別:
動名詞作定語時,表示它所修飾的名詞的用途,而不表示動作.現在分詞作定語時,表示它所修飾的名詞正在進行的動作.
a walking stick= a stick for walking
a dancing hall= a hall for dancing
比較:
a sleeping car= a car for sleeping ( _______ )
a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping ( _______ )
4.作賓語：(動賓,介賓)
①有些動詞及短語后跟動名詞作賓語：
常見動詞: advise, avoid（避免）, appreciate（感激）, admit（承認）,consider(考慮), complete, delay, deny（否認）, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk（冒險）, suggest(建議), understand, etc.
常見短語:be busy, be worth, burst out, insist on, feel like, can’t help (忍不住), set about, succeed in, persist in
be/get used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to, be opposed to, pay attention to, get down to, devote oneself/one’s life ( energy, effort, time) to, be reduced to (淪為), admit/ owe to（承認）
【lead to, stick to, listen to, refer to, turn to, thanks to, owing to, due to, be open to (愿意接受), in addition to (除外), be familiar to, give one’s mind to (專心于), be sentenced to，be equal to，keep to，point to, give rise to (引起), stand up to (勇敢面對), see to （注意，處理，照料）, trust to (依靠，憑), look up to（尊敬） 后接名詞,一般不接動名詞】
eg.) Would you mind ____ (fill) out this form?
I’m sorry I missed ___(see) you while in Beijing.
②allow, advise, consider, forbid, permit等動詞
～ +doing sth.
～ + sb. to do sth.
eg.) The doctor advised ___ (take ) a good rest.
The doctor advised the patient ___ (take ) a good rest.
③某些動詞后既可接動名詞,也可接不定式.
常見動詞: begin/start, continue; love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; need, want, require; forget, remember, regret; mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help
A.) begin/start
三種情況下,一般接不定式做賓語:①主語是sth.;②本身用于進行時;③做賓語的動詞表示情感、思想或意念時(如:like, love, understand, realize, understand, know, etc.)
B.) love, like, dislike, hate, prefer,如表示經常性的動作,
用動名詞作賓語;如表示特定或具體的動作,多接不定式.
Eg.) I like___(play) chess during my spare time.
I like___(play) at chess with the chess master now.
C.) need, want require
eg.) He wants _____(repair) the bike for me.
The bike needs/wants/ requires______(repair).
D.) forget, remember, regret
eg.) The light in the office is still on. I forgot ____ (turn) it off.
I’ll never forget ____(see) the musical comedy in New York.
Remember____( meet) me tonight.
I remember ____(take) to Beijing when I was a child.
I regret ____ (inform) you that you are dismissed.
I regret ______( not take ) his advice.
E.) mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help
Eg.) What do you mean _____ (do ) with it?
____(miss) the train means __(wait) for another two hours.
He’s been trying ____ (get) you on the phone.
Let’s try___ (knock) at the back door.
He paused and went on __ (explain) the text to us.
Go on _____(do) the other exercise after you have finished this one.
Wood is used to ___(make) paper.
He is used to _____(get) up early.
She couldn’t help_____( do ) the housework, for she was busy.
People couldn’t help____(laugh) at the foolish emperor in the procession.
④動名詞做介詞賓語:
eg.) On _____(hear) the news, she couldn’t help crying.
He went to the party without ___(invite).
注意:except/but后接不定式做賓語
eg.) He had no choice but _____(wait).
He could do nothing but ______(wait).
5.作同位語：
eg.) His habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged.
二、動名詞的復合結構:
① 物主代詞或名詞所有格+ 動名詞(作主語、賓語、表語)
② 代詞賓格或名詞普通格+ 動名詞(作賓語、表語)
Eg.) My father’s being ill worried us greatly.
=That my father was ill worried us greatly.
His not being present at the party annoyed the hostess.
It’s no use your pretending that you didn’t know the truth.
I suggest them /their having their eyes examined.
Last night I dreamed of there being a garden in front of my house.
What angered me most was the students failing to fulfill their duties.
I think the problem is their/them not having enough time.
注意:
若動名詞的邏輯主語為無生命的東西,只用普通格:
eg.) The experiment can’t be carried out because of the equipment being out of order.
In 1949, New China, like a sun rising in the east, appeared in the world.
The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.= The news that the new hotel caught fire shocked everyone.
The noises of the boxes being opened and closed could be heard.
三、動名詞的時態:
一般式:表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生或在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后發生.
完成式: 表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前.
Eg.) Seeing is believing.
She denied having been there.
但:I remember seeing/having seen her.
四、動名詞的語態: (主動式和被動式)
eg.) Do you like _____(treat) like that?
She prided herself on _______(send) to work in Beijing.
Do you mind _______ ( Jane, leave) alone at home?
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____(persuade) into buying something they don’t really need.
注意: be worth, need/want/require后接動名詞的主動式表示被動之意.
Eg.) The place is worth _____(visit).
The place is worthy ________(visit).
五、動名詞的否定式：
動名詞一般式的否定式: not doing
動名詞完成式的否定式: not + having done; having never done
eg.)The girl made her mother angry by not taking her medicine.
=The____ ____ _____ the medicine made her mother angry.
The girl is nervous for ______ ( never speak) in public.
They apologized for ____ (not wait) for us.