Unit 12 Teachers’ Paper
Background knowledge:
Distance learning
A type of education, typically college-level, where students work on their own at home or at the office and communicate with faculty and other students via e-mail, electronic forums, videoconferencing, chat rooms, bulletin boards, instant messaging and other forms of computer-based communication.
Most distance learning programs include a computer-based training (CBT) system and communications tools to produce a virtual classroom. Because the Internet and World Wide Web are accessible from virtually all computer platforms, they serve as the foundation for many distance learning systems.
The Hope Project
Education plays an important part in modern life. However, in some poor areas, many children can't afford the expenses of schooling and are forced to leave school. At the same time, our country is not able to invest too much in it. Under this condition, the Hope Project if carried out.
The Hope Project if of great necessity to our country. In the first place, it will create conditions for the children to go back to school. Secondly, it can make more people educated. Thus, is may indirectly lead to the improvement of people's standards of life.
In my opinion, the Hope Project is of great importance to our country, I hope that with this help more and more children can get the opportunity to be educated.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESC0) is one of 18 specialized agencies within the United Nations System. It was established on November 16, 1945, as much of the world was emerging from the devastation of the Second World War. Canada was one of the 20 founding members. UNESCO was formed to create an organization that would embody a genuine culture of peace by promoting collaboration among nations through education, the sciences, culture, and communication and information.
UNESCO works to create the conditions for dialogue and cooperation between the peoples of the world, based upon commonly shared values and respect for individual civilizations and cultures. The Organization also serves as a clearinghouse to share knowledge and ideas with its 190 Member States and six Associate Members. Through diverse and extensive strategies and projects, UNESCO is is actively pursuing the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, placing particular emphasis on initiatives which focus on eradicating poverty; achieving universal primary education and eliminating gender disparity in education; helping countries to implement national strategies for sustainable development; and halting the loss of environmental resources.
Since its inception , UNESCO has worked to inspire, encourage and sustain the principles of democracy, cooperation, non-violence, respect for human rights and cultural diversity. As the developing countries of the world struggle to find their place, as globalization continues to grow and the world moves rapidly towards knowledge based societies, the work of UNESCO becomes ever more vital. Through its efforts in the sectors of education, science, culture, information and communication, UNESCO is committed to attaining an ambitious goal: to build peace in the minds of men.
Period 1: Words and Expressions
New words:
1. load n.
（1.）（車、船、人、畜等的）負荷；負擔；載重
The truck was carrying a load of bananas. 這輛卡車裝著一車香蕉。
We have to make three loads of the cargo. 我們得把貨物分裝三車。
（2.）（車輛等的）載重量
I’ve ordered two lorry-loads of sand. 我已定購了兩卡車沙子。
（3.）（一個成員、一臺機器等的）工作量，負荷
I have a fairly light teaching load this term. 這個學期我的教學負擔相當輕。
（4.） （常與of連用）大量，許多 (a load of/loads of )
To the reader's disappointment, the leading article in this issue of the magazine is a load of rubbish. 這期雜志上的主要文章廢話連篇,使讀者大失所望。
v.
（1.）（常與up, with連用）裝，裝滿，載滿
We loaded the truck with bananas. 我們把香蕉裝上卡車。
（2.） 裝上（彈匣、膠卷）
Don’t move! The gun is loaded. 別動！這支槍是上了膛的。
workload n. 1. 工作量, 工作負擔
She has a very heavy workload. 她的工作負擔很重。
2. strict adj.
（1.） 嚴格的，嚴厲的 （規則或行為）(+with)
Our teacher is strict; we have to do what she says.
我們的老師很嚴格，我們不得不按她說的去做。
（2.） 精確的；完整的
He made a strict analysis of the experiment.
他對這個實驗做了個精確的分析。
strict → n. strictness
1) 嚴格說來 strictly speaking
2) be strict with somebody
Our teacher is strict with us. 我們老師對我們很嚴格。
3) be strict in something
Mr. Li is strict in his own work. 李先生對自己的工作很嚴格。
We should be strict with ourselves in everything.(我們應該事事都嚴格要求自己)
3. compulsory adj. 義務的；強制的；強迫的
Education is compulsory for all children in Britain between the age of 5 and 16. 在英國5歲到16歲的兒童都要接受義務教育。
4. commitment n.
（1.） 承諾；
The general has repeated his commitment to holding elections as soon as possible.
將軍重申了盡快進行選舉的承諾。
（2．）責任；承擔義務
I've taken on too many commitments.
我承擔的義務太多了。
（3．）忠誠，信奉，支持
The company’s success this year would not have been possible without the commitment and dedication of the staff.
如果沒有員工的奉獻精神，公司今年的成功是不可能的。
make a commitment
中國承諾竭盡全力幫助受海嘯襲擊的亞洲地區.
China has made a commitment to do all it can to help the tsunami-hit regions of Asia.
5. sceptical adj. 懷疑的
Everyone says our team will win, but I’m skeptical of/about it.
人人都說我們隊會贏，但我對此表示懷疑。
6. tendency n.
（1.） 傾向；趨勢
① (+to, towards) There is an increasing tendency towards the use of firearms by criminals. 罪犯使用槍械的趨勢在上升。
② （＋to v. ） There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人們在家里而不是在辦公室工作的趨勢日益增長。
（2．） 癖好，秉性
①（+to, towards） He’s always had a tendency to /towards frivolity.
他向來表現出輕浮的傾向。
②（＋to v. ）The teacher criticized his tendency to view world affairs purely in terms of the East-West conflicts.
老師批評了他那種單純從東西方沖突的角度去觀察國際事務的傾向。
7. expand vi.& vt.
（1） 擴大，膨脹，增強，使擴大 expand reproduction 擴大再生產
eg.
1) The bird expanded his wings into the blue sky.
2) This factory has expanded to the river.
3) Metals expand when (it is) heated.
4) The flowers expand in the sunshine.
The business has expanded from having one office to having twelve.
這個公司已從一個分公司發展到擁有12個分公司了。
（2.） 詳述（故事，論證等）,引申
I don’t quite follow your reasoning. Can you expand (on it)?
我不大理解你的論斷，你能詳細地加以說明嗎？
You’ll have to expand your argument if you want to convince me.
你如果想使我信服， 就必須詳述你的論點。
（3．） Vi. （人）變得更友善更健談
He expanded a little when he had had a drink, and started to talk more freely.
他喝了一杯酒，變得更友善，并開始暢談起來。
8. distribute vt.
（1.） 分發，分配某事物 (+sth. to/among sb./sth.)
The demonstrators distributed leaflets to passers-by. 示威者向行人分發傳單。
（2．） 使（某事物）散開，散布
Baggage loaded onto an aircraft must be evenly distributed.
飛機載運的行李應均勻放置在各個部位。
拓展：
distribution n.
（1.） 分發，分配（多作不可數名詞）
The boys complained that the distribution of prizes was unfair.
男孩們抱怨獎品分配不均。
（2．） 分布，散布（多作不可數名詞）
The pine-tree has a very wide distribution.
松樹的分布很廣。
9. corporation n.
（1.） 公司；企業 John works for a large American chemical corporation.
約翰為一家美國大化學公司工作。
（2.） 市政府
The corporation has decided that no heavy-duty trucks are permitted to pass through the centre of the city during rush hours.
市政當局決定高峰期間不允許載重卡車通過市中心。
拓展：
corporate adj.
（1.） 社團的；團體的
corporate responsibility, action, etc 共同的責任，行動等
（2．） 市政府的；公司的
Corporate executives usually have high salaries. 公司里的管理人員一般享有高薪。
10. donate vt. 捐贈；贈送
The businessman donated a lot of money to the hospital. 這個商人捐給醫院很多錢。
Many more warm-hearted people donated blood to the poor girl.
(給這個可憐的女孩獻血)
In his will, he volunteered to donated his body to medicine.
在他的遺囑里，他自愿將遺體捐給醫療事業。
拓展：
donation n. 捐贈；捐贈品；捐款
She made a donation of $ 1,000 to the Children’s Hospital.
她捐了1,000 美元給兒童醫院。
11. curriculum n. 課程
Is German on your school’s curriculum? 你們學校有德語課嗎？
12. ministry n
[C]
（1.） （政府的）部
My brother works in the Ministry of National Defense.
我弟弟在國防部工作。
（2.） the ministry [GP] 神職界；（全體）牧師
His parents intended him for the ministry. 他的父母有意讓他當牧師。
13. aspect n.
（1.） 方面
He mentioned only one aspect of the problem. 他只提到問題的一個方面。
（2.） 容貌，表情
He was serious of aspect but wholly undistinguished.
他面色嚴峻，卻不過一庸人而已.
（3.） （房屋、門窗等的）朝向
She prefers a house with a southern aspect.
她喜歡朝南的房子。
14. profession n.
（1.） 專業，職業（尤指受過專門訓練的，如法律、教學等）
He is a lawyer by profession.
他是職業律師。
（2）信仰或信念的表白
His profession of concern did not seem sincere.
他所表示的關心看來并非出自內心。
拓展：professional adj.
（1.）從事專門職業的 A lawyer is a professional man. 律師是從事專門職業的人。
（2.） 職業的，專業的
For professional footballers, injuries are an occupational hazard.
對于職業足球運動員來說,受傷是職業本身帶來的危險。
15. alongside
（1.） prep 在…旁邊；與…并排
The car drew up alongside the kerb. 小汽車在路邊停下來。
（2.） adv. 橫靠著；沿著；傍著
We brought our boat alongside. 我們把船靠邊。
16. advocate
vt. 擁護；提倡； 主張
He advocates building more schools. 他主張多建幾所學校。
n.（常與of連用）擁護者；提倡者
I am not a strong advocate of “English only” in the reading class.
對于閱讀課上只用英語，我不是個強烈的擁護者。
17. restriction
n. 限制；約束
There is a restriction against smoking in schools.
禁止在學校吸煙。
拓展：restrict
vt. 限制；限定
He restricts himself to two cigarettes a day.
他限制自己每天吸兩支香煙。
18. schedule
n. 時間表；進度表；程序表
The next thing on our schedule is to telephone our friends.
我們的日程安排中要做的下一件事是給我們的朋友打電話。
19.presentation
n.
（1.） [U] 贈送，引見，提出，出席，演出
They are preparing for the presentation of a new musical.
他們正準備上演新的歌舞喜劇。
（2.） [U] 贈送，引見，提出，出席，演出等的方式
She needs to improve her presentation of the arguments.
她需要改進闡述其論點的方式。
（3.） [C] 所贈送，引見，提出，出席，演出的事物，贈品，禮物,（尤指經儀式）授予之物
The queen will make the presentation herself. 女王將親自授予禮品。
拓展：present
adj.
（1）出席的；到場的
How many people were present at the meeting? 會議有多少人出席？
（2） 現在的；現存的
What is your present job? 你現在的工作是什么？
vt.
（1.） 贈予；頒予
They presented flowers to their teacher. 他們獻花給老師。
The mayor presented a silver cup to the winner. 市長把銀杯授予了獲勝者。
（2.）提出；呈遞
The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.
委員會將于下星期提出調查報告。
The baker presented his bill. 面包師呈上帳單。
（3.） 表示；呈現
He presented his apologies. 他表示道歉。
（4.） 演出；公演
The theatre company is presenting 'Romeo and Julia' by Shakespeare next week.
劇團下星期將演出莎劇'羅密歐和朱麗葉'。
（5.） 介紹；引見；舉薦
May I present Mr Robinson to you? 可否讓我向你介紹羅賓遜先生?
The new ambassador was presented to the president. 新大使被引見給總統。
（6.） 展現
He always presents a calm smiling face. 他總是展現出平和的微笑。
（7.） 表現；造成
Money presents no difficulty to them. 資金對他們來說不成問題。
Reading
Reading comprehension：
1. Pre-reading:
Look around our school and decide what are needed to run a school.
2. Skimming:
Choose the best heading for each paragraph in the text.
3. Fast reading.(True or False)
1) By the year 2000 every Chinese child had had nine years of compulsory education.
2) There are 113 million children not in school today.
3) The UNESCO made a goal called “ Education for All ”.
4) It is important to create a positive attitude in agriculture areas, because it is not easy to change traditional ideas there.
5) How people are distributed can not affect the education system.
6) Children from countryside usually can continue their study. Boys and girls have equal chances of education.
7) To equip schools, some developing countries rely almost completely on aid from other countries and international organizations.
8) China doesn’t receive help from some organisations.
9) Distance learning is only used in Australia.
10) In the least developed nations of Africa, “ Education for All ” will be a huge task.
(FFTTF;FTFFT)
4. Careful reading(Answer the following questions.)
1. Why did the Chinese government introduce a law stating that by the year 2000 every Chinese child would have nine years of compulsory education?
(Because the Chinese government realises that the future welfare of its citizens is closely linked to education.)
2. Do all girls and boys in China share the same opportunity to accept education? Why (not)?
(No. In some cultures parents are particularly unwilling to send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys rather than girls.)
3. What’s your understanding of the title “Education for all”?
(Complete, free and compulsory primary education of good quality for all children by 2015.)
4. The success of a country in bringing education to all depends on the economy . Does this mean rich nations in the world don’t face education problems?
(No, it doesn’t. Even the richest nation in the world faces problems. e.g. the USA found that it is not easy to make sure that every student receives the same quality of teaching.)
5. Close test:
__________, it is important to _____a positive attitude. In areas where agriculture _______ ___________, people do not ______________ education, and parents _____________ anything that _____ children _________ their work on the farm. China and other countries found that even when children from the countryside ____ start school, they _________________ to be ______ and often _______ later. In some cultures parents ____ particularly __________ send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys __________ girls.
（To begin with; reate; plays an important role; attach importance to; are sceptical of; takes away from; do; have a tendency to; absent; drop out; are unwilling to; rather than）
Language study in reading
知識點:
1. It is reported that 99% of school-age children in China attended primary school by 2004.
It is reported (said, thought, hoped and etc) that … 句型結構，通常表達“據報道（據說，人們認為，人們希望等）”，其中句首的it是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的從句內容。
e.g. It is hoped that the children will carry on our family traditions.
我們期待孩子們能繼承我們家族的傳統。
2. In China, as in other countries, the government realizes that the future welfare of its citizens is closely linked to education.
be linked to 與……連接（相關）的。
e.g. The island will be linked to the mainland by a new bridge.
新的橋梁將把該島與大陸連接在一起。
3.to begin with
(1.)首先，第一
I’m not going. To begin with I haven’t a ticket, and secondly I don’t like the play. 我不去。一來我沒票，二來我不喜歡這出戲。
(2.) 起初
To begin with he had no money, but later he became quite rich.
他起初沒錢，可是后來相當富有了。
4. In areas where agriculture plays an important role, people do not attach importance to education, and parents are sceptical of anything that takes children away from their work on farm.
句中where和that都引導定語從句。
attach ... to ...（加于……之上）和be sceptical of（對……抱著懷疑的態 度）是固定短語。
e.g. No blame attaches to him for the accident. 這個事故他沒有受到責備。
We should attach primary importance to the development of economy.
我們要把發展經濟的工作放在第一位。
5.drop out
(1.) （從活動、競賽中）退出
Since his defeat he’s dropped out of politics. 他失敗后就不再從事政治活動了。
(2.) 中途退學，輟學
She got a scholarship to Cambridge but dropped out a year later.
她得到了劍橋大學的獎學金，但一年后就退學了。
其它詞組：drop behind 落后
drop by 順便訪問：停下做短暫訪問
drop off 睡著；減少
drop in 順便走訪, 不預先通知的拜訪
(3) drop out (of) 退出，輟學
To our great surprise, he decided to drop out of politics.(退出政治)
What do you think we should do to prevent the children from dropping our of school?
(阻止孩子輟學)
“drop” phrases:
drop behind 落后，落伍
drop in on sb. at a place 順便走訪
drop into 跌入，落下，不知不覺
1) If I have time, I’m sure to _______________ you. (drop in on)
2) With the meeting going on , most of them _________________ sleep.(dropped into)
3) During the journey, Tom and Tim _________________the rest of the teammates.(dropped behind)
6. In some cultures parents are particularly unwilling to send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys rather than girls.
be unwilling to do 不愿意……； rather than 勝于
e.g. Much to our surprise, he was unwilling to accept our advice.
使我們驚訝的是,他竟然不愿意接受我們的建議.
These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.
這雙鞋不好看，但是舒服。
7. To solve this, Australia uses “distance learning” methods, where the students have lessons by two-way radio and mail.
to solve this是目的狀語提前，表示強調；另外句中where引導的是非限定性定語從句，修飾說明methods；此類定語從句比較特別，因為其中的引導詞并非表示地點的名詞，類似的名詞還有case, situation, condition等。
e.g. Can you think of a situation where this idiom can be used?
你能想出一個使用這個成語的情況嗎？
8. rely on/upon sb. /sth. to do sth.
(1.) 依賴,指望某人、某事物
I relied on your coming early. 我指望你早點來。
(2) 信任、依賴某人/某事物
You can rely on me to keep your secret. 你盡管相信我一定為你保密。
You can rely on it that I can finish the work on time. 你相信我好了，我會及時完成工作的。
9. In these countries, where some people do not even have fresh water or basic health care, reaching the target of “Education for All” will be a huge task, despite help from the international community.
where引導非限定性定語從句；reaching短語是句子的主語，despite是介詞，其意義為“不管, 盡管, 不論”。
e.g. Despite the bad weather we enjoyed our holiday.
盡管天氣不好，我們的假期仍過得很愉快。
Integrating Skills
How We Learn
1. obtain vt., vi. 得到，獲得
I haven't been able to obtain that book.
我還沒能得到那本書。
辨析：get, obtain, acquire, gain, win, earn這組動詞的一般含義是“得到”。
obtain包含著“努力”、“希望”或“決意”去獲得某物的意思。
The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts.
那位新聞記者立即著手獲取這些重要的資料。
Ordinary people would then be able to use them to obtain valuable information.
那時平常的人便能運用它們去獲取寶貴的信息。
get是最普遍、使用范圍最廣的詞
I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside.
我坐在公共汽車的前部，以得到有利于觀賞農村風光的機會。
acquire雖然含有“努力獲得”的意思，但更強調在原來的基礎上自然增長或新的增添。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
接到把車開出城的指令后，我的信心增長了。
gain有obtain的含義，但更強調目的物需要努力奮斗才能得到，而且這種東西具有價值，特別是物質價值。
During that time, she so gained my aunt's confidence that she was put in charge of the domestic staff.
在這期間，她得到了我姑姑如此的信任，結果被委任為家仆的負責人。
A penny saved is a penny gained.
省一文是一文。(諺語)
win雖然常常可以和gain換用，但win具有gain所不能表達的含義。如：獲得者具有有利的品質
It seemed certain that this would win the prize.
這一塊會得獎，這似乎是肯定的了。
This invariably wins them the love and respect of others.
這種行為常常為他們贏得別人的愛戴和尊敬。
earn包含著獲得物與所花的氣力是相互成比例的
His achievements earned him respect and admiration.
他的成就為他贏得別人的尊敬和贊美。
Some of them have come home for a few days' hard-earned leave.
他們中的有些人已經回國，度過那得之不易的幾天假日。
2. evident
1. adj.明顯的
It's evident that you are tired. 顯然你累了。
辨析：evident, obvious, clear, plain這組形容詞都有“清楚的”或“明顯的”意思。
evident在善于修辭的作者筆下，總包含一定的跡象。
It's evident that someone has been here. 顯然有人來過這里。
obvious所表示的“明顯的”強調容易發現，常常用于修飾或說明那些本想掩蓋而又沒有能掩蓋徹底的事情
The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
繩子是被割斷的，因此這只羊羔顯然是被偷去的。
注：此句中的obvious 換用evident則更確切。
He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with our ancestral past.
它們是恐怖電影和驚險小說中的老一套的怪物，并且與我們的祖先有著明顯的(雖然可能沒有科學的) 聯系。
clear(以及常見的plain)是口語中常用詞，其含義為“清楚易懂”。clear 除了“清楚的”，“清晰的”之外，還有許多其他含義。如“流暢的”，“無障礙的”等。
The water of the lake is as clear as glass. 湖水清徹如同明鏡。
He gave a clear answer to the direct question.
他對那個直截了當的問題作了清晰的答復。
plain除了“清楚的”、“淺顯的”之外，也有些別的含義。
如：a plain face(一個普通的或不漂亮的面孔)
The letter was written in plain English. 那封信是用淺顯的英語寫的。
3. select
（1.） vt. 挑選，選擇；擇優 (select sb./sth. as sth. )
I was selected for the team. 我被選入這個隊。
（2.） adj.挑選的，精選的, 擇優的
a select group of top scientists 最優秀科學家小組
a film shown to a select audience 給內部觀眾反映的影片
辨析：choose， select， elect， pick
這些動詞都指從一些可能性中做出選擇。
Choose含有運用判斷力在一些人、物或行為方式中選出一個的意思。
We do not choose survival as a value; it chooses us.
并不是我們把生存作為一種價值而選擇了它；而是它選擇了我們。
Select側重于從許多不同種類中進行選擇時的挑剔態度。
Four skiers will be selected to represent each country.
每個國家將選出四名滑雪者作為代表。
Elect強烈地暗示著通常在兩者之間作出挑選時的深思細想。
I elected not to go. 我決定不去。
4. suit
vt.
（1）. 滿足；取悅；適意；對…方便
It suits me if you come to work at eight o'clock. 如果你八點來上班我就滿意了。
（2.） 適合，適當 That dress suits you. 那套衣服你穿起來挺合適。
n.
（1）. 一套衣服， 套裝
a business suit 一套西裝
（2）. 訴訟
bring a suit against sb. 控告某人
fit-指大小，尺寸合體
suit-指顏色，花樣，天氣食物適合
match---和……..相配,和……..相稱,使較量,一般指兩樣東西互相匹配或兩人的能力勢均力敵,互為對手.
1) This hat matches your jacket perfectly.
2) The color of the cloth suits a woman at my wife’s age.
3) These shoes don’t fit me-Have you got a large size?
4) This climate doesn’t suit her.(agree with)