初三英語期末復(fù)習(xí)（三）--短 文 改 錯
★ 中考導(dǎo)航
短文改錯在中考試題中約占總分值的7%，是中考試題中較難的一種題型。它考查面廣：從單詞拼寫、詞語用法、語法知識到文章結(jié)構(gòu)，面面俱到。因此，要求我們必須具備扎實的語言基本功和正確使用語言進(jìn)行表達(dá)的能力。
★ 短文改錯解題技巧
一、通讀全文，迅速了解短文內(nèi)容
做短文改錯題，理解短文內(nèi)容是關(guān)鍵，如果一篇短文通讀完后，還不能了解其大意，在很大程度上將影響你的判斷及你的改錯正確率。
二、運用所學(xué)知識，仔細(xì)分析
(一) 逐詞檢查，看是否有單詞拼寫錯誤如有則該行不必繼續(xù)分析了，因為每行最多只有一處錯。單詞拼寫錯誤常見的有下面幾種情況：
1. 字母排列次序不正確如receive誤寫作recieve；Canadian誤寫作Canadain等。
2. 丟掉字母，尤其是丟掉不發(fā)音的字母如將blackboard誤寫成blackbord；將foreign誤寫為forein；將island誤寫成iland；將climb誤寫成clim等。
3. 字母用錯如將doctor誤寫作docter，將caught誤寫成cought等。
4. 同音詞混用如將whether誤寫成weather等。
5. 詞尾加法錯誤其中包括名詞復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-(e)s的加法、動詞-ing形式的加法、動詞過去式及過去分詞的加法、形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級詞尾-er，-est的加法、副詞詞尾-ly的加法等。如將tomatoes誤寫成tomatos；running誤寫成runing；happier誤寫成happyer。
(二) 按照詞語搭配、詞語用法及句子結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷是否存在用詞錯誤、多詞錯誤或漏詞錯誤。
用詞錯誤常見的有以下幾種情況：
1. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)變化錯誤如將children誤寫成childs；Germans誤寫成Germen；將feet誤寫成foots。
2. 代詞混用的錯誤如人稱代詞主格和賓格的混用、形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的混用、人稱代詞和物主代詞的混用、不定代詞之間的混用等。如將teach us English誤用為teach our English；將His room is brighter than ours.誤用成His room is brighter than our.等。
3. 形容詞或副詞級別的使用錯誤。這主要表現(xiàn)在形容詞或副詞原級、比較級和最高級之間的相互混用。如將more quickly誤用作quicklier，將as tall as誤用作as taller as等。
4. 數(shù)詞使用錯誤包括基數(shù)詞或序數(shù)詞寫法錯誤，該用基數(shù)詞時用了序數(shù)詞或該用序數(shù)詞時用了基數(shù)詞等錯誤。如將forty誤寫成fourty；twenty-first誤寫作twenty-oneth；the third lesson誤寫作the three lesson等。
5. 動詞使用錯誤包括動詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式該用不用、時態(tài)錯用、謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)錯用、非謂語動詞錯用等。如將Let me help you.一句誤寫作Let me to help you.；將Neither of them is a student.一句誤寫作Neither of them are a student.等。
6. 固定搭配錯誤常見的有：介詞搭配錯誤、反意疑問句的附加問句中謂語或主語使用錯誤、近義詞混用、冠詞使用錯誤等。如borrow, lend和keep之間的混用；將by bike誤用作by a bike；將There is a boy under the tree, isn’t there?；誤用作There is a boy under the tree, isn’t it?；將I don’t agree with you.誤用作I don’t agree to you.等。
7. 缺詞錯誤常見的有以下幾種情況：
(1) 丟掉不及物動詞后的介詞或副詞。如丟掉look at the picture中的介詞at。
(2) 系動詞be漏掉如在句子That box is too heavy.中漏掉is。
(3) 主人復(fù)合句中引導(dǎo)從句的引導(dǎo)詞殘缺及主句或從句中缺少主語如丟掉We’ll go to see him as soon as we get there.一句中的we。
(4) 冠詞遺漏即該用冠詞的場合不用冠詞。如在sun, moon, earth等這些表示世上獨一無二的事物名詞丟掉the。
8. 多詞錯誤常見的有以下幾種情況：
(1) 受漢語影響在搭配上多用詞從而造成語義重復(fù)。例如：return后用back一詞；hear from誤用作hear a letter from等。
(2) 及物動詞后多用了介詞。如reach Beijing誤寫作reach to Beijing等。
(3) 冠詞多用主要指不該用冠詞時而用了冠詞。如在表示球類運動的名詞前用了冠詞；在ill in bed中用了冠詞等。
(4) 從屬連詞多用如句中用了because則不可再用so，用了but則不可再用though，反之亦然。
(三)結(jié)合全篇，判斷是否在行文及邏輯上有錯誤。
三、復(fù)讀全文，找語感
利用語感進(jìn)行檢查是必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。復(fù)讀時可將你所改正的內(nèi)容換入文章中，再作檢查，對在復(fù)讀中感覺不恰當(dāng)?shù)牟糠衷僮鞲蛹?xì)致的分析，及時糾正做題中的錯誤，從而提高解題的準(zhǔn)確率。
★ 單元針對性訓(xùn)練
此題要求你對一段文章改錯。先對每一行作出判斷是對還是錯。如果是對的，在答卷該行右邊橫線上畫一個勾（√）；如果有錯（每行不會多于一個錯誤），則按情況改錯如下：
此行多一個詞：在答卷該行上寫出該詞，并用斜線（）劃掉；此行缺一個詞：在答題卷該行右橫線寫出該寫的詞。此行錯一個詞：在答題卷該行右橫線寫出正確的詞。注意：D的行沒有錯的不要改。
一
One summer evening, I was playing and some 1.
childrens by a river. We saw a lot of frogs(青蛙) 2.
in the water. One us said, “Let’s see who can 3.
catch most frogs.” 4.
Then we began. After while we caught a lot. 5.
We were having good time when a farmer 6.
Shouted at us. “Don’t caught frogs!” Then he told us 7.
how importance they are to farming. They eat a lot 8.
of bad insects(害蟲) every year. Catching frogs 9.
must be stopped. After hear that, we felt very sorry. 10.
二
Long, long ago, there had a poor man. He 1.
had an old orange tree in his garden. One year the oranges in the tree were finer than any year else.
2.
One day he found one of them was much biggest than 3.
the others. It was as bigger as a basket. Nobody 4.
had ever seen so a big orange. The poor man 5.
took the orange to the king. The king was very please 6.
and gave the man a lot of money for it. When a 7.
rich man heard from this, he said to himself: 8.
“If I take my gold cup to the king, he will sure 9.
to give me more money.”
When the king got the gold cup, he gived the 10.
rich man the great orange.
三
Last Saturday, a group of students
visited to the Beijing Museum of Natural History. 1.
They were very interested in dinosaurs,
but they visited the Dinosaur World first. 2.
There they saw many big dinosaur eggs. These eggs were founded in the Gobi 3.
Desert by a group of scientists in the 1920s. The eggs were lain long long 4.
ago by dinosaurs. Miss Li, their guide told them that dinosaurs lived on 5.
the earth for more than 150 million years, and then disappeared 65 million 6.
years ago. There was too a special dinosaur on display in the museum. 7.
This dinosaur was discovered in Liaoning Province, and it was covered 8.
with feathers. It looked a big bird. Many scientists believe that dinosaurs 9.
have not disappeared. They think dinosaurs have become birds. 10.
四
Which is best way to learn a language? 1.
We should remember if we all leant our own language 2.
Well when we are children. If we could learn a second 3.
language in the same way, we would not seem so 4.
difficult. Think of that a child does. It listens to what 5.
people say and it tries to imitate(模仿) what 6.
it had heard. When it wants something, it 7.
has to ask it. it is using the language. It is 8.
thinking and thinking with it all the time 9.
Because people have to use a language all the 10.
Time, they would learn it quickly.
五
The animals are use to the desert(沙漠) 1.
people in many way. They eat the meat, drink the milk 2.
of the animals. They use camels(駱駝) to carrying 3.
water, food, tents(帳篷) and another things. The 4.
people of the desert have to keep move from place to 5.
place. They must always watch for grass or desert 6.
plants for their animals. When there is not more food 7.
for their animals, they move to another place. The desert people is 8.
friend. They would never refuse(拒絕) to help people 9.
in trouble, but they would give them food and water. 10.
六
Zhou Gang is a worker at Yulin in Shanxi. He 1.
works on the Great Green Wall with many others people. 2.
We visited him at his workplace between the young 3.
tree and told him about his work. “Many thousands 4.
of trees must be plant every year,” he said. 5.
“The more, the better. This year along, we’ve already
planted ten thousand of trees. You 6.
see all that small trees over there on that hill? 7.
That was sand five years later. 8.
Now it’s a young forest! In a few years’ time, 9.
those mountains will be covered with trees, too!” He
pointed to the high mountains far. 10.
七
Jim Green, is our English teacher, has been 1.
in China for more than two year. He has been to many 2.
interesting places in Beijing, and he has not yet been 3.
to many other parts of China. Last week he 4.
goes to Mount Emei in Sichuan province with 5.
his family. Many people like travel by air, 6.
but Jim family think that traveling by train is 7.
the best. It is much cheap and far more enjoyable 8.
than a rushed trip by air. He had a wonderful 9.
train ride to Chengdu after they went on to
Mount Emei by bus. 10.
★ 參考答案
一、1. and→with 此處應(yīng)用介詞而不是并列連詞。
2. childrens→children child的復(fù)數(shù)是children而不是childrens。
3. One→One of “我們當(dāng)中的一個”應(yīng)說One of us。
4. most→the most 形容詞的最高級前應(yīng)加the。
5. while→a while After a while過了一會，是習(xí)慣用法。
6. good→a good have a good time玩得很高興，是固定短語。
7. caught→catch 助動詞之后必須跟動詞原形。
8. importance→important how后跟形容詞，故將importance改為important。
9. √
10. hear→hearing 介詞after之后應(yīng)跟動名詞。
二、1. had→lived/was 此處應(yīng)是there be結(jié)構(gòu)，與have無關(guān)，但為了表達(dá)的更形象，也可將be改為不及物動詞live。
2. in the tree→on the tree 長在樹上用介詞on，落在、飛在樹上用介詞in。
3. biggest→bigger 有than應(yīng)用比較級。
4. as bigger as→as big as as…as中間應(yīng)用形容詞、副詞的原級。
5. so a big→so big a /such a big so和such同義，但a的位置不一樣
6. please→pleased please及物動詞，……使高興；系動詞之后應(yīng)用形容詞，故將please改為pleased。
7. √
8. heard from→heard of hear from收到……的來信；hear of聽到……，聽說……。
9. will sure→will be sure sure是形容詞，will之后應(yīng)跟動詞原形。
10. gived→gave give的過去式是gave而不是gived。
三、1. to刪掉 visit some place參觀某地，不要加to。
2. but→so 從前文可以看出這里是因果關(guān)系而不是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
3. founded→found find(發(fā)現(xiàn))的過去式是found而不是founded。
4. lain→laid lay(產(chǎn)卵,下蛋)的過去式是laid而不是lain，lain是lie(躺,臥)的過去分詞。
5. √
6. √
7. too→also to通常放在句末。
8. √
9. looked后加like look like(看起來像…)
10. √
四、1. best前加the 形容詞最高級前一般須加定冠詞the。
2. if→how 根據(jù)句子的意思應(yīng)用連詞how表示方式。
3. are→were 應(yīng)該用一般過去時。
4. we→it 代詞it替代a second language。
5. that→what what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句是純連詞，無意義，而what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時有其意義。
6. √
7. had→has 與全文時態(tài)一致。
8. 在ask后加for，ask意為“問”，ask for意為“要求得到”。
9. with→in 表示“用”某種語言時用介詞in。
10. Because→If或When 根據(jù)句子意思，前后兩句之間無因果關(guān)系。
五、1. use→useful 系動詞are之后應(yīng)用形容詞useful。
2. way→ways 此處way是可數(shù)名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)加s。
3. to→for use…for…用……為了(或做)……
4. another→other another之后修飾單數(shù)名詞，而此處其后是things，故應(yīng)將其改為other。
5. move→moving keep之后必須跟動名詞
6. watch→look look for尋找，watch for不成立。
7. not→no 此處應(yīng)用no來否定名詞more food，表示強調(diào)。
8. is→are 主語是people，動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
9. friend→friendly 系動詞are之后應(yīng)用形容詞friendly，意為“友好的”。
10. but→and 此處是并列關(guān)系而不是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
六、1. √
2. people或others→other others＝other people，故others之后應(yīng)去掉people；other作形容詞，修飾people。
3. between→among 兩者之間用between，在兩者以上的人或物中用among。
4. told→asked 根據(jù)上下文，應(yīng)是“問他有關(guān)他的工作情況”而不是“告訴他有關(guān)他的工作情況”，故將told改為asked。
5. plant→planted 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，其結(jié)構(gòu)是“情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞”。
6. thousand前有具體的數(shù)字時，其后不能用of。
7. that→those(the) trees前不能用that，應(yīng)改為those或the。
8. later→ago 從后句看是五年前，而不是五年后。
9. √
10. 在far后加away far away遠(yuǎn)處的，遙遠(yuǎn)的。用作high mountains的后置定語。
七、1. Jim Green之后有逗號，說明our English teacher是它的同位語，而它們之間就不是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，故應(yīng)去掉is。
2. year→years 兩年是two years而不是two year。
3. and→but 此處是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系而不是并列關(guān)系。
4. √
5. goes→went last week說明應(yīng)用過去時而不是一般現(xiàn)在時。
6. like→like to或travel→traveling 喜歡做某事，可以說like to do sth.或like doing sth.但不可說like do。
7. Jim→Jim’s 吉姆的家人，應(yīng)用所有格形式。
8. cheap→cheaper 有than說明應(yīng)用比較級。
9. He→They 吉姆的家人應(yīng)用they代指而不能用he。
10. after→before 從they went on to Mount Emei by bus來看，去成都在前去峨眉山在后，故應(yīng)將after改為before。