The Subjunctive Mood
英語中的三種語氣：陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。其中虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的一種與事實相反的主觀愿望、猜測、建議或假想等。if條件句與主句的動詞變化形式：
1.If 條件狀語從句中的虛擬形式：
虛擬語氣 If條件句 主句
與現在事實相反 動詞過去式（若動詞為be用were） should/would/could/might+動詞原形
與過去事實相反 had＋過去分詞 should/would/could/might+have＋過去分詞
與將來事實相反 1.動詞過去式
2.should＋動詞原形
3.were to＋動詞原形 should/would/could/might+動詞原形
注意：
1）有時虛擬條件不用虛擬條件句表示，而用but for(要不是), without(如果沒有),otherwise或or(否則)，或通過上下文來表示。
Eg. But for the storm, we would have arrived earlier.
Without water, all on the earth could not live.
2)if only（要是…就好了）
Eg. If only I were your brother.
2. 主語從句中的虛擬語氣：
1)It’s important/necessary/strange/surprising/natural/desirable/ect.+that從句(謂語“(should)+V原”)
類似用法的形容詞還有：essential, possible, impossible, dreadful, funny等
Eg. It is important that she (should) cooperate with us.
It was unnecessary that they (should) get here so early.
2)It’s +ordered/advised/ requested/required/desired/suggested + that從句(謂語“(should)+V原”)
Eg. It’s ordered that the classroom(should) be kept in order.
It is desired that every student (should) obey the school rules.
It is suggested that we (should)start the work at once.
3. 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣：
1)表示“要求”、“建議”、“命令”等意義的動詞后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣（即謂語“(should)+V原”)
這類動詞有：request, order,propose, command, advise, recommend, demand, suggest, insist等。
Eg. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any means.
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
※注意：當insist表示“堅持認為”和suggest表示“表明；暗示”時,其后的賓語從句不用虛擬。
Eg. The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for hi.
He insisted that he was honest.
2) 過去式或過去進行時（be用were） 對現在情況的虛擬
wish+that賓語從句(that常省) had＋過去分詞 對過去情況的虛擬
would +V原 對將來的主觀愿望
eg. I wish I could fly.
I wish you would stay a little longer.
I wish I had known it before.
3)would rather+賓語從句（謂語動詞用過去式）
Eg. I’d rather you didn’t make any comment on the issue for the time being.
4. 表語從句：
表示“要求”、“建議”、“命令”、“欲望”、“勸告”等動詞派生出來的同根名詞作主語時，其表語從句要虛擬（即謂語“(should)+V原”），這類名詞有：suggestion, proposal,request, advice, decision, requirement等.
Eg. The old man’s request is that his children (should) give him some money to live on every month.
My suggestion is that the old houses (should) be pulled down.
5. 同位語從句：同位語從句用虛擬語氣的情況與表語從句類似。
Eg. My wish that a teaching bulding (should) be built here will soon come true.
What do you think of Mr Li’s proposal that we (should) have a get-together next Friday?
6. It is (high) time+that從句（謂語動詞常用過去式）
Eg. It is time that the child went to bed.
7. 注意下列用法：
should/ought to have done
should not/ought not to have done
could/ might have done
need not have done
8. as if/though從句若情況屬實，用陳述語氣。否則用虛擬語氣。（現在情況：動詞用過去式；過去情況：had＋過去分詞
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
It looks as if he had finished all his task.
9.在if引導的虛擬語氣的條件句中，如果謂語動詞含有were,或had, should, would等，有時可將if省略，將條件句中were,或had, should, would提到主語之前。
Eg. Were I (=If you were) you, I would make more notes.
Had you (= If you had) invited us, we would have come.
Exercises:
1. If my lawyer ___ here last Saturday, he ___ me from leaving.
A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented
2. ___ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
3. He suggested that she ___ at once.
A. starts B. to start C. should start D. started
4. Her expression suggested that she ___ angry.
A. was B. were C. be D. should be
5. They insisted that he ___ present at the meeting.
A. was B. were C. be D. should
6. I wish I ___ you yesterday.
A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
7. --- Did you enjoy the film last night?
--- Yes, but I wish I ___ a headache.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have C. hadn’t had D. wouldn’t have
8. It is necessary that he ___ to the hospital at once.
A. should send B. be sent C. would be sent D. sent
9. My suggestion is that you ___ the party nexst weekend.
A. held B. sould hold C. should hold D. could hold
10. The leader gave orders that the work ___ before May Day.
A. finished B. be finished C. to finished D. finish.
11. Bod ___ hard, otherwise he ___ in this exam.
A. can’t have worked; wouldn’t have failed B. can’t work; wouldn’t have failed
C. mustn’t have worked; wouldn’t fail D. must have worked; would fail
12. The driver kept his head; or the accident ___.
A. would happen B. happened C. would have happened D. would be happened
13. His failure in the college entrance esam suggested that he ___ hard.
A. not study B. should not study C. study D. had not studied
14. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ___ for her.
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
15.--- I stayed at a hotel wihile in NewYork.
--- Oh, did you? You ___ with Barbara.
A. would have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
1. It was suggested that such machines ___ at once.
A. would be produced b. will be produced C. was to be produced D. be produced
2. I wish I ___ to America with you, but I AM TOO BUSY.
A. will go B. can go C. shall go D. could go
3. --- It’s raining, and I have no umbrella.
--- Here’s mine and I insist ___ it.
A. you to take B. that you take C. that you taking D. you taking
4. She went to the market early so that she ___ buy some fresh fish.
A. can B. might C. must D. should
5. Bob would rather ____.
A. working in the garden than doing his homework.
B. work in the garden than do his homework.
C. to work in the garden than to do his homework.
D. work in the garden thatn doing his homework.
6. Would you rather I ___ buying a new bike?
A. decided against B. will decide against C. have decided against D. shall decide against
7. If only I ___ earlier.
A. come B. have come C. had come D. might come
8. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ____ your advice.
A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow
9. If we ___ yesterday , we ___ the work.
A. weren’t interrupted; would finish B. didn’t interrupt; would have finished
C. hadn’t interrupted; had finished D. hadn’t been interrupted; would have finished
10. ___, I’d have told you.
A. If I would have known it B. If I have known it C. Had I known it D. Should I know it
11. ___ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. were he to leave D. If he leaves
12. If you had not helped them, they ___ in London now.
A. would still be B. will still be C. would have still gone D. will have still gone
13. Without your help, we ___ so much.
A. will not achieve B. didn’t achieve C. don’t achieve D. would not have achieved
14. Your advice that she ___ till next week is reasonable.
A. will wait B. is going to wait C. waits D. wait
15. --- What are you going to do next year?
--- I don’t know. But it’s time ____ something.
A. I decided B. I deciding C. I’ll decide D. I’d decide
16. She insisted that a doctor ___ immediately.
A. had sent for B. send C. be sent for D. was sent
17. The thief closed his eyes ___ he ___ dying.
A. even if; was B. though; would be C. even; had been D. as if; were
18. The kind-hearted couple treat the orphan very well as though he ___ their won son.
A. is B. were C. had been D. should be
19. It is strange that he ___ back so early.
A. came B. will come C. had come D. should have come
20. My suggestion is that the meeting ___ of till next Sunday.
A. be put B. put C. should put D. had been put
21. The teacher demanded that the exam ___ before eleven.
A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished
22. Helen doesn’t know how much I spent in repairing the house; if she ever found out, I’m sure ___.
A. she’d never forgive me B. she never forgives me
C. she’ll never have forgiven me D. she does never forgive me
23. Without the help of the teacher, I ___ the entrance exam.
A. wouldn’t pass B. wouldn’t have passed C. couldn’t be able to pass D. will never pass
24. But for the leadership of our Party and Government, we ___ these splendid results.
A. have achieved B. shouldn’t have achieved C. should have achieved D. would achieve
25. He didn’t come yesterday, or you ___ him.
A. would see B. were to see C. might have seen D. had seen
26. You didn’t let me drive. If we ___ in turn, you ___ so tired.
A.drove; didn’t get B. drove; wouldn’t get
C . were driving; wouldn’t get D. had driven; wouldn’t have get
27. ___ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
28. I suggested the person ___ to be put into prison.
A. refers B. refering C. referred D. refer
29. --- Did you go with them?
--- No, I was very busy, but I would have gone if I ___.
A. had been B. hadn’t C. wasn’t D. was
30. Without electricity, human life ___ qute difficult today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. was