劉本剛 2005年10月21日
1).概念
虛擬語氣是一種動詞形式，表示說話人的一種愿望，假設，懷疑，猜測, 建議等含義，虛擬語氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實。
2).在條件句中的應用
條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實條件句，一類為非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設的或實際可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。
一、虛擬條件句
條件狀語從句是非真實情況，在這種情況下要用虛擬語氣。
1、條件從句與現在事實不一致，其句型為：
If 主語＋動詞過去式/ were，主語＋would（could, should, 或might）＋動詞原形，例如：
If I were you, I would study hard.
If it rained, I would not be here now.
2、條件從句與過去事實不一致，句型為：
If 主語＋had＋過去分詞，主語＋would（could, should, 或might）＋have＋過去分詞，如：
If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have been saved.
If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.
3、條件從句與將來事實不一致，句型為：
If 主語+動詞過去式/should+動詞原形/were to do，主語＋would（could…）＋ 動詞原形，例如：
If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.
If you missed the film tonight, you would feel sorry.
注：虛擬條件句中如果含有were, should或had(助動詞),可將were, should 或had提前，把if去掉，實行倒裝。但要注意，在這種情況下句首不用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可以說Were I not to do,而不能說Weren’t I to go.
二、動詞wish后賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
1. 用wish表示對現在情況的虛擬，其句子結構為：
賓語從句的謂語如果是系動詞一律用were ，如果是實義動詞就用過去式。如：
I wish they were at home this time.
I wish I were a bird.
2． 用wish表示對過去事情的虛擬。其句子結構為：
賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時，例：
I wish I hadn’t hurt him so much。
有時對過去進行虛擬也可在賓語從句中采用would / could have done 的結構。
I wish I would have seen her last night.
3． 用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。其句子結構為：
賓語從句的謂語為would+動詞原形, 有時也用could/might+動詞原形。例：
I wish I would be able to come tomorrow.
三、as if (though)的虛擬
例如：
1. She always talks to me as if she were my sister.
2. He walks slowly as if he had hurt his leg.
3. She talks about it again and again as though she would never end.
四、Would rather的虛擬語氣
1. would rather +主語+動詞過去式 表示對現在和將來情況的虛擬
2. would rather +主語+had done 表示對過去情況的虛擬
I would rather we didn’t go to see a film this evening.
I’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.
五、It is (high/about) time that...
在該句子中我們使用兩種形式的虛擬結構即：動詞過去式或 should +動詞原形，如果用后者則should通常不省略。
It is time that we went home.
It is time that the boy should go to school.
六、If only…的虛擬結構
例如：
If only he were here!
If only I had not been ill last week!
If only I had more money!
If only it would rain tomorrow!
七、堅持、決定、要求、命令等詞的虛擬形式（即堅、決、要、命形虛擬）
insist, suggest, advise, recommend,
decide,
ask, demand, require, urge
order, command
在以上這些動詞后的賓語從句中應該使用should+動詞原形的結構進行虛擬，should可以省略。
She suggested we (should) leave early.
The teacher insisted that the students (should) have a test.
She decided that she (should) not go.
The teacher commanded that he (should) leave the classroom.
注意以下這些形式：
the suggestion/proposal/order/advice that…(should)do
This suggestion is that…(should)do
It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required that…(should)do
It is necessary/important/natural/strange /amazing/surprising that…(should)(但表示驚訝，翻譯成“竟然”時一般不省略)do
請辨析：
The white look on his face suggested that he was ill.
The teacher suggested that he start to practice listening.
He insisted that he had not seen the wallet.
He insisted that he not stay here.
八、suppose; but for; otherwise; without等詞也可以表示虛擬語氣。
e.g. The government issued a new policy to help the jobless, otherwise they would have suffered.
Without the help of tens of thousands of PLA soldiers, many areas would not have been saved from flooding in 1998.
隨堂訓練：
1、If my lawyer _____________here last Saturday, he ____________me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented
B. had been, would prevent
C. were, would prevent
D. were, would have prevent
2、--“He is a brave man.”
--“Yes, I wish I____________ his courage.”
A．have B．had C．will have D．may have
3、If it ____________rain, the crops would be saved.
A．should B．will C．is going to D．was to
4、He ordered that the medicine _____________by a special plane.
A．was sent B．would be sent C．should send D．be sent
5、If you _____________the medicine, you ____________better now.
A. took, would feel
B. had taken, felt
C. had taken, would feel
D. took, would have felt
6、She is my sister, but she often acts as if she____________my mother.
A．is B．was C．were D．had been
7、I went to bed early last night, but I wish I _____________so.
A．didn’t do B．hadn’t done C．haven’t done D．couldn’t do
8、I’d rather he ______________tomorrow afternoon.
A．will come B．comes C．coming D．came
KEYS:
ABADC CBD