Unit 7 cultural relics
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Where there is a river, there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
=there is a city at the place where there is a rive.
Where 在這里引導的是地點狀語從句，相當于介詞in/at/to+ the place +where 從句（定語從句），意思是“在……地方”。例如：
Crops grow well where there is a plenty of sunshine. 陽光充足的地方莊稼就長得好。
Where there is oppression ,there is fighting. 哪里有壓迫，哪里就有反抗。
Where there is a sound, there must be sound waves. 有聲音的地方，一定有聲波。
Where there is smoke, there is fire. 有煙的地方就有火。
Where bees are, there is honey. 有蜜蜂的地方就有蜂蜜。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
2. under prep. being in a state of (sth.) 在（某事物）的狀況中
under control under study under repair
under examination under construction under discussion
引申：repair用作復數形式，意思是“修理工作，修理工程”。（The shop is closed during the repairs．商店內部整修，暫停營業。）
3. give in 屈服，投降, 提交，呈交 give up 放棄
He has given in to my view. 他已經屈服于我的觀點了。
Give in your examination papers when you have finished. 答完卷子后就交卷吧。
You shouldn’t give up hope. 你不該放棄希望。
He gave up his position as a manager. 他放棄了經理的職位。
I give up. Tell me the answer. 我放棄，告訴我答案。
有關give一詞還有如下短語：
give away 贈送，頒發，泄露 give back 歸還，同return
give off 發出（煙、光、熱等） give out 筋疲力盡；耗盡，分發，散發；
4. seem后接形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞或介詞短語等作表語
He seems quite pleased with your work.
He seemed to have a high opinion of you.
He seems a foolish boy.
It seems raining.
Everybody seems in high spirits.
注意：（1）seem后接to be 時，注意to be 的省略。
e.g. Tom came to see you this morning. He seemed (to be ) tired.
Yesterday I met a man who seemed to be the boss.(此時的to be 不能省略。因為名詞前沒有修飾語)
（2）seem 的否定形式。有兩種：
e.g. She doesn’t seem to be at home. She seems not to be at home.
(3) There be 句型中
There seems (to be) something wrong with your computer.
(4) It seems 后接that 或as if從句，引導詞that 或as if有時可省。
e.g. It seems (as if) there will be an election soon.
It seems to me that he is right.
(5) seem like = look like 看起來好象
They seemed like many little flags.
(6) seem to be doing sth.好像在做某事
They seem to be working in the field.他們好像在地里干活。
(7)seem to have done/been…好像已經……
e.g. The girl seems to have learnt about that sad news.那女孩似乎已經知道那使人悲傷的消息。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
5. in ruins 成為廢墟，嚴重受損
An earthquake left the whole town in ruins.那次地震過后，全城到處是殘垣斷壁。
His career is/lies in ruins. 他已前途盡毀。
ruin 用作動詞，意思是“毀壞，使毀滅”，常用作及物動詞。
The earthquake in 1976 ruined the whole city of Tangshan．一九七六年地震毀壞了整個唐山。
(2)用作不可數名詞，意思是“毀滅，崩潰”。
e．g．The accident brought him to ruin all his life. 這個事故毀滅了他一生。
(3)用作復數形式，意思是“廢墟，遺跡”。
The visitors were struck by the ruins of Rome．參觀者被古羅馬的遺跡迷住了。
6. bring．．．back to life“使……恢復生機”。
The trees and flowers bring the city back to life．樹木和鮮花使這座城市恢復了生機。
bring back 意思是“帶回來、拿回來、使恢復；使回憶起”，通常用作及物動詞。
Remember to bring back the book next time．記住下次把書帶回來。
This medicine can bring him back to health. 這藥能讓他恢復健康。
引申：bring 其他搭配
Bring down 打垮，擊敗，使降低 bring in 掙，引進， bring on 使發展，導致（常指壞事），促使提高，促使生長 bring out 使顯出，闡明，生產，出版 bring up 撫養，養育（be brought up to do We were brought up to respect authority. ）
7．include
(1) include 作及物動詞，意思為“包含，包括”
That book includes 3 color pages.
(2) including 作介詞，后接名詞、代詞做賓語。
There were six people in the room, including 3 children.
(3) included 過去分詞充當的形容詞，前面加名詞和代詞。
e.g. Ten of us went swimming this afternoon, our teacher included.
Six people, ______ three women, died in the battle.
Six people, three women ______, died in the battle.
The plan _______ most of your suggestions.
8. Strong，proud and united，the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia．
強壯、自豪而團結的圣彼得堡人民是俄國現代英雄。句中 strong，proud and united是形容詞，在句中作狀語，表示伴隨情況。
在英語中，形容詞或形容詞短語，在句中可用作狀語。可以放在句末，也可放在句首。
Full of anger again，Crusoe returned home． 克魯索又滿心怒氣地回家了。(伴隨狀語)Thirsty and eager to get a rest，he went into the tea-house and sat down at a little table by the window． 由于有些口渴，又想休息一下，他就走進茶館，在靠窗子的一張小桌旁坐下。(原因狀語)
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
9. represent 代表 representative 可數名詞，意思為“代表”
represent sth. 代表 represent sth. (to sb.) 向……說明，闡述，表達
represent oneself as / to be自稱是，聲言
He represents himself as an expert in English. 他自稱是英語專家。
He represented China in the conference． 他代表中國參加這個會議。
The dove represents peace． 鴿子象征和平。
The picture represents the battle of Waterloo．這幅畫描繪的是滑鐵盧戰役。
10. Portrait 肖像，畫像，通常用作可數名詞。
This is a portrait of me． 這是我的肖像。
辨析：portrait，picture，painting，drawing
①portrait“肖像”，“畫像”，尤其指面部的相片，也可指生動的人物描寫或刻畫。
②picture 指廣義的“圖畫，照片”。
③painting 指著色的“畫”。
④drawing 指“鋼筆或鉛筆線條畫，素描”。
10. hope 意思是“希望”，后面不能直接跟名詞作賓語，但可跟 for+名詞，表示可實現的“希望”，后面也可跟 that 引導的從句。
e．g．I hope for success． 我希望成功。
I hope that you will be better soon． 我希望你能很快好起來。
11. Breath 用作名詞，意思是“呼吸，氣息”。
He ran upstairs out of breath． 他上氣不接下氣跑上樓來了。
When he saw the 1ion，he held his breath. 當他看到獅子時，他不出聲。
(2)由 breath 構成的常見短語。
catch one's breath 屏息，喘息 hold one's breath 不出聲，屏息 short of breath 呼吸短促 lose one's breath 喘不過氣來 out of breath 上氣不接下氣
12. It is said that…. Sb./ sth. is said to be /do
“據說……聽說……”， it 為形式主語，代替后面的that 從句和不定式短語。
e.g. It is said that the strange old man is a great artist.
= The strange old man is said to be a great artist.
13. build, set up, found 和put up
(1)build “建造，建立，建設”其后可接具體的或抽象的名詞。
e.g. They wanted to build a state of their own.
(2)set up “開辦，建立”常和表示組織、機構、團體等意義的名詞連用，這時和build的 用法基本相同。但build更注重打基礎，set up 表示用基金創立。set up a school/ government
(3) found“興建，建立，創辦”后面可接城市、國家、黨派等。還可表示捐資興辦學校/政府。 e.g. found a new school
(4) put up著重指建造或搭建起一個具體的物體. e.g. put up a building
14.space表示“太空、空間”，多用作不可數名詞
in space 在太空，在空間（不要帶任何冠詞） outer space 外層空間
There are millions of stars in space moving continuously.
太空中有數以百萬計的星星在不停的運動。
He was staring into space.他極目遠眺。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
15. 能力訓練
(一)單句改錯
1.Wang Hong is impossible to attend the meeting.
簡析：本句應改為It is impossible for Wang Hong to attend the meeting。因為impossible不能修飾人，也不用它來作某人的表語，它只能用來修飾物。
2.I won’t come without inviting to the meeting.
簡析：本句應改為I won’t come without being invited to the meeting.“invite”為及物動詞，有“invite sb. to +n.”與“invite sb. to do sth.”。此處的“invite”的邏輯賓語是句子的主語“I”，因此，此處的“without”之后該用“being invited to do”。
3.He seemed that he had seen the film several times.
簡析：本句應改為It seemed that he had seen the film several times.“seem”表示“似乎”“好像”時，常見句型有：
(1)It seems/seemed that…
(2)Sb. seems/seemed (to be)+adj./n.
(3)Sb. seems/seemed to do sth.
(4)It seems/seemed as if…
4.Almost all the buildings were in ruin.
簡析：本句中的“ruin”應改為“ruins”。因為“(be) in ruins”為一固定短語，意為“成為廢墟”。
5.It was foolish for him to waste his money on such a computer.
簡析：應把for改為of。因為這里是“對人的評價”，而不是“對事的評價”。“對人的評價”應用句型“It is+adj.+of sb. to do sth.”“對事的評價”則是“It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth.”詳解見知識歸納1。
6.Having got a driving license,he tried to drive on real road.
簡析：“tried to drive”應改為“tired driving”。因為“try doing sth.”意為“嘗試做某事”，而“try to do sth.”則是“盡力去做某事”。
二。 高考真題
1.(2000年上海高考)The ___________ boy was last seen ___________ near the East Lake.
A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play
簡析：選A。該題譯為“那個丟失的小男孩最后一次被看見時正在東湖邊玩耍。”“missing”表示“丟失的”，see sb .do sth.表示“看見某人做了某事”，see sb. doing sth.表示“看見某人正在做某事”。據題意，只能選A。選項B、C、D動詞形式均不對。
2.(NMET 1999)You should make it a rule to leave things ___________ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
簡析：選B。本題考查副詞when和where的使用，也涉及表示時間的then和表示地點的there。題干中to leave things和find them again是關鍵提示。由此可確定需選用與地點有關的副詞；又從句子結構判斷，后面分句應為地點狀語從句，修飾動詞leave，因而選擇B項。
3.(2000年春季高考)All the preparations for the task ___________,and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
簡析：選D。此處謂語動詞應選被動式，表示“準備工作被完成”，排除A和B。又因下文用現在時“are ready”，上文也應著眼在現在，用現在完成時，表示過去動作“完成了準備工作”對現在的影響是“現在已準備出發”。故選D項。
4.(2000年春季高考)These wild flowers are so special I would do ___________ I can to save them.
A. whatever B. that C. which D. whichever
簡析：選A。全句意為“這些野花如此奇特，我要盡我所能來挽救它們。”賓語從句“whatever I can (do)”中的do被省略了，而whatever作這個do的賓語。不選B。因為that引導賓語從句時本身不作成分。而C、D兩項不合題意。句尾不定式“to save them”作目的狀語。故選A。
5.(NMET 2000)-What about having a drink?
-___________.
A. Good idea B. Help yourself C. Go ahead, please D. Me, too
簡析：選A。這是考查交際用語。“喝一杯怎么樣？”A項是“好主意”表示贊同。B項“你自己動手(夾菜)吃吧。”是請他人用餐。C項“請繼續吧。”是允許他人行事。D項是“我也要一杯吧。”表示自己也如此。故選A項。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Unit 8 sports
1. stand for 代表
e.g. (1) P.O. stands for Post Office. 字母P.O.代表Post Office.
(2) P.R.C. stands for the People’s Republic of China. P.R.C.三個字母是中華人民共和國的縮寫。
引申： Stand 站立，使直立（如stand the ladder against the wall）位于,矗立（An old oak tree once stood here.）；（用于否定，疑問句）忍受，經受 (I can’t stand his brother. 我受不了他的兄弟。) I can’t stand people interrupting all the time.我無法忍受老有人打岔）
Stand by 袖手旁觀，待命， stand out 出色，杰出，顯眼，突出
Four points stand out as being more important than the rest . 有四點比其余更重要。
She is the sort of person who stands out in a crowd. 她是那種在人群中很顯眼的人。
2. would rather 寧愿
寧愿做某事 would rather do sth. prefer to do sth.
寧愿不做某事 would rather not do sth. prefer not to do sth.
寧愿做某事而不愿做（另外）某事
would rather do sth. than do sth. prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
3. every four years每四年
every 與數詞或other，few等連用，表示時間或空間的間隔，其幾個主要結構如下：
（1）every+基數詞+復數名詞
Take the medicine every six hours. 每隔6小時吃一次藥。
（2）every+序數詞+單數名詞
He comes to see his uncle every third week. 他每三個星期來看望他叔叔一次。
（3）every +other+單數名詞，“每隔一……”
Write on every other line.請隔行寫。
（4）every +few+復數名詞，“每隔幾……”
Trees should be planted every few metres.
樹應間隔幾米種一棵。
4. compete v.競爭，比得上；比賽
compete in(a game，a match)參加compete with/against sb.和某人競爭compete for(a prize，a medal，the first place)角逐
詞形變化：competition n.競爭；比賽，競賽
competitor n.競爭者，競爭對手
5. .in modern times
time作“時代”解時，常用復數形式（times)。
in ancient times在古代 in modern times在現代
e.g. (1) Times have changed，and we shouldn’t fall behind them. 時代變了，我們不應落后于時代。
(2) She didn’t understand the spirit of the times. 她不理解那個時代的精神。
time作“時代”時，也可用單數形式。
in Shakespeare’s time(在莎士比亞時代)
6. rank vt, vi 1）分類；分等級 2）整齊排列
This town ranks high among beauty spots. 這城市在風景區中享有盛名。
cups ranked neatly on the shelf 杯子整齊地排列在架子上
n 1）等級 the rank of general 將軍銜2）社會地位 3）列；排；行列
people of all ranks 各階層人民
a taxi rank 一列出租車
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
7. 詞語辨析
(一)game, match, contest, competition
(1)game“游戲，比賽，運動”，可指戶內、戶外、腦力、體力均可，指球賽時多用于美國英語。棋類、橋牌等比賽中多用game。復數可指運動會。
e. g. Let’s play a game of chess. 咱們來下盤棋吧！
Football is a game that does not interest me. 足球是我不感興趣的一種運動。
Olympic Games/Asian Games奧運會/亞運會
(2)match“比賽、競賽”，指球賽多用于英國英語。
它一般指預先安排好的正式比賽，摔跤、拳擊等比賽中多用match。
e. g. They won the match. 他們贏得了比賽。
They played a football match against another school. 他們與另一所學校進行了一場足球賽。
(3)contest表示各種智力和知識“競賽”，在這方面可與competition互換。
e. g. Mary won the speech contest. 瑪麗在演講賽中獲勝。
She took the second place in the beauty contest. 她在選美賽中得了第二名。
(4)competition指通過個人的體力、智力、技能等競賽而獲取名次的各種比賽，也可指體力，也可指其他技能方面的。
e. g. They were in competition with each other for the prize. 他們為了得獎互相競賽。
(二)sports, game, exercise
這三個名詞都有“運動”的意思，但其含義及用法有所區別。
(1)sport指各種運動或戶外消遣。如：籃球、足球、田徑賽、游泳、打獵、爬山、賽車等。是各種競賽或娛樂的總稱。指娛樂性或鍛煉性的體育活動時，一般作不可數名詞，指競賽性的體育活動或特指某種運動項目時是可數名詞。復數時，指運動會或泛指體育運動。
e. g. He was fond of all kinds of sports, especially badminton. 他喜歡各種運動，特別是羽毛球。
Hockey, volleyball, football and tennis are all sports. 曲棍球、排球、足球和網球都是體育項目。
The school sports were put off. 學校運動會延期了。
(1)game“運動、游戲、比賽”，其含義及用法參看1中的有關game講解。再如：
Children play games-tag, marbles, hide-and-seek and many others. 孩子們玩捉人、彈球、捉迷藏和許多其他的游戲。
We watched the football match/game on TV. 我們在電視上看了足球比賽。
How won the first two games but lost the third. 他勝了前兩局，但第三局輸了。(指比賽的局時，不能用match)
(3)exercise表示“運動、鍛煉”，特別指保持健康的運動。用于指體育運動時是不可數名詞，指某種活動鍛煉，體操時是可數名詞(常用復數)。
e. g. Walking, running, rowing and horse riding are all healthy forms of exercise. 散步、跑步、劃船和賽馬都是有益健康的運動。
Every morning, we see many old people doing morning exercises. 每天早上我們看見許多老人在做早操。
(三)beat, defeat, win, earn
1)beat, defeat都表示在戰斗中或競賽中“戰勝、打敗(對手)”，后接競爭對手，可以互換。
e. g. beat the competitor/the country/the team…打敗對手/國家/那個隊……
I can beat/defeat you at swimming. 我游泳比得過你。
He was defeated/beaten at chess. 他棋下輸了。
2)win“戰勝、贏得”，其賓語通常是比賽、戰爭、獎品或表尊重、崇拜之類意義的詞。競爭對手不能作其賓語。
By her hard work, she won herself a place on the school team. 在刻苦訓練下，她在校隊里贏得了地位。
Our team won the game. 我們隊獲勝了。
His poem won the first prize of ten dollars. 他的詩獲得了10美元的一等獎。
(3)earn“贏得，掙得”，表示通過工作等獲得錢財和利益或經過努力獲得地位和榮譽等。
He earned 100 dollars a day. 他一天掙100美元。
He earned the admiration of the world by his working hard for the world peace. 他為世界和平努力工作，博得了全世界的贊譽。
(四)gold, golden
(1)gold作名詞“黃金”，形容詞“金質的，黃金的”。
e. g. All that glitters is not gold. 發光的未必都是金子。
In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals. 在巴塞羅那，中國隊獲得了16塊金牌。
(2)golden是形容詞“金黃色的，黃金般的”。
e. g. The child has blue eyes and golden hair. 那孩子長著碧眼金發。
Good health can make old age the golden years of your life. 健康能使老年成為你生命中的黃金年華。
(五)join, take part in, attend, join in, join sb. in sth.
(1)join“參加”指加入黨派、社會、團體等并成為其中一員。
e. g. He joined the Party in 1980. 他是1980年入黨的。
Many of them have joined the army. 他們很多人都參軍了。
(2)join in表示“參加某種活動”，in可為介詞，可為副詞。作介詞時，此短語可用join代替。
Eight million people joined in the battle against drought. 800萬人參加了抗旱斗爭。
They danced and danced until a lot of us joined in. 他們不停地跳著舞，直到我們中間有許多人都參加了進去。
(3)join sb. in sth. /doing sth. 表示“參加某人所從事的活動”。
Come and join us in the game. 來和我們一起做游戲吧。
All the family join me in wishing you a happy future. 全家人和我一道祝你將來幸福。
(4)take part in指“參加群眾性活動、會議”等多用于正式場合，比join鄭重。
We all take an active part in extracurricular activities. 我們都積極參加課外活動。
I took part in the game. 我們參加了比賽。
(5)attend “參加”著重指“到場，出席(會議、典禮、儀式等)”。
She is sure to attend the wedding. 她一定會去參加婚禮。
He decided to attend the meeting himself. 他決定親自赴會。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
四、能力訓練
(一)單句改錯
1. I prefer doing to talk.
簡析：talk改為talking。因“prefer+n. /doing to+n. /doing”為固定用法。
2. We often write an English competition every the other week.
簡析：去掉the。因every other day(week, month, year…)中，other前不能帶the，習慣表達。
3. Sport can keep us healthy.
簡析：Sport改為Sports。因表示“娛樂、消遣”時，sport為不可數名詞，指“運動項目、運動會，泛指體育運動”時，為可數名詞，常用其復數形式。
4. This is the book in which I spent 25 yuan.
簡析：in改為on。因spend…on sth. , spend…(in) doing為習慣搭配。
5. Would you like to join us for the game.
簡析：for改為in，因join sb. in sth. 為固定搭配。
6. He has won a medal to his great success.
簡析：to改為for，因表示“因……而獲獎牌”，常用“win a medal for sth. 或receive a medal for sth. ”。
7. The five rings linked together also mean friendship or peace all over the world.
簡析：or改為and。從意義上講，friendship與peace為并列的遞進關系，而不是選擇關系。
8. The Olympic Games is held every four years.
簡析：is改為are。因the Olympic Games作主語，謂語動詞應用復數。
9. That was a very excited match.
簡析：excited改為exciting。因-ed分詞形容詞表示內在的、自身的，-ing分詞形容詞表示外在的，令人/使人怎么樣的。比賽應為“令人感到激動”。
五、高考真題
1. (NMET 1998)They ___________ the train until it disappeared in the distance.
A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed
簡析：本題考查動詞辨義，四個詞均有“看”的意思，只有watch表示“集中注意力看”，題意為“他們看著火車，一直看到它消失在遠處”。故應選B。
2. (上海2000)They’re not very good, but we like ___________.
A. anyway to play basketball with them B. to play basketball with them anyway
C. to play with them basketball anyway D. with them to play basketball anyway
簡析：本題考查英語句子語序，to play basketball with them是不定式短語，作賓語，放在like之后，anyway作狀語，放在賓語后，故應選B。
3. (上海2003)An accident happened at ___________ crossroads a few metres away from ___________ bank.
A. a; a B. /; a C. /; the D. the; /
簡析：本題考查冠詞用法，兩空處均泛指，即“離一家銀行幾米遠的一個十字路口”。故應選A。
4. (上海2000)The gentleman ___________ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
簡析：tell sb. of/about sth. “向某人講述某事”。本題考查“介詞+關系代詞”引導定語從句。故選B。
Unit 9 Technology
1. turn …inside out:里面翻到外面。徹底地。一般用作狀語
He often wears his sweater inside out 他經常翻穿球衫
The new manager turned the old systems inside out. 經理對舊體制進行了徹底的改革。
2. I should be home in about ten minutes.
should 在本句中用來表示一種可能性，相當于 will probably 一般用于對事實的一種比較有把握的判斷（多用在將來時）。
例如： - When will I take my photos? 我什么時候取照片？
- It should be ready at 12 o'clock. 應該 12 點鐘會好的。
The plane should be late for at least half an hour in such bad weather. 在這樣糟的天氣里，飛機應該可能會遲到至少半個小時。
He has worked on the book for seven days, he should have finished it now. 他弄這本書已有 7 天了，到現在為止應該已經完成了。
She should be here any minute. 她該馬上就到。
Dinner should be ready by now. 此刻晚飯應該做好了。
in about ten minutes [用法]大約十分鐘以后,主要用于將來時間
1. throughout，all over，all through 三者都有“遍及，貫穿”之意，但在用法上有所不同。
(1)throughout作介詞，接表示時間或地點的名詞，意思是“在整個期間”“從一端至另一端”即“在整個地區”。
The news spread throughout the country. 這個消息傳遍了全國。
It rained throughout the night. 雨下了整整一夜。
throughout作副詞，意思為“到處、全部、處處、始終、徹頭徹尾”。
The room is painted throughout. 這屋子全部油漆一新。
The boy remained silent throughout. 那男孩始終保持沉默。
(2)all over意為“在(遍及)……的各部分”，只接表示地點的名詞。
Computers will be used more and more in the future all over the world. 將來全世界要越來越多的使用電腦。
The disease spread all over the country. 疾病在全國蔓延開了。
all over作副詞，意思為“到處都是、全部結束”。
He is wet all over. 他渾身濕透了。
The war was all over. 戰爭徹底結束了。
(3)all through意思為“在整個……期間”，后面接表示時間的名詞。
e.g. Some cold-blooded animals hibernate all through the winter.
一些冷血動物整個冬天都冬眠。
2. add v.加；增加；加起來；又說，補充
If the tea is too strong，add some more hot water. 如果茶太濃，再加點開水。
May I add a point? 我可以補充一點意見嗎？
add to 增加add…to…加，往……添加……
His illness added to the family’s trouble. 他的病給家里增加了負擔。
Will you add more sugar to your coffee? 你的咖啡要多加些糖嗎？
Three added to four is seven. 3加4等于7。
add up合計，加起來
These figures don’t add up right. 這些數字加起來不對。
add up to總共有，總計達
His whole school education added up to no more than one year. 他所受的全部學校教育加起來不過一年。
3. remind v.使（人）想起，使記起，提醒
remind sb.of/ about…使(人）想起……
He reminds me of his father. 看到他使我想起他的父親。
remind sb.to do…使人想做……，提醒某人做……
I reminded him to work hard.我提醒他要用功。
Remind sb.that…使人想起，提醒，警告
She reminded me that I hadn’t watered the flowers. 她提醒我還沒有澆花。
4. in case of…在……情形時，萬一……；如果
e.g. (1) In case of fire，call 119. 倘若有火災，就打119電話。
in case在……的情況下，萬一……的話；以防，免得；
in case后接從句時，從句中的謂語動詞常用一般現在時態，偶爾也要should+v.
In case anything important happens，please call me up. 萬一發生什么重要的事情，請打電話給我。
Take your umbrella，in case it should rain. 帶傘去吧，以防下雨。
in case還可作副詞用，意為“以防萬一，免得”。
You’d better carry some money in case. 你最好帶些錢，以防萬一。
in any case無論如何，反正，不管怎樣
In any case，do your best. 無論如何，要盡力而為。
in no case絕不，在任何情形下都不
In no case should you give up. 你絕不應該放棄。（放在句首時倒裝）
in the case of介詞短語，意為“就……來說”“至于……”。
In the case of the forest program, we leave it for further discussion.
in all/most/particular cases 在任何/大多數/特殊情況下
in the present/the worst/this/that/possible case 在目前/最壞的/這種/那種/可能的情況下
In the present case, what we should do is just waiting.
5. wh-ever的用法歸納
whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever可以引導名詞性從句，也可以引導讓步狀語從句，引導讓步狀語從句時，可以換成no matter what/which/who/whom，位置可在主句前，也可在主句后。
Take whatever you want.(賓語從句) 你可以拿你想要的任何東西。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.(主語從句) 不管誰違反了法律都應受到懲罰。
We will complete the work on time, no matter what happens.(狀語從句) =Whatever happens, we will complete the work on time. 不管發生什么事，我們都將按時完成工作。
Whenever he goes abroad, he will buy presents for his sister. =No matter when he goes abroad,… 不論何時出國，他都為她的妹妹買些禮物。
注意：however還有“無論多么”的意思。如：
However cold it was, he wanted to go swimming. 不管天氣多么冷，他都想去游泳。
6. take over 接管;接受
When he retired, his eldest son took over the farm. 他退休后,他的長子接管了農場.
Take 其他搭配：
took an interest； take action to do, take time, take your time,
take apart 拆開；take down 拆掉，拆除，寫下；
take in 收留， 欺騙，蒙騙， （take sth in）吸收，改小，Take out 帶某人出去，切除（身體一部分）；
He was homeless, so we took him in. 他無家可歸，所以我們收留了他。
Don’t be taken in by his charm-he’s ruthless. 別被他迷人的風度騙了，其實他冷酷無情。
Fish take in oxygen through their gills. 魚用鰓吸入氧氣。
Take off 起飛，迅速流行，取消，脫掉
Take on 呈現，承擔，接納（乘客）
The chameleon can take on the colors of its background. 變色龍可以變成周圍環境的顏色。
We’re not taking on any new clients at present. 我們目前不接受新客戶。
Take up 占用時間，地方等；開始從事，繼續（他人未完成的事）
The table takes up too much room. 桌子占太多地方。
I won’t take up any more of your time. 我不想再占用你們的時間了。
They’ve taken up golf.他們學起打高爾夫球來了。
He takes up his duties next week. 他下周就要履行職責。
She took up the story where Tim had left off. 她接著講Tim 未講完的故事。
7. They have to repair machines when they break down.
. break down 1) 破壞；拆散 2) 失敗；破裂 3) 精神崩潰；失去控制 4)（機器）損壞 5) 起化學變化
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances. 人體中的化學元素把食物分解成有用的物質。
The peace talks are said to have broken down. (喻)據說和談破裂了。
Our truck broke down outside town. 我們的卡車在城外拋錨了。
The car broke down halfway to the destination.汽車在到達目的地的中途拋錨了。
He broke down and wept. 他不禁失聲痛哭。
Food is broken down by chemicals. 化學物質引起食物轉化
Break 其他搭配：break in 破門而入， 插話， break into 破門而入；break away from 脫離
break off 斷開，折斷； 中斷，停頓；
The back section of the plane had broken off.飛機尾部脫落了。
He broke off in the middle of the sentence. 他一句話說了一半就不說了。
break out 爆發
break through 突破，沖破，戰勝
Scientists think they are beginning to break through in the fight against cancer.
Demonstrators broke through the police cordon.示威群眾沖破了警方的警戒線。
He had finally managed to break through her reserve.他終于設法消除了她的拘謹。
break up 粉碎，破碎，拆開，打散
The ship broke up on the rocks. 船觸礁撞碎了。
Sentences can be broken up into clauses. 句子可以分成從句。
break up (with sb)絕交: She’s just broken up with her boyfriend.
7. come up with 提出;提供;想出;趕上
Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasing the world s food supply.
科學家們必須為增加世界糧食供應提供新方法.
He walked so fast that I couldn’ t come up with him.
8. succeedvi. 成功 vt.接續;繼承
He succeeded in getting the job. 他謀得了那份工作。
The millionaire s eldest son will succeed to his estate.這百萬富翁的長子將繼承他的產業。
The storm was succeeded by calm. 暴風雨后一片寧靜。
9. in the future將來：未來 in future以后；今后＝for the future
Who knows what will happen in the future？誰知道將來會發生什么？
I will study hard in future．我今后要努力學習
6. (一)單句改錯
1.Why not to come to our home for the party?
簡析：去掉come前的to。Why not do sth.?是表示建議的常用句型，not后跟動詞原形，也可用Why don’t you do sth.?
2.Swimming is a great fun.
簡析：去掉a。fun是不可數名詞，通常不與冠詞a或the連用。
3.Computers can be used to doing a lot of things.
簡析：將doing改為do。be used to表示被用來做某事，to是不定式符號，其后接動詞原形。如果它表示“習慣于做某事”時，to則是介詞，后接名詞、代詞、動名詞。
4.She gave me a lot of valuable advices.
簡析：advices改為advice。advice當建議、忠告講時，是不可數名詞。
5.The title boy didn’t dare crossing the street by himself.
簡析：將crossing改為to cross。dare作行為動詞，后接不定式作賓語。
6.Mr Green’s family are going to London on the holiday.
簡析：on改為for。因“go to somewhere for the (one’s ) holiday”，表示“去某地度假”，固定搭配。
(二)易錯題
1.The motorbike is so nice.I think it costs ___________ ten thousand yuan.
A. in the least B. at most C. no more than D. at least
簡析：答案選D。根據題意，應用at least表示“至少值一萬元”。
2.___________ we do must be in the interests of the people.
A. However B. No matter how C. Whatever D. No matter what
簡析：選C。“No matter…”只能引導讓步狀語從句而whatever引導名詞性從句也可引導讓步狀語從句。
3.His words remind me ___________ we did during the summer vacation?
A. that B. of that C. of what D. what
簡析：選C。remind sb. of sth.意思為“使某人想起某事”。題中缺of的賓語，由what引導的賓語從句作of的賓語。并且what既作賓語從句的引導詞，又作動詞did的賓語。
4.He practised speaking English with the teacher and his classmates ___________ possible.
A. where B. whatever C. whenever D. whichever
簡析：選C。本題意思是“每當可能的時候，他總會與老師及同學們一起練習講英語”。whenever“無論何時”=no matter when，引導讓步狀語從句。本句中的“whenever possible”是whenever it is possible的省略形式。
5.Sometimes grass ___________ paper.
A. is used to making B. used to make C. is used to make D. used for making
簡析：選C。因be used to do sth. 意為“被用于做某事”，本句還可寫為：Sometimes grass is used for making paper。
6. There are _____ five people in my family. They are my grandparents, my parents and I.
A. as many B. more than C. not more than D. no more than
簡析：選D。not more than意為“不足、少于”；not more than意為“僅僅，正好”；more than意為“超過，不僅僅”。
五、高考真題
1.(NMET 2000,6)-What about having a drink?
-___________.
A. Good idea B. Help yourself C. Go ahead, please D. Me, too
簡析：選A。對別人的提議表示贊成，為Good idea或That’s a good idea。
2.(2000春招)John may phone tonight. I don’t want to go out ___________ he phones.
A. as long as B. in order that C. in case D. so that
簡析：選C。題中A為“只要”，B為“為了”，C為“以防”，D為“結果”。根據句意應選C。
3.(NMET 2000)I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some ___________.
A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time
簡析：選B。A為“最終”，B為“萬一”，C“又一次”，D為“及時”。本題意為“我認為我不會需要錢的，但我還是帶些以防萬一”。
4. (NMET 2001,春招)A new cinema ___________ here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
簡析：選D。從后面的提示看，這項工程還沒有完工，故應是正在建設之中，而且是被動語態。
Unit 10 The world around us
1. cut down 砍倒，減少，降低，縮短
The little boy cut down the young tree with an axe.
The doctor told me to cut down on drinking.
Cut 其他搭配：
cut off 砍掉，切掉
引申：cut across/through 取捷徑；走近路
cut back 剪枝；修剪 減少；縮小；削減
to cut back on industrial production 縮減工業生產
cut in 插嘴, 超車搶擋；（突然）插入
Don't cut in while I'm talking. 我說話時別插嘴。
to cut in on a queue 加塞兒
cut off 中斷，切掉，砍掉，使與外界隔絕（be cut off from ）
cut out 剪下；刪除；
to cut out smoking 戒煙
cut up 切碎 使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her. 在丈夫拋棄她之后，簡痛苦極了。
2. die out 死絕；消失，消滅
That custom died out years ago. 那種風俗許多年前就消失了。
The lights died out suddenly. 燈突然熄滅了。
die of/from 因……而死
She died of cancer/old age. 她死于癌癥（終享天年）。
die from overwork/a wound操勞過度（受傷）而死
die away(聲音、光線、風等)漸弱，漸息
The sound of their laughter died away. 她們的笑聲漸漸消失了。
Die down 逐漸變弱，逐漸平息
The flames finally died down. 火焰越來越小，最后熄滅了。
die+名（形）死于……狀態
die young/happy英年早逝（含笑九泉）
be dying for（口語）渴望……，很想……
He was dying for a drink. 他很渴望喝點酒。
3. adapt v. 使……適應，使……適合adapt oneself to適應…… adapt sth. to sth. 使…….適應……. adapted adj.適合……的；改編成……的
He couldn’t adapt his way of life to the company. 他的生活方式無法適應公司（的要求）。
He is quick to adapt(himself)to new circumstances. 他很會適應新環境。
The play is adapted from a novel. 這是一部由小說改編成的戲劇。
4. the other day，some day，one day，another day
(1)the other day“幾天前”(a few days ago)指過去，只能用于過去時態。
The other day I met Mary in the street. 幾天前，我在街上碰上瑪麗了。
(2)some day“總有一天，某一天”指將來，通常只用于一般將來時或過去將來時，可與one day替換。
We are going to visit the museum some day/one day next week. 我們打算下周某一天去參觀博物館。
(3)one day“某一天，有一天”，可指過去的某一天，也可指將來的某一天(指將來的某一天可與some day互換。)
One day you will be punished. 總有一天你會受到懲罰的。
One day I saw a beggar walking along the street. 有一天我看見一個乞丐沿著大街行走。
(4)another day “改天”，指將來的一天。
I will see you again another day. 我改天會再來看你的。
5. devote vt.奉獻
devote sth. / oneself to 致力于，把……奉獻給
He has devoted his whole life to science.他把一生都奉獻給了科學事業。
I don’t think it worthwhile to devote so much time to discussing the matter.
我認為花這么多時間來討論這件事不值得。
形容詞devoted 意思有兩種
忠實的，慈愛的，恩愛的
獻身……的，專心于……的，專用于…….的，熱心的
e.g. a devoted son, mother, father
The newly married couple next door to us are devoted to sports.
The magazine is devoted to science.
6.
(一)單句改錯
1. At the present, we don’t have any trouble in solving the problems.
簡析：去掉第一個the, 或在present后加time。
at present是固定短語，意為“現在、目前”。也可用at the present time 來表示。
2. Too much of the deer in the country have been killed.
簡析：將much改為many。too much后接的是不可數名詞。too many后接可數名詞。句中的deer是可數名詞，其單復數同形。
3. The sun was disappeared behind the cloud.
簡析：把was去掉。disappear表示“消失，失蹤”，是不及物動詞，不能用于被動語態。
4. Some day, I saw some foreign visitors in the park.
簡析：把Some改為One。some day和one day都作“有一天”講。但前者是指“將來有一天”，只能用于將來時態的句子中；后者既可用于“過去的某一天”，也可用于“將來的某一天”。
5. There used to have an old temple in the village.
簡析：把have改為be。used to用于there be結構中，即There used to be…意為“過去有……”。
五、高考真題
1. (1999 上海)My parents always let me have my own ______ of living.
A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion
簡析：答案為A。have one’s own way of doing sth. 是習慣用法，意為“有自己做某事的方法”。
2. (NMET 1998)-Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
-I’m afraid ___________day is possible.
A. either B. neither C. some D. any
簡析：答案為B。
前句提到Monday or Tuesday, 意為在兩者之中選擇，故可排除C、D兩項。后文用I’m afraid…來回答，顯然是否定含義，故選neither，意為兩天都不可能。
3. (2002 北京)All the people ___________ at the party were his supporters.
A. present B. thankful C. interested D. important
簡析：答案為A。
由句意可知是“所有出席宴會的人都是他的支持者”，故只能選present。當“出席，在場”講時，present作定語放在所修飾詞后。
4. (NMET 2000)-Is John coming by train?
-He should, but he___________ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
簡析：答案為D。must not意為“禁止，不許”；need not意為“不必”；can表推測多用于否定、疑問句中，但can not表“不可能”，與句意不符。只有may not表示“有可能”。