2006年高考英語第二輪復(fù)習(xí)
閱 讀 理 解 部 分
------各類題型的特點(diǎn)及解答技巧
(一)主旨題
1.文章主旨給出的四種形式:文首,文中,文尾,沒有明確主旨,需總結(jié).
2.主旨題的解題技巧
*不管它出現(xiàn)在文章的什么位置,都作為最后一道題去做,因?yàn)樽鐾昶渌}以后會(huì)對主旨的理解有幫助
*著重理解首末段,首末句
*主旨在文章中間的情況(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思轉(zhuǎn)折,提高警惕
3.主旨題的注意事項(xiàng):
*段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí),該句很可能是主題句
*作者有意識(shí)的反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)通常是主旨
*首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí),對該問題的解答就是文章主旨
*提出文章主旨時(shí)常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等等
4.選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):
正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):不出現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)信息;不含過分肯定或絕對意義的詞
干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):細(xì)節(jié)信息明顯;過于籠統(tǒng)
(二)作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題
1.作者態(tài)度題的解題技巧
*作者對某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反對,帶中立色彩的詞最不可能是正確答案
*漠不關(guān)心類詞語一定不對,既然寫文章就不會(huì)不關(guān)心
*不要把自己的態(tài)度揉入其中,也要區(qū)分開作者的態(tài)度和作者引用的別人的態(tài)度
*當(dāng)作者的態(tài)度沒有明確提出時(shí),要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)作者使用詞語的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度
*作者觀點(diǎn)一般與文章主旨相關(guān)聯(lián)
[注]新趨勢:
*不僅局限于作者的態(tài)度,而發(fā)展到問文中某人對某事物的態(tài)度
*選項(xiàng)可能不再是態(tài)度明確的肯定或否定的詞語,而改為帶有程度限制的詞
*一般帶有絕對化或過于強(qiáng)烈的表示必錯(cuò),如:strong,complete,entire,enthusiastic等
*持有保留態(tài)度的比較客觀,常常是正確選項(xiàng),如:reserved,qualified,tempered,guarded,consent等
(三)詞義/句義題
1.對詞義考察的兩種方式:超綱詞義含義推斷;熟詞生義或是在特定場合的意思
2.詞義題的解題技巧:
*根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推理猜測,兩個(gè)原則
<1>不管這個(gè)詞多超綱,根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思
<2>不管這個(gè)詞多熟悉,都要通過上下文得出其在特定場合的意思
*正確選項(xiàng)不是熟詞的常規(guī)含義
3.猜測詞義的方法:
*構(gòu)詞法:根據(jù)詞根,詞綴判斷詞義
*詞性加搭配:先判斷生詞在文章中的詞性,再看它與哪些詞語可以搭配,最后根據(jù)自己的常識(shí)推測
*找同義詞,同義解釋,反義詞,反義解釋:在上下文中找出生詞的其他表示方法,由此推斷其含義
*找同位詞:上下文中有可能有類似生詞出現(xiàn)的句子的平行結(jié)構(gòu),找出其中和生詞處于同一位置的詞去推測
4.句義題的解題技巧
*正確選項(xiàng)不含有意義過于絕對化的詞語,而是使用不肯定語氣或意義解釋深刻
*含原文詞或短語越多,就越不可能是正確選項(xiàng)
(四)推理引申題
1.推理引申題的選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)與答題技巧
干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
*只是原文的簡單復(fù)述,而非推斷出來的結(jié)論,把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)作間接推理
*看似從原文推斷出來的結(jié)論,然而實(shí)際上與原文不符,如因果倒置,手段變目的等
*根據(jù)考生已有的常識(shí)是正確的,但是卻不是基于文章,一切以文章為準(zhǔn)
*推理過頭,引申過渡
正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
*不是文中明確說明的內(nèi)容,沒有引申推理就不是正確選項(xiàng)
*正確選項(xiàng)大多含義深刻,不是常識(shí)選項(xiàng)
[注意]
*注意那些似乎話中有話的的間接表達(dá)句,它們往往采用說半句,打比喻,反著說的方式,讓考生有推理的余地
*注意含義深刻或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子.考生對作者表達(dá)的意思能不能一下子看透,也是命題點(diǎn)所在
(五)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
*一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案,但是不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣,而是用不同的詞語或句型表達(dá)相同的意思
題干+正確選項(xiàng)的信息值等于或者約等于原文中某句的信息值
體現(xiàn)中心思想,一篇試題的細(xì)節(jié)與主旨直接關(guān)聯(lián)
干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
*部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤
*是原文信息,但是不是題目要求的內(nèi)容
*符合常識(shí),但不是文章內(nèi)容
*與原句的內(nèi)容極為相似,只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)
2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的解題技巧
*主旨與細(xì)節(jié)是相輔相成的,確定了主題,才能深刻理解材料的作用.同樣,對具體細(xì)節(jié)有較為全面的理解,就能更好的判明主題
*文章的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容不會(huì)孤立的出現(xiàn),它與前后的內(nèi)容密切相關(guān),考生要善于利用因果,類比,時(shí)間,空間的關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)組成一個(gè)有機(jī)整體
*看細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容要"跳出來"看,即要對文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)有很清楚的認(rèn)識(shí),然后判斷這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)為什么主題服務(wù)
*堅(jiān)決遵循"本本主義",文章里有什么就用什么,不可憑感覺發(fā)揮做題
實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)：
閱讀下面的短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
A
Early one morning, more than a hundred years ago, an American inventor called Elias Howe finally fell asleep. He had been working all night on the design of a sewing machine but he had run into a very difficult problem: It seemed impossible to get the thread to run smoothly around the needle.
Though he was tired, Howe slept badly. He turned and turned. Then he had a dream. He dreamt that he had been caught by terrible savages whose king wanted to kill him and eat him unless he could build a perfect sewing machine. When he tried to do so, Howe ran into the same problem as before. The thread kept getting caught around the needle. The king flew into the cage and ordered his soldiers to kill Howe. They came up towards him with their spears raised. But suddenly the inventor noticed something. There was a hole in the tip of each spear. The inventor awoke from the dream, realizing that he had just found the answer to the problem. Instead of trying to get the thread to run around the needle, he should make it run through a small hole in the center of the needle. This was the simple idea that finally made Howe design and build the first really practised sewing machine.
Elias Howe was not the only one in finding the answer to his problem in this way.
Thomas Edison, the inventor of the electric light, said his best ideas came into him in dreams. So did the great physicist Albert Einstein. Charlotte Bronte also drew in her dreams in writing Jane Eyre.
To know the value of dreams, you have to understand what happens when you are asleep. Even then, a part of your mind is still working. This unconscious(無意識(shí)的), but still active part understands your experiences and goes to work on the problems you have had during the day. It stores all sorts of information that you may have forgotten or never have really noticed. It is only when you fall asleep that this part of the brain can send messages to the part you use when you are awake. However, the unconscious part acts in a special way. It uses strange images which the conscious part may not understand at first. This is why dreams are sometimes called “secret messages to ourselves”.
1..According to the passage, Elias Howe was________.
A. the first person we know of who solved problems in his sleep
B. much more hard-working than other inventors
C. the first person to design a sewing machine that really worked
D. the only person at the time who knew the value of dreams
2.The problem Howe was trying to solve was________.
A. what kind of thread to use
B. how to design a needle which would not break
C. where to put the needle
D. how to prevent the thread from getting caught around the needle
3.Thomas Edison is spoken of because________.
A. he also tried to invent a sewing machine
B. he got some of his ideas from dreams
C. he was one of Howe’s best friends
D. he also had difficulty in falling asleep
4.Dreams are sometimes called“secret messages to ourselves” because ________.
A. strange images are used to communicate ideas
B. images which have no meaning are used
C. we can never understand the real meaning
D. only specially trained people can understand them
B
Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners .Most children will“obey”spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child .Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight, pain, friendliness, and so on. But since these can’t be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate ,they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store. This self-imitation（模仿）leads on to deliberate（有意的）imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
It is a problem we need to get out teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world .Thus the use at seven months of “mama” as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself, I doubt, however whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds .
5.Before children start speaking________.
A.they need equal amount of listening
B.they need different amounts of listening
C.they are all eager to cooperate with the adults by obeying spoken instructions
D.they can’t understand and obey the adult’s oral instructions
6.Children who start speaking late ________.
A.may have problems with their listening
B.probably do not hear enough language spoken around them
C.usually pay close attention to what they hear
D.often take a long time in learning to listen properly
7.A baby’s first noises are ________.
A.an expression of his moods and feelings
B.an early form of language
C.a sign that he means to tell you something
D.an imitation of the speech of adults
8.The problem of deciding at what point a baby’s imitations can be considered as speech________.
A.is important because words have different meanings for different people
B.is not especially important because the changeover takes place gradually
C.is one that should be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with age
D.is one that should be completely ignored（忽略）because children’s use of words is often meaningless
9.The speaker implies________.
A.parents can never hope to teach their children new sounds
B.children no longer imitate people after they begin to speak
C.children who are good at imitating learn new words more quickly
D.even after they have learnt to speak, children still enjoy imitating
C
The greatest recent changes have been in the lives of women. During the twentieth century there was an unusual shortening of the time of a woman’s life spent in caring for children. A woman marrying at the end of the 19th century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, chance and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer children. Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even while she has the care of children ,her work is lightened by household appliances（家用電器）and convenience foods.
This important change in women’s way of life has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’ s economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age ,and though women tend to marry younger ,more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Many more after wads, return to full or part-time work.Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with both husband and wife accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfaction of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money and running the home, according to the abilities and interest of each of them.
10.We are told that in an average family about 1990________.
A.many children died before they were five
B.the youngest child would be fifteen
C.seven of eight children lived to be more than five
D.four or five children died when they were five
11.When she was over fifty, the late 19th century mother________.
A.would expect to work until she died
B.was usually expected to take up paid employment
C.would be healthy enough to take up paid employment
D.was unlikely to find a job even if she is now likely
12.Many girls, the passage says, are now likely to ________.
A.marry so that they can get a job
B.leave school as soon as they can
C.give up their jobs for good after they are married
D.continue working until they are going to have a baby
13.According to the passage,it is now quite usual for women to ________.
A.stay at home after leaving school
B.marry men younger than themselves
C.start working again later in life
D.marry while still at school
D
Any mistake made in the printing of a stamp raises its value to stamp collectors. A mistake on one inexpensive postage stamp has made the stamp worth a million and a half times its original value.
The mistake was made more than a hundred years ago in the British colony of Mauritius, a small island in the Indian Ocean. In 1847 an order for stamps was sent to a London printer-Mauritius was to become the fourth country in the world to issue stamps.
Before the order was filled and delivered, a ball was planned at Mauritius’ Government House, and stamps were needed to send out the invitations. A local printer was instructed to copy the design for the stamps. He accidentally inscribed the words“Post Office” instead of“Post Paid” on the several hundred stamps that he printed.
Today there are only twenty-six of these misprinted stamps left fourteen One Penny Orange-Reds and twelve Two Penny Blues. Because of the Two Penny Blue’s rareness and age, collectors have paid as much as ＄16 800 for it.
14.Over a century ago, Mauritius ________.
A.was an independent country
B.belonged to India
C.was one of the British colonies
D.was a small island in the Pacific Ocean
15. The mistake on the stamps was made ________.
A.in Mauritius
B.at Mauritius Government House
C.in a post office
D.in London
16. Stamp collectors have paid 16 800 for ________.
A. fourteen One Penny Orange-Reds
B. twelve Two Penny Blues
C. one One Penny Orange-Red
D. one Two Penny Blue
E
Personal computers and the Internet give people new choices about how to spend their time.
Some may use this freedom to share less time with certain friends or family members, but new technology will also let them stay in closer touch with those they care most about. I know this from personal experience.
E-mail makes it easy to work at home, which is where I now spend most weekends and evenings. My working hours aren’t necessarily much shorter than they once were but I spend fewer of them at the office. This lets me share more time with my young daughter than I might have if she’d been born before electronic mail became such a practical tool.
The Internet also makes it easy to share thoughts with a group of friends. Say you do something fun see a great movie perhaps-and there are four or five friends who might want to hear about it. If you call each one, you may tire of telling the story.
With E-mail, you just write one note about your experience, at your convenience, and address it to all the friends you think might be interested. They can read your message when they have time, and read only as much as they want to. They can reply at their convenience, and you can read what they have to say at your convenience.
E-mail is also an inexpensive way stay in close touch with people who live far away. More than a few parents use E-mail to keep in touch, even daily touch, with their children off at college.
We just have to keep in mind that computers and the Internet offer another way of staying in touch. They don’t take the place of any of the old ways.
17. The purpose of this passage is to ________.
A. explain how to use the Internet
B. describe the writer’s joy of keeping up with the latest technology
C. tell the merits(價(jià)值) and usefulness of the Internet
D. introduce the reader to basic knowledge about personal computers and the Internet
18. The use of E-mail has made it possible for the writer to ________.
A. spend less time working
B. have more free time with his child
C. work at home on weekends
D. work at a speed comfortable to him
19. According to the writer, E-mail has an obvious advantage over the telephone because the former helps one ________.
A. reach a group of people at one time conveniently
B. keep one’s communication as personal as possible
C. pass on much more information than the later
D. get in touch with one’s friends faster than the later
20. The best title for this passage is ________.
A. Computer: New Technological Advances
B. Internet: New Tool to Maintain Good Friendship
C. Computers Have Made Life Easier
D. Internet: a Convenient Tool for Communication
參考答案:CDBA BDABD DDDC CAD CBAD