寒假專題--主謂一致
主謂一致是指謂語動詞在人稱和數上必須與主語一致。下面讓我們看看不同類型的主謂一致。
1. 名詞做主語
（1）單復數主謂一致
A) 一般詞匯：有些詞匯的復數形式是固定不變的，如：crossroads (十字路口；聚焦點), headquarters (總部), means (方法，手段), species (種類，品種), series (系列)等，但其動詞的單復數取決于兩點：
a) 取決于限定詞：
例：Every means has been tried but without much result.（各種方法都試過，可沒有多大效果。）
b) 取決于上下文內容、作者所要表達的意思、特指還是泛指：
例：Are/ Is there any other means of solving the problem?（還有什么其它解題的方法嗎？注意：這里可以用are表示其它方法，也可以用is表示和現在所用的方法相對比的另一種方法。）
My favorite book is The Old Man and the Sea.（我喜愛的書是《老人與海》。注意：本句是特指。）
Our TV series are much better than those of Japan.（我國的電視劇比日本的好得多。注意：本句是泛指。）
c) 從句做主語
How to develop a healthy habit is a good question to discuss.
d) 學科名詞一般用單數謂語動詞。這樣的詞有：economics（經濟學）, electronics（電子學）, mathematics（數學）, politics（政治學）等等。
例：Politics is a good topic for discussion.（政治是談論的好題目。）
e)有些表示成雙成對的詞，常常只用復數形式，動詞一律用復數，也不能用不定冠詞。比如要表示“一……”，要使用量詞，通常使用“a pair of”。這樣的詞有： eyeglasses（眼鏡）, pants（褲子）, scissors（剪刀）, shoes（鞋）, shorts（短褲）, socks（短襪）, stockings（長統襪）, trousers（褲子）等。
B) 無復數形式的名詞
a) 有些名詞，特別是一些表示動物的名詞，其單復數形式是固定不變的，但其動詞的單復數取決于其限定詞和上下文內容。
例：That Japanese has been to China for twenty times.（這位日本人已來過中國20次了。）
Those Japanese are visitors to our university.（那些日本人是到我們大學來參觀的客人。）
b) 集合名詞：大部分集合名詞都可使用單數或復數動詞，這主要取決于作者的強調點：強調整體時，用單數謂語；強調這個集體里的成員時，用復數謂語。這樣的集合名詞有：army（軍隊）, audience（觀眾、聽眾）, crowd（人群）, firm（公司）, government（政府）, group（組、群）, public（公眾）, staff（全體工作人員）, union（聯盟）等。
例：The audience was excited by the excellent show.（精彩的演出使全體觀眾情緒激昂。）
The public is/are requested not to leave litter in the public places.（公眾不能在公共場所亂扔垃圾。）
注意：還有一些集合名詞也沒有復數形式，但只能做復數名詞使用，謂語動詞應該用復數。這樣的man（人類）, police（警察）等。
c) 專有名詞和不可數名詞的謂語一律用單數謂語。前者指人名、地名、國家名、城市名、書名、機構名或重大事件。后者又可分為物質和抽象名詞兩大類。
例：The United Nations is trying to find a better way to bring the two parties together.（聯合國正在尋求更有效的方法來調停雙方。）
C) 另外，還有特殊復數形式的名詞也需要你的特殊注意。這些詞的復數形式可能并不明顯，所以常導致謂語單復數錯誤。
特殊復數形式的名詞：phenomenon - phenomena（現象）, goose - geese（鵝）, mouse - mice（老鼠）等
（2） 不定代詞和帶限定詞的名詞做主語
A) 不定代詞或every加名詞做主語：every, each, either, neither, one, no one, somebody, anybody, nobody, everyone, someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything在句中做主語，或做限定詞限定一個名詞時，后面的謂語一律用單數。
注意：上述詞語做限定詞加of時，后面的名詞或代詞都應該用復數，但謂語卻用單數。即使有定語從句，其主句、從句謂語仍用單數。
例：Each one of us who is now living remembers the event.
B) 限定詞加名詞做主語：all, any, many, more, most, some的謂語動詞的單復數取決于它們所修飾的名詞。
a) all, any, many, more, most, some修飾單數名詞時，謂語為單數；當修飾復數名詞時謂語為復數。
例：All of the world is against wars.（全世界都反對戰爭。）
There is some girl at the telephone who wants to speak to you.（有個女孩打電話來，找你。）
b) all, any, many, more, most, some加復數名詞時，謂語用復數動詞。
例：All roads lead to Rome.（條條大路通羅馬。）
c) all, any, many, more, most, some修飾不可數名詞時，謂語用單數動詞。
例：If there is any trouble, please come to me.（如果有什么困難，請來找我。）
More experience is important for getting a good job.（要得到好工作，重要的是要有更多的經驗。）
2. 含有of的短語和介賓短語做主語
（1）half of, all of, any of, a lot of, most of, … percent of, some of, five sevenths of等短語的動詞單復數取決于of后面所跟的名詞或代詞，即：單數名詞或代詞要求用單數動詞；復數名詞或代詞用復數動詞，不可數名詞或代詞用單數動詞。
例：Half of my spare time is spent on my hobby.（我一半的業余時間都花在我的愛好上了。）
（2）a number of后面要求加復數名詞或代詞，其動詞用復數形式；但the number of后面加復數名詞或代詞時，其謂語用單數。因為前者的意思是“大量、許多、若干”，等于numbers of；后者的意思是“總數、合計”，強調的是一個數字，所以應該看成單數主語。
（3）the rest（of）表示“剩余、其余”，其用法也有二：
a) of后面可接單數、復數及不可數名詞，相應的謂語動詞的單復數取決于of后面所跟的名詞。
b) 如果the rest表示的是剩下的東西，則謂語動詞用單數；如果表示的是其余的，特別指人時，其謂語動詞應該用復數。
例：The majority of students went to the lab, the rest are staying in the classroom.（多數學生去了實驗室，其余的人留在教室。）
（4） 當主語不止一個，且主語間由介詞with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, not to mention, including, like, but, except等連接時，其謂語動詞取決于前一個主語，即上述介詞前的名詞或代詞。
例：Television, along with other means of communication, helps us to keep informed about contemporary affairs.
3. 連詞加名詞做主語
（1）not only……but also, either……or, neither……nor, or等連接多個主語時，謂語動詞的單復數取決于離謂語最近的那個主語。這就是我們常說的“就近原則”。
例：Not only one but also all of us were invited.（不只是一個，而是我們全體都受到邀請。）
（2）由and連接兩個或多個主語時，后面一般都跟復數謂語動詞，只有在下述幾種情況下，才要求接單數謂語：
A) 表示“兼”時：
例：The singer and dancer attends our evening.（這位歌手兼舞蹈家參加了我們的晚會。）
注意：表示兩個人時，and后面應加不定冠詞、定冠詞或其它限定詞。
B) 固定詞組a knife and fork（一副刀叉）, a cup and saucer（帶茶托的茶杯）, ice-cream and cake（冰淇淋蛋糕）, iron and steel（鋼鐵）等，動詞一律用單數。
注意：如果把and前面和后面的詞作為兩個不同的內涵（通常在and后面的名詞或代詞前加不定冠詞、定冠詞或其它限定詞），則說明and起并聯作用，謂語應該用復數。
例：There are a knife and a fork.（桌子上有一把刀子和一把叉子。）
4. 數詞、量詞和動名詞等做主語
（1）量詞做主語：凡是計量時間、距離、金錢、體積、尺寸等的度量衡做主語時，謂語動詞都用單數。常見的這種詞有：years, dollars, dozens, miles, length, width等。
例：100 years is too long.（100年太長。）
（2）數學上的加、減、乘、除的規律是：加法和乘法的謂語動詞單復數皆可；而減法和除法的謂語動詞一律用單數。
（3）分類詞做主語：由form, kind, part, piece, type等詞加of形成的短語做主語時，其謂語的單復數取決于這些詞本身的單復數。
例：The newest types of computer are on show.（現在正在展出最新型的計算機。）
（4）動名詞和不定式做主語時，謂語動詞一律用單數。
例：Talking mends no holes.（空談無濟于事。）
To set up the tent costs us two hours each time.（每次我們支起帳篷都要花兩個小時。）
5. 從句作主語
從句作主語時，主句的謂語動詞要用單數形式。
【模擬試題】（答題時間：50分鐘）
一. 單選
1. Thirty pounds ________ (is / are) too much for this coat.
2. No news ________ (is / are) good news.
3. Maths ________ (is / are ) too difficult for him.
4. There __________ (is / are) a pen and two pencils in the pencil-box.
5. There __________ (is / are) some water in the glass.
6. Nothing _________ (is / are) different from what you think.
7. Mr.Brown, with her daughter _________ ( is / are) walking in the park.
8. The number of the students in their school _______ ( is / are) over four hundred.
9. Both of them _______ (is / are) students.
10. Neither of the answers _________ ( is / are) correct.
11. Each of us ________ ( has / have) an English-Chinese dictionary.
12. Neither I nor my brother _________( have / has) seen the film.
13. Not only her parents but also her grandfather __________ ( like / likes) her very much.
14. Either you or I _______ (are / am) wrong.
15. This kind of computers _________ (is/ are) made in China.
16. 99 and 2 _________ ( is / are) 101.
17. “You” ________ (is / are) a pronoun.
18. The United Nations ________(was / were) founded in 1945.
19. Both Kate and I _________ (are /am) getting ready for the picnic now.
20. Neither of them ________(is / are) on the team.
21. The whole family ________( is / are) music lovers.
22. The old ________ ( is / are ) taken good care of.
23. The Chinese ________ ( is / are) kind and friendly.
24. The Chinese people ________ (is / are) a great people.
25. Many a student _______ ( has / have ) passed the exam.
26. Two times four _______ ( is / are ) eight.
27. Doing exercises ______ (is / are) good for your health.
28. Everyone except Tom and John _______ ( was / were) there.
29. This pair of glasses ________ ( is / are) Mr. Green’s.
30. One and a half days ________( is / are) all I can spare.
31. She as well as the other students ________ ( has / have )learned how to type.
32. The singer and dancer _______ (comes / come) from Guangxi.
33. All that ________ ( glitters / glitter ) is not gold.
34. The police _______ ( is / are) searching for the murderer.
35. To be friendly to people _______ (is / are) important for us.
二. 完型
Everyone knows that smoking is no good for health, but still more and more people begin to smoke. Every year about millions of smokers die from 1 . Most of the smokers are men. But more and more 2 also begin to smoke. The number of smokers is becoming larger and larger each year. Every year the government has to spend lots of money 3 the people with illness caused by smoking, 4 it also has to pay lots of money for the great loss in the 5 caused by smoking. So the government wants people to give up smoking, but the tobacco companies want more young people, even students in middle school, to 6 because they want to make more money from tobacco sales.
Why do many smokers find it hard to give up smoking? The 7 with tobacco is that it has a drug called nicotine inside. It is the drug that gets them into the habit of smoking and makes them find it 8 to stop.
1. A. drinking B. eating C. smoking D. laughing
2. A. men B. women C. children D. people
3. A. finding B. following C. making D. looking after
4. A. but B. so C. and D. or
5. A. fire B. water C. building D. sickness
6. A. stop smoking B. start smoking C. go on smoking D. make more tobacco
7. A. question B. result C. problem D. answer
8. A. difficult B. easy C. expensive D. impossible
三. 閱讀理解
DIY is very popular in China now. Do you know what it is?
Yang Chen works for a computer business in Beijing. Though he enjoys his work, it is hard for him to relax after work.
“For a long time, I had no choice except going to a bar for a drink and karaoke to relax myself,” he said.
One day when he saw many toy dogs in a toy shop, he had an idea. “Why not do some kind of things and relax myself?” Then he began to make model planes, model ships and something else. The things he has made by himself don’t look as professionally made as those in the shops, but he likes doing it.
“It’s not as much fun to play with things which are bought expensively from the shops,” he said.
Now his bookshelves are full of many kinds of things he has made. They are very beautiful and his families and friends like them very much.
More and more young people are like Yang, making or creating things on their own. They like to do it themselves.
Though making things with our own hands may take much time, some people, now known as DIYers-do-it-yourselfers, enjoy doing it very much. They can make all kinds of things they like.
DIY is becoming more and more popular in China. It may be to the young, yet many people remember when it was once a way of life.
During 1960s and 1970s, when there were not enough living things for people to live on, they had to use their own hands to do many things. Whitewashing the wall or making clothes was a part of life because there was no other choice. If you wanted something done, you had to do it yourself; and if you needed something, you made it yourself.
But times have changed and DIY has also different meaning now.
( ) 1. What does Yang Chen enjoy doing most in his free time now?
A. Playing computer games.
B. Going to a bar for a drink and karaoke.
C. Whitewashing the wall.
D. Making something by himself.
( ) 2. Many young people like making things by themselves because _______.
A. they want to make more money
B. they do it for fun
C. they need them in their life
D. they can’t buy them anywhere
( ) 3. From the passage we know________
A. some people like to spend their spare time making this themselves.
B. more and more people are beginning to make model planes.
C. between 1960s and 1970s, people liked making things themselves.
D. more and more young people begin to do like Yang Chen.
( ) 4. What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. The things Yang made don’t look as professionally made as those in the shops.
B. Planes bought from the shops are too expensive.
C. DIY is a good way of life.
D. DIY was a part of life in the past.
【試題答案】
一、1. is 2. is 3. is 4. is 5. is 6. is 7. is 8. is 9. are 10. is 11. has 12. has
13. likes 14. am 15. are 16. is 17. is 18. was 19. are 20. is 21. are 22. are
23. are 24. is 25. have 26. is / are 27. is 28. was 29. are 30. is 31. has
32. comes 33. glitters 34. are 35. is
二、C B D C A B C A
三、D B A C