Unit 8 Learning a foreign language
典型例題
1．“Did you have any trouble _____the house？”
“No, but I had a lot of difficulty _____．Nobody seemed to know where the key was．”
A．in finding；to get in B．to find；getting into
C．finding；getting into D．finding；getting in
【題解】選D。have some／no／any difficulty in doing sth．是一個常用句型，意為“在做某事上有難處／沒有難處”。句型中的in可以省去。
2．In order to make our city more beautiful，______．
A．it is necessary to have planted more trees
B．many more trees need to plant
C．our city needs more trees
D．we must plant more trees
【題解】選D。該題考查的是非謂語動詞（動詞不定式）。作狀語的動詞不定式的邏輯主語應與主句的主語一致。該句意思為“為了使我們的城市更美麗，我們必須種更多的樹木”。
3．I won’t go to the party unless ____．
A．to invite B．inviting C．invited D．will be invited
【題解】選C。該題考查省略。連詞unless，when，while，if等其后的主語如果與主句的主語一致，可以把從句中的主語和動詞的一部分省去，此句在unless后省掉了I am。連詞后常常出現過去分詞（如與主句的主語之間是被動關系），或是出現現在分詞（如與主句的主語是主動關系）。如：If（it is）heated，the ice can be turned into water．（如果被加熱，冰能變成水。）Be care while／when（you are）crossing the street．（穿過馬路時要小心。）
4．Americans eat _____vegetables per person today as they did in 1910．
A．more than twice B．as twice as many
C．twice as many as D．more than twice as many
【題解】選D。該題考查倍數的表達方式，倍數表示法有如下四種：①…＋數字（或倍數）＋比較級＋than…。如：The is room is three times larger than that one．（這個房間比那個大三倍。）②……倍數＋as＋形容詞或副詞＋as＋…。如：A is twice as long as B．A的長度是B的兩倍。③…＋by＋數字（或倍數）＋…。如：This ruler is longer than that larger by 2 inches（或by twice）．（這把尺子比那把尺子長二英寸（或兩倍）。）④…倍數＋the size（height，length，width etc．）of＋…。如：The river is five times the length of that stream．（這條河有那條小溪五倍長。）據上，D為正確答案。
5．All the preparations for the task _____，and we’re ready to start．
A．completed B．have been completed
C．had been completed D．complete
【題解】選B。因為第二句是一般現在時態，所以選B用現在完成時表示現在所處的狀態，與第二句相吻合。
6．The pictures brought the happy days back to me _____we worked together in that faraway village．
A．until B．that C．when D．where
【題解】選C。when在此句中引導定語從句，修飾days，句意是“那些照片使我想起了我們在那遙遠的村莊一起勞動的那段日子”。
7．The stadiums，_____were already full，were surrounded by a lot of football fans who had no tickets．
A．most of that B．most of which C．which most D．that most
【題解】選B。在定語從句中，介詞后不能用that，只能用which或whom，因為the stadiums表示物，所以用which，而whom代表人。
8．What she said sounded ______.
A．beautifully B．friendly C．wonderfully D．badly
【題解】選B。sound，taste，smell，feel，look等感覺概念系動詞后面要接形容詞作表語，在四個選項中只有friendly是形容詞，其他三項都不是。故選B。
9．I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer，_____？
A．do I B．don’t I C．will they D．won’t they
【題解】選C。在面放，believe，suppose后面跟賓語從句時，反意疑問句跟從句一致。
10．If you _____my glasses，can you let me have them，please？
A．come about B．come across C．come on D．come up
【題解】選B。come across意為“偶爾發現”；come out意為“產生”“發生”；come on意為“過來”“加油”；come up意為“發芽”“出現”。由句意可知B項符合題意。
語法指南
虛擬語氣（一）
虛擬語氣的構成比較特殊，它有各種不同的動詞形式，通過這些不同的動詞形式來表示不同時間的情況，這些動詞形式所表示的意思一般與事實相反。這里我們首先來研究虛擬語氣在含if從句的主從復合句中有哪些用法。英語中if從句有兩種：一種是以陳述語氣敘述的叫做真實條件句，說明所提出的假想是可以實現的；另一種是以虛擬語氣敘述的，叫做非真實條件句，說明所提出的假想實現的可能性極小或與事實相反。這種虛擬語氣一般因所指時間的不同而分三種情況，即：與現在事實相反；與過去事實相反；與將來事實相反。
▲表示與現在事實相反。動詞形式列表如下：
If I were you，I wouldn’t do that．我要是你的話，我不會那樣干。（In fact I’m not you．）
If he were here，he would be glad to see you．
他要是在這里，見到你會很高興的。（In fact he’s not here．）
If I had much money，I should buy a house．
我要是有許多錢的話，就買房子。（In fact I don’t have much money．）
If I had the book at hand，I would read the passage to you．
如果我手頭有這本書的話，我就把那一段讀給你聽了。（But I don’t have the book at hand．）
She would help you if you asked her．
你如果請她的話，她會幫助你的。（But I don’t you won’t ask her．）
He would learn more quickly if he worked harder．
如果用功些，他會學得更快。（But he doesn’t work hard enough．）
▲表示與過去事實相反，動詞形式列表如下：
If you had studied hard，you would have passed the exam.
如果你學習用功的話，你就通過考試了。（But you didn’t study hard enough．）
If you had seen the film，you would have enjoyed it very much．
若是看了這部電影，你會非常喜歡的。（But in fact you didn’t see the film．）
She would have gone to the party if she had been invited．
如果她得到邀請的話，她就會去參加聚會了。（But she wasn’t invited．）
He could have caught the train if he had hurried．
如果他抓緊一點的話，他就趕上那趟火車了。（But she wasn’t invited．）
I would have overslept if she hadn’t called me.
如果她不叫我的話，我就睡過頭了。（In fact she called me and I didn’t overslept．）
If I had known her telephone number，I would have called her．
如果我知道她的電話號碼，我就給她打電話了。（But I didn’t know her telephone number，so I didn’t call her．）
If the hurricane had happened during the night-time，there would have been many more deaths．
颶風如果發生在夜間，死亡的人將會更多。（In fact the hurricane happened during the day-time．）
▲表示與將來事實相反，動詞形式列表如下：
If從句謂語動詞形式 主句謂語動詞形式
①should + 動詞原形
②用動詞的過去式（be一律用were）
③were + 不定式 用would/could/should/might + 動詞原形
If it should rain（或rained，或were to rain）tomorrow．I wouldn’t go out．
明天如果下雨，我就不出去了。（But I know it won’t rain tomorrow．）
If I did（或should do，或were to do）that，she would feel very surprised．
我如果做這件事的話，她會感到十分吃驚的。（So I won’t do that．）
If I failed（或should fail，或were to fail），I would try again．
我若是不成功，我會再試一次。（I know that most probably I won’t fail．）
▲在書面語中，有時if虛擬從句可使用倒裝形式，其規則是：如果if從句中含有were，助動詞，had或should時，則可省略連接詞if，而把were，had或should移至主語之前。如：
Were I you（＝If I were you），I would take the job．如果我是你的話，我就接受那份工作。
Had they not helped us（＝If they had not helped us），we wouldn’t have succeeded．
如果沒有他們的幫助，我們就不會成功。
Had you come yesterday（＝If you had come yesterday），you would nave met him．
你要是昨天來的話，你就會見到他了。
Should it rain tomorrow／Were it to rain tomorrow（＝If it should rain tomorrow），what would you do？
萬一明天下雨的話，你們怎么辦？
Were it not for the sun（＝If it were not for the sun），nothing could exist on earth．
如果沒有太陽，世界上將什么都不能存在。
【注】這種倒裝形式的虛擬語氣，通常帶有文學色彩，一般出現于書面語中，通常不用于口語中。
▲如果虛擬語氣中主句和從句所表示的動作發生在不同的時間里，那么動詞形式應根據它所表示的時間進行調整，一般有以下兩種情況：①從句說的是過去，而主句講的是現在；②從句說是的現在，主句講的是過去。如：
If you had followed his advice，you wouldn’t be introduce now．
＝Had you followed his advice，you wouldn’t be in trouble now.
你當初如果聽從他的勸告，現在就不會陷入這種困境了。
（You didn’t follow his advice and that’s why you are introduce now．）
If she had taken the medicine，she would be all right now．
= Had she taken the medicine then，she would be all right now.
她當時如果吃了藥，現在就好了。
（She didn’t take the medicine then and that’s why she is still ill now．）
If I were you（= Were I you），I would have gone with her．
我要是你的話，我就跟她一起去了。（I didn’t go with her because I’m not you.）
【語法專項訓練】
用所給動詞的適當形式填空，注意句中虛擬語氣的使用。
1．If you _____（find）a wallet in the street，what would you do with it？
2．If the phone _____（ring），can you answer it？
3．I’m glad we had a map．I’m sure we would have got lost if we _____（not have）one.
4．If he _____（be）here tomorrow，I would speak to him．
5．“Did you go to the beach yesterday？” “No，it was too cold．If it ____（be）warmer, we might have gone．”
6．I didn’t realize that Mary was in hospital．If ____（know）she was in hospital，I would have gone to visit her.
7．_____you _____（take）my advice，you wouldn’t have failed in the exam．
8．______ I _____（have）time，I would call her.
9．I can’t decide what to do．What would you do if you _____（be）in my position？
10．If you _____（not，watch）TV yesterday，you wouldn’t be so sleepy now.
11．“Why do you read newspapers？”
“Well，if I _____（not，read）newspapers，I wouldn’t know what is happening in the world．”
12．If you _____（drop）the glass，it would break．
13．The accident was your fault．If you had driven more carefully，it _____（not happen）．
14．If you had enough money to go anywhere in the world，where _____you ______（go）？
15．I _____（not get）such a result without your help．
16．He must have been here，or he never _____（know）the place so well．
17．Why didn’t you tell me about it？I ____（help）you．
18．She was ill，otherwise she ____（be）present at the meeting．
19．Suppose you were in my shoes，what _____you _____（do）？
20．But for your help，I _____（not，be）recovered so soon．
答案：
1．found 2．rang 3．hadn’t had 4．were／should be 5．had been 6．had known
7．Had，taken 8．Should，have 9．were 10．hadn't watched 11．didn't read 12．dropped 13．would not have happened 14．would， go 15．would not get 16．could know
17．should have helped 18．would have been 19．would，do 20．could not be
同步測試
Ⅰ．單項選擇
1．I _____grandfather’s diary in the attic．
A．came to B．came by C．came at D．came across
2．It suddenly _____to me that we could use a computer to do the job．
A．took place B．happened C．occurred D．was occurred
3．The desks and seats can be ____the height of a child．
A．adopted to B．adjusted to C．adjusted as D．adopted as
4．“I didn’t see her yesterday，I looked for her everywhere，but couldn’t find her．”
“Oh，but you _____．She was working in the office．”
A．must have B．ought to C．ought to have D．can’t have
5．“We weren’t sure which way to go．In the end，we turned right．”
“You ____the wrong way．You ____left．”
A．had gone；must have turned B．went；must turn
C．have gone；would have turned D．went；should have turned
6．“My Goodness！We have missed the flight．”
“We ____it，but we were caught in the traffic jam．”
A．could have caught B．ought to catch C．might catch D．must have caught
7．Now then，children，it’s time you _____．
A．washed and dressed B．are washed and dressed
C．will wash and dress D．were washed and dressed
8．It’s high time that you _____home and I’d rather you ____again sometime in the future．
A．go；come B．are going；come
C．went；came D．would go；would come
9．“Look at the heavy rain！” “ _____it would stop！”
A．only if B．Even if C．Ever since D．If only
10．“Did you blame the accident on him？”“Yes，but I’d _____it．”
A．better not to B．rather not to
C．better not have done D．rather not have done
11．Hard-working though he was ____there was never enough money to pay the bills．
A．／ B．and C．but D．therefore
12．“Would you mind if I turned the TV down？” “_____.”
A．Yes，I don’t mind B．No，go right ahead
C．Yes，please turn it down D．Don’t worry，you’ll get used to it soon
13．She’s ____for three days now，and we are very worried．
A．missed B．been missed C．missing D．been missing
14．In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ____the documents and recorded every detail．
A．in B．at C．for D．on
15．In order not to be disturbed，I spent three days ____in my study．
A．locking B．locked C．to lock D．lock
16．He ____an accident，or he would have been there then．
A．must have had B．had had C．has had D．should have
17．The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things，_____is often the case in other countries．
A．that B．to C．what D．as
18．You should _____little Tom for his mistake；after all he is a child．
A．forgive B．apologize C．excuse D．pardon
19．Steven has a lot of work to ____in the office since he has been away for quite a few days．
A．take up B．make up C．work out D．carry out
20．____，follow the directions on the bottle carefully．
A．To take me medicine B．When one takes medicine
C．When taking medicine D．Takes medicine
21．“Why was he fined？”“He happened to ____several flowers in the park.”
A．be seen pick B．be seen picking
C．be caught pick D．catch picking
22．“I’m afraid I have to give it up．”
“Remember ____sticks to his work will succeed one day．”
A．who B．whom C．whoever D．no matter who
23．Has she ever asked him the reason _____may explain his coming late？
A．why B．for which C．for that D．that
24．“_____he come in or wait outside？” “Let him in，please．”
A．Shall B．Will C．Does D．Has
25．_____I accept that he is not perfect，I do actually like him．
A．While B．Since C．Before D．Unless
26．“This dialogue should _____a question，not a puzzle．”“I am _____.”
A．have started with；to blame B．start with；to be blamed
C．have started from；to blame D．start from；to be blamed
27．We had thought the exam would be difficult，but it ____easy．
A．turned B．came C．appeared D．proved
28．Many workers were organized to dear away ____remained of the World Trade Centre．
A．those B．that C．what D．where
29．Little _____what you said．If only you repeated it！
A．did I understand B．I understand
C．I did understand D．have I understand
30．He win stop showing up if no notice ____of him．
A．is taken B．will be taken C．takes D．has taken
Ⅱ．用所給詞的適當形式填空。
contribute, acquire, assist, regard, concern, contact, broad, distinguish, basic, adjust
1．They decorated the house _____of cost．
2．Despite his cries，no one came to his ______.
3．The company has grown through ____of smaller businesses.
4．He was a warded a price for his ____to the world peace.
5．He put his ear to the floor and heard angry shouts，but no words were _____．
6．_____your knowledge of English with the book．
7．Beyond a certain distance，we are out of ____with our headquarters．
8．“Could I speak to Mr James，please？”“May I tell him what’s ____？”
9．My knowledge of chemistry is pretty ____．
10．He has made a few minor _____to this week’s time table．
Ⅲ．完形填空
No man can change the weather．Nobody can control the weather．But if we 1 correctly the signs around us we can 2 what the more changes in the weather will be．This way of telling what the weather will be like the following day or two is called weather forecasting．
For many centuries and in all countries people have 3 the weather and tried to 4 weather forecasting．
Sometimes 5 objects such as hills and tall trees seem to be very clear and near．This is a 6
of much water vapour in the 7 and therefore rain will probably come．
Rings round the sun are a sign of coming rain．Many people feel in their 8 the coming of wet weather．Their joints（骨頭節）ache．Some birds fly 9 as fine weather is coming but they fly near the
10 or stormy weather is 11 the way．It is probably because of the insects（昆蟲）which they are hunting 12 they fly 13 ．
If you see a rainbow during rainy weather，this is a sign that the weather will become clear and fine．Such 14 come in the evening．If the stars 15 clearly at night，then fair weather will 16 ．If a fog appears in the morning just about sunrise，then the day will be warm．Instead，if a fog appears in the evening the next day will be wet 17 ．
If the sunset is mostly red in 18 ，then the following day will be fine．If a rainbow appears in the morning，rainy weather will probably come．
Most of the 19 sayings have been made by people who have used their 20 and brains to make weather forecasting．
1． A．see B．look C．read D．take
2． A．ten B．speak C．talk D．point
3． A．studied B．learned C．searched D．researched
4． A．do B．make C．carry D．send
5． A．small B．away C．near D．distant
6． A．sight B．sign C．mark D．shape
7． A．air B．sky C．heaven D．earth
8． A．legs B．arms C．skins D．bones
9． A．high B．low C．near D．far
10． A．wet B．dry C．rainy D．sunny
11． A．by B．in C．for D．on
12． A．that B．which C．where D．when
13． A．high B．low C．fast D．slow
14． A．as B．rainbows C．weather D．day
15． A．twinkle B．appear C．bright D．seem
16． A．begin B．stop C．continue D．be
17． A．day B．weather C．hour D．time
18． A．edge B．surface C．centre D．color
19． A．above B．below C．important D．interesting
20． A．bodies B．hands C．eyes D．legs
Ⅳ．閱讀理解
A
James Cleveland Owens was the son of a farmer and the grandson of black slaves．His family moved to Cleveland when he was 9．There，a school teacher asked the youth his name.
“J ．C．，” he replied．
She thought he had said “Jesse,” and he had a new name．
Owens ran his first race at age 13．After high school，he went to Ohio State University．He had to work part time so as to pay for his education．As a second-year student，in the Big Ten games in 1935，he set even more records than he would in the Olympic Games a year later．
A week before the Big Ten meet，Owens accidentally fell down a flight of stairs．His back hurt so much that he could not exercise all week，and he had to be helped in and out of the car that drove him to the meet．He refused to listen to the suggestions that he give up and said he would try，event by event．He did try，and the results are in the record book．
The stage was set for Owens’ victory at the Olympic Games in Berlin the next year，and his success would come to be regarded as not only athletic（體育的）but also political．Hitler did not congratulate any of the African-American winners．
“It was all right with me，”he said years later．“I didn’t go to Berlin to shake hands with him，anyway．”
Having returned from Berlin，he received no telephone calls from the president of his own country，either．In fact，he was not honored by the United States until l976，four years before his death．
Owens’ Olympic victories made little difference to him．He earned his living by looking after a school playground，and accepted money to race against cars，trucks，motorcycles，and dogs．
“Sure，it bothered（煩擾）me,” he said later．“But at least it was an honest living．I had to eat．”
In time，however，his gold medals（獎牌）changed his life．“They have kept me alive over the years,” he once said．“Time has stood still for me．That golden moment dies hard．”
1．Owens got his other name “Jesse” when _____．
A．he went too Ohio State University B．his teacher made fun of him
C．his teacher took “J．C．” for “Jesse” D．he won sold medals in the Big Ten meet
2．In the Big Ten meet，Owens _____．
A．hurt himself in the back B．succeeded in setting many records
C．tried every sports event but failed D．had to give up some events
3．We can infer from the text that Owens was treated unfairly in the US at that time because_____.
A．he was not of the right race
B．he was the son of a poor farmer
C．he didn’t shake hands with Hitler
D．he didn’t talk to the US president on the phone
4．When Owens says “They have kept me alive over the years,” he means that the medals_____.
A．have been changed for money to help him live on
B．have made him famous in the US
C．have encouraged him to overcome difficulties in life
D．have kept him busy with all kinds of jobs
5．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？
A．Jesse Owens，a Great American Athlete
B．Golden Moment--a Life-time Struggle
C．Making a living as a Sportsman
D．How to Be a Successful Athlete？
B
Many experts complain that media too often take advantage of the science fiction aspects of nanotech（納米技術）．Reports of nanotech often refer to K．Eric Drexler’s book Engines of Creations，which predicts an age full of dominant molecular（分子的）manufacturing and a world without material scarcity．Whatever humans need will one day be built cheaply with microscopic self-replicating machines（微細自我復制機）that put atoms together to create copies of anything alive in the world--from trees to human bodies．
In fact，the scientific community is deeply divided over whether self-replicating machines are possible．If they are，major dangers could exist．Mr．Drexler himself thought that self-replication machines could probably go out of control．He writes in his book that man-made “plants” with “leaves no more efficient than today’s solar cells could win over real plants，crowding the earth with leaves that are not suitable to be eaten．Tough ‘bacteria’ could be more competitive than the real bacteria, they could spread everywhere，replicate swiftly，and reduce the earth to dust in a matter of days.”
Critics of nanotech have made use of such images，calling for a delay on commercial nanotech until regulations are established．They also point to the possible military uses of nanotech．Bill Joy，the co-founder of Sun Microsystems，wrote in a Wired magazine essay in 2,000 if nanotech falls into the wrong hands，it could bring dangers to society．
Opponents say Mr Joy is overreacting．“In a way，calling for bans on research into molecular manufacturing is like calling for a delay on faster-than-light travel because no one is doing it,” says Glenn Reynolds，a University of Tennessee law professor．
Professor Reynolds says it is a good idea to regulate nanotech，but in ways the government would regulate any products that could be dangerous．Export controls and certification systems for nanotech companies are examples．US lawmakers have put forth four bills on nanotech research and development．
6．K．Eric Drexler in his book predicts a future world with sufficient material：because______.
A．man-made plants could replace real plants and grow more quickly
B．plants produced by nanotech would be as efficient as today’s solar cells
C．man-made bacteria would be widespread and capable of self-replicating
D．human could create copies of anything alive with high technology
7． To call for a delay on commercial nanotech，critics of nanotech make use of_____．
A．current social problems
B．science fiction descriptions
C．disagreements in the scientific community
D．the fact that no one is doing molecular manufacturing
8．Opponents of Bill Joy would NOT agree to ____．
A．control nanotech export
B．ban nanotech research to avoid any possible dangers
C．put forth bills on nanotech research and development
D．establish a certification system for nanotech companies
9．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage？
A．Nanotech should not be put into wrong use in the military field
B．The government should regulate products that could be dangerous
C．Nanotech regulations should be established in spite of the divided opinions
D．The media should not take advantage of the science fiction aspects of nanotech
V．短文改錯
One day in 1877，when Prince George of England wrote to his 1．____
grandmother Queen Victoria，“Dear Grandmother，I saw very， 2．____
very nice wooden horse in a shop yesterday．I loved it and I 3．____
haven’t got enough money to buy it．Would you send me one pound，dear Granny？”“My
dear grandson，” Queen Victoria 4．____
wrote back to George，“I don’t think what it is a good idea to let 5．____
you have money since you’ve still too young to judge the valuable 6．____
of things．” Two days ago，Queen Victoria received another letter 7．____
from her grandson，“Dear Granny，thank you very much．I sell 8．____
your letter to a bookseller for two pounds．I see how well 9．____
I can judge things now！Are you satisfied to me？I hope you are！” 10．____
Ⅵ．書面表達
假定你叫李華，接到了哥哥的來信，說他考上了大學。你為此感到高興和驕傲。當你家人得知此消息時，也都很高興。奶奶高興得老淚縱橫。他們讓你給哥哥寫封信表示祝賀。
你哥哥信中還說，他要和班上的幾個同學去黃山旅游（make a tour），一周內即可回家。你在信中告訴哥哥，全家人盼他早日歸來。
要求：符合書信格式；
詞數：80-120。
Key：
Ⅰ
1-5 DCBCD 6-10 ADCDD 11-15 ABDDB 16-20ADABC
21-25 BCDAA 26-30 ADCAA
Ⅱ
1. regardless 2. assistance 3. acquisition 4. contribution 5. distinguishable
6. Broaden 7. contact 8. concerning 9. basic 10. adjustments
Ⅲ
1-5 CAABD 6-10 BADAC 11-15 DABBA 16-20 CBDAC
Ⅳ
1-5 CBACA 6-9 DBBC
Ⅴ
Dear brother,
I’ve just received your letter telling us that you’ve passed the college entrance examination. I’m glad and proud of it. When the family heard of the news, they were all delighted, too. Grandma was so pleased that she burst into tears. The family asked me to write to you and congratulate you on your success.
In your letter you told me that you were going to make a tour on Huangshan with a few of your classmates and would be back in a week. The family are looking forward to your coming back soon. All of us have been missing you!