一、教學目標
要求學生掌握狀語從句的種類, 在句中的句法功能以及狀語從句與其他從句的區(qū)別。
二、教學重點及難點
狀語從句的引導詞, where引導的地點狀語從句, 時態(tài)一致性問題。
三、教學方法
1．狀語從句在句中起副詞作用, 所以又叫副詞從句。
狀語分為：時間、地點、條件、原因、讓步、比較、方式、目的、結(jié)果, 既然有這么多種狀語, 也就有這么多種狀語從句, 請想出相應(yīng)的例子來：
2．下面咱們分類討論一下狀語從句。先看時間狀語從句的引導詞。引導時間狀語從句的有：when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, no sooner…than…, hardly…when…。
這里有幾個要注意的問題。首先：while引導的從句中謂語動詞必須是能夠延續(xù)的動詞。如：While I was sitting there, he told me an interesting story．其次, since引導的從句用過去時, 主句用現(xiàn)在完成時。第三, as soon as, no sooner…than, hardly…when引導的從句中謂語動詞要用 had done。
3．“as”是什么意思？
4．時間狀語從句還有幾個特殊的引導詞。
如：every time, each time, the moment
A．Every time I saw him, I would like to listen to his songs.
B．I came to the house the moment he was about to leave.
5．Yes, we can say it is an adverbial clause introduced by when or while. Some parts are omitted.“When looked into…”refers to“When I looked…”“While listening to…”refers to“While I was listening to…”
6．Now let's talk about the adverbial of place, “where, wherever”can introduce the clause. For instance. Where there is water, there are living things.
Wherever they went, they were warmly welcomed.
他們所到之處都受到了熱烈的歡迎。
7．這道題只能選擇A, where引導地點狀語從句, 意思為：在有座山的地方兩條河相遇。至于B項at the place可以做主句的狀語, 但它與后半部分毫無關(guān)系。如果在place后加上where就可以了, 也就是at the place where, 這樣where引導的為定語從句。
8．介詞+which代替where只有是定語從句情況下才可以, 判斷是否是定語從句, 要看從句前是否有先行詞, 有先行詞的是定語從句，這時可以用介詞+which代替where。如果沒有先行詞的話，則不能用介詞+ which代替，再看幾個句子：
A．Shall we have a party where we met last Sunday?
B．Have you been to the island where there are many monkeys?
C．Please put all these books where they used to be.
D．We will go where we are needed most.
請你判斷一下哪個是定語從句, 哪個是地點狀語從句。
9．引導條件狀語從句的詞有哪些？
10．除去這兩個詞外, 還有：
so（as）long as（只要……）provided…providing…
supposing…on condition that…
如：
So long as we work hard, we are sure to make much progress.
Supposing we can't get him informed in advance, what should we do?
要是我們不能提前通知他，那該怎么辦呢？
I'll come provided I am well enough.
只要我完全恢復(fù)，就來。
11．So much for the adverbial clause of condition. Now let's come to the adverbial clause of reason. What words can introduce this kind of clause?
12．for引導的句子不是原因狀語從句，它連接的兩句前后是并列關(guān)系, 不是主從關(guān)系, for所陳述的原因是間接的，常常是推測性的。如：
The electric current must have been turned off, for the light went out.
for不能放在句首, 只能放在句中。
請翻譯下列各句：
A．他想必是從這條路過去的, 因為這里有腳印。
B．是因為他病了, 他才沒來辦公室嗎？
13．你回答得很正確。since常用以述說推斷的理由, 常放在句首。如：
Since his method doesn't work, let's try yours.
既然他的方法不行, 我們就試試你的吧。
as放在句首或句中, 口語里有時把as省掉。
Let's take a rest. I am tired = As I am tired, let's take a rest.
由于我累了, 咱們休息吧！
14．Now let's do some exercises.
Please fill in the blanks with because, since, as or for.
A．The light went out, ____ the electric current was turned off.
B． ____ everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.
C．I cannot go, ____ I am busy.
15．The adverbial clause of concession
讓步狀語從句
請說出引導讓步狀語從句的引導詞。
16．even if與even though有區(qū)別：even if一般引導的是把握不大或假設(shè)的事情, even though引出的是事實。
如：Even if we achieve great success in our work, we should not be proud.
即使我們在工作中取得了巨大成績，也不應(yīng)該自滿。
Even though he was late, he was not criticized by the teacher．雖然他晚了, 可他并沒有受到老師的批評。
17．比較狀語從句要記住幾個句型：
A．…as…. as
B．…er than…
C．the more… the more….
比較狀語從句, 既然它叫從句, that, as 之后就要有主謂成份, 只不過有時謂語動作與前文所述一致, 所以省略了, 但是主語需用主格, 雖然口語中偶爾有用賓格的情況。如：
He is taller than me.
18．目的狀語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句都由so that… 引導, 它們有什么區(qū)別嗎？
19．引導結(jié)果狀語從句的還有such…that…；引導目的狀語從句的還有in order that…, 甚至有時so that（不分開）也可以引導結(jié)果狀語從句。
如：He went early, so that he got a good seat.
值得注意的是 so that 前有一個“, ”。
20．Now let's discuss the last adverbial clause．方式狀語從句, 引導方式狀語從句的有as。如：
Let's study as Lenin did.
咱們像列寧那樣學習。
as可以引導方式狀語從句, 讓步狀語從句, 原因狀語從句, 時間狀語從句，比較狀語從句, 還可引導定語從句, 請分別舉出一例。
Students
1．
A．When we came we found they had left.
B．Where there is a will, there is a way.
C．If it is fine tomorrow, we'll go for a picnic.
D．Since everyone is here, let's begin our class.
E．Though it was very late, the workers were continuing their work.
F．The horse is not so weighty as the elephant.
G．The students reviewed the lessons as the teacher told them to.
H．Let's get up early so that we can arrive at the airport on time.
I．They worked there so carefully that they didn't notice I was passing by.
2．till和until的用法也不一般, 它有兩種句型：A…. until（till）主句中用延續(xù)性動詞, 意思是：（動作）一直到……
B…. not until… 主句中用非延續(xù)性動詞, 意思是：直到……才……
例如：
The play went on until the candles went out.
劇一直演到蠟燭熄滅。
We didn't begin our meeting until the chairman came.
我們一直等到主席來才開會。
3．a(chǎn)s的意思為：一邊……一邊……
如：
We talked as we walked.
我們邊走邊談。
4．Let me say the Chinese meaning of these two sentences.
A．每當我看到他, 我就想聽他唱歌。
B．他正要離開, 我到家了。
5．Sometimes I meet with such sentences as:
A．When looked into the room, I found no one.
B．While listening to the radio, I ate my breakfast.
Are these sentences compound sentences with an adverbial clause?
6．我在地點狀語從句和where定語從句問題上有些模糊。比如：
The two rivers meet ____ there is a mount.
A．where
B．a(chǎn)t the place
C．the place at which
D．a(chǎn)t which
A、B、C、D選擇哪一個呢？
選A為地點狀語從句, 由where引導, 選B, at the place在主句中作地點狀語, 選D at which代替where, 所以我想都有道理。
7．C項是否缺介詞at, 如果缺少這個介詞, 后半部分與前半部分脫離關(guān)系。D項which指代不清。
8．A是地點狀語從句, party不是where 從句的先行詞, 因為party與where毫無關(guān)系, where不能用at which代替。B中where從句是定語從句，island是where從句的先行詞，where可以用on which代替，on the island there are many monkeys 意思很明確。C句中where從句是地點狀語從句，books與where沒有關(guān)系，不能用介詞+ which代替where。D中where從句是地點狀語從句，where 之前根本沒有名詞。
9．if和 unless。如：
If it is fine tomorrow, we'll go camping.
Unless he writes me back, I'll not write him again.
10．
這些詞不能引導虛擬語氣的條件從句, 在這些條件狀語從句引導詞中只有if可以引導虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句。
11．I think“because, since, as, now that”can.
Here are some sentences:
A．Because it was getting dark, we hurried.
B．As I knew he was ill, I didn't call.
C．Since his method doesn't work, let's try yours.
老師：for引導的句子是原因狀語從句嗎？
12．
A．He must have passed this way, for here are the footprints.
B．Was it because he was ill that he didn't come to office?
那么, as, since和because有什么區(qū)別呢？是不是要從它們表示原因的強弱程度上加以考慮？強弱程度是不是這樣？because最強since次之, as最弱。
13．看來, as語氣很弱, 甚至可以省掉, since表示前后推理關(guān)系, 與now that 意思相似。如：
Now that you are well again, you can go on with your work.
既然你已經(jīng)恢復(fù)了, 你可以繼續(xù)你的工作了。
because語氣最強烈。在回答why問題或在強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中必須用because。
14．
A．because, 斷電是燈滅的直接原因。
B．Since, 既然人都來了, 咱們就開會吧。前后是推理關(guān)系。
C．a(chǎn)s, 我不能去, 由于太忙。
15．引導詞有though, although, even though, even if, no matter what（who, whom, where, when, which）, whatever, whoever, as…even if和even though 有區(qū)別嗎？
16．我想, whether…or 引導的也是讓步狀語從句。如：Whether he comes or not, we'll have a party tonight.
無論他是否來, 今晚我們將開個晚會。
17．a(chǎn)s, than… 引導的都是從句, 原來我以為它們是介詞, 后邊跟名詞或代詞, 但現(xiàn)在我明白了, 它們后面跟的是省略了的句子。如：
He runs faster than I（do）.
比較狀語從句是否要注意比較的兩個事物或人應(yīng)當對等, 否則就沒有比較的意義了？
18．so that 引導目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句形式是不同的。引導目的狀語從句so that不能分開, 而引導結(jié)果狀語從句so與 that之間要插入形容詞或副詞。
如：We got up early so that we could arrive at the town on time．（目的狀語）
We got up so early that we arrived at the town on time．（結(jié)果狀語）
19．so that… 引導的究竟是目的狀語從句還是結(jié)果狀語從句要看“，”，有逗號的是結(jié)果狀語從句, 沒逗號的是目的狀語從句。另外，結(jié)果狀語從句中謂語動詞一般是一個事實。如：He worked hard, so that he made much progress．而目的狀語從句的謂語動詞有can, may之類的詞。
20．
A．Please fly the kite as the teacher does．（方式狀語從句）
B．Child as he is, he knows a lot. （讓步狀語從句）
C．He didn't come to the meeting; as he didn't receive the note．（原因狀語從句）
D．They talked and laughed as they ate their dinner．（時間狀語從句）
E．This park is as large as that one．（比較狀語從句）
F．As is known to everyone, the earth is bigger than the moon．（定語從句）
四、精選題
單項選擇：
1．---- Is your camera like Bill's and Ann's? [ ]
---- No, but it's almost the same as ____ .
A．her B．yours
C．them D．their
2．---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? [ ]
---- I'd like to, ____ I'm too busy.
A．a(chǎn)nd B．so
C．a(chǎn)s D．but
3．Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially ____ father was away in France. [ ]
A．a(chǎn)s B．that
C．during D．if
4．It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. [ ]
A．however B．whatever
C．whichever D．whenever
5．After the war, a new school building was put up ____ there had once been a theatre. [ ]
A．that B．where
C．which D．when
6． ____ , Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. [ ]
A．However late is he
B．However he is late
C．However is he late
D．However late he is
7．It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. [ ]
A．that B．until
C．before D．when
8．Why do you want a new job ____ you've got such a good one already? [ ]
A．that B．where
C．which D．when
9．---- I'm going to the post office. [ ]
---- you're there, can you get me some stamps?
A．As B．While
C．Because D．If
10． ____ you've got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. [ ]
A．Now that B．After
C．Although D．As soon as
11．You should make it a rule to leave things ____ you can find them again. [ ]
A．when B．where
C．then D．there
12．We'll have to finish the job ____ . [ ]
A．long it takes however
B．it takes however long
C．long however it takes
D．however long it takes
13．The museum will have to close ____ the government agrees to give extra money. [ ]
A．until B．if
C．when D．unless
14． ____ you come today ____ tomorrow, I don't mind at all. [ ]
A．Neither; nor
B．Both; and
C．Either; or
D．Whether; or
15．The two boys look so much alike ____ no one can tell them apart. [ ]
A．a(chǎn)nd B．so
C．that D．so that
16．We had not gone far ____ we saw a great crowd of people. [ ]
A．before B．a(chǎn)fter
C．a(chǎn)s soon as D．while
17．You can have these magazines ____ I finish reading them. [ ]
A．so that B．because
C．the moment D．unless
18． ____ the paper, it seems to write itself. [ ]
A．Starting B．After starting
C．Having started once D．Once I start
19．---- Is your engineering project ready? [ ]
---- No, and ____ today, I won't pass the course.
A．unless I get finish B．if I got finishing
C．unless I get finished D．if I'm not finished
20． ____ the day went on, the weather got worse. [ ]
A．With B．Since
C．While D．As
填空：
1．He won't believe it ____ he sees it with his own eyes.
2．Trees must be planted ____ there is a lot of sunlight.
3．____ Swede was not good at English, he could understand what you were saying.
4．Do what you think is right, ____ they say.
5．Go back ____ you come from.
6．How long is it ____ I saw you last?
7．You can go out, ____ you promise to be back before eleven.
8．The professor told the students to do ____ he did.
9．No one can be more fit for his office ____ he is.
10． ____ everyone has understood this one, let's change another.
答案：
單項選擇：
1．B 比較的是 camera, yours = your camera
2．D 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
3．A 在……期間
4．B 要什么給什么
5．B where引導地點狀語從句
6．D 無論多晚
7．A 強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)
8．D 當你已經(jīng)得到了一份好工作（的時候）
9．B 時間狀語從句, 在那兒期間
10．A 既然你已經(jīng)得到了機會
11．B where 引導地點狀語從句
12．D 無論它花費多長時間
13．D 除非政府同意多給資金
14．D whether…or… 引導讓步狀語從句
15．C that 引導結(jié)果狀語從句
16．A 剛走不遠就看到了一大群人
17．C the moment 引導時間狀語從句
18．D 一旦開始……就似乎……
19．C 除非搞完否則就……
20．D 隨著時間推移, 天氣變壞
填空：
1．until
2．where 陽光充裕的地方
3．Though 前后為讓步關(guān)系
4．whatever 無論他們說什么, 都要做你認為是正確的事。
5．where 回到你來的地方, where 引導地點狀語從句
6．since 時間狀語從句
7．a(chǎn)s long as 只要你保證十一點以前回來……
8．a(chǎn)s as 引導方式狀語從句
9．than 比較狀語從句
10．Since 前后為推理關(guān)系, 既然大家都懂這個, 那么咱們換一個。