1 cover a glass of water with…
cover…with…
The furniture was covered with dust. 家具上落滿了灰塵
The city covers 25 square miles. 這個城市占地25平方公里
The book covers the period from 1840 to 1914. 這本書涉及了從1840至1919這個時期的歷史
I only bought this book because of its cover. 我是為了這本書的封面才買了它
2 upside down
You’ve got that picture upside down. 你把那圖片弄倒了
The office is being decorated, so everything is upside down.
辦公室正在裝修,因此所有東西都亂七八糟的
3 fill one glass with…
fill…with… be full of…
4 protect
We must protect children. 我們必須保護兒童
protect…from… 保護…不受/免受…
Protect the plants from the cold. 保護植物使不受凍
In summer, people like to wear glasses to protect themselves from the sunshine.
夏天,人們喜歡戴眼鏡保護眼睛
prevent…from stop…from keep…from
5 mariner 水手
marine 海產的,海的; 船只或艦隊
Seals and whales are marine animals. 海豹和鯨是海中的動物。
Her husband is a US marine. 她丈夫是一名美國海軍陸戰隊士兵。
6 sailor 船員；水手；水兵
The sailors landed on Dalian. 船員在大連上岸。
I am a bad sailor. 我是個愛暈船的人。
7 cube 方塊，立方體；立方，三次冪
The cube of 2 is 8. 2的立方/三次冪是8。
Ice cube 冰塊 cube root 立方根
8…whether you can come up with…
come up with… 想出，提出（計劃、答復等）
The airline has come up with a solution to the problem. 航空公司想出辦法來解決這個問題。
9 Who benefits from…
benefit v. 獲益，對……有利 n.利益，益處
Exercise benefits our health. 運動有益于我們的健康。
Your advice benefited me a great deal. 你的建議對我很有好處。
benefit 作不及物動詞，“獲益；得益于”接介詞from/by
We benefit from daily exercises. 每天做操對我們有益。
be of benefit to sb. 對……有好處Your advice was of great benefit to me.
for the benefit of 為了……的利益
10 property 財產；占有物；所有權；特性
This small house is my only property. 這所小房子是我唯一的財產。
One property of steel is its hardness. 堅固是鋼的特性之一。
11 percent n. 百分比
How much percent…? What percentage of …?
The sales have increased by 20 percent this month. 這個月的銷售量增長了20%。
12 range
vt.排列；歸類；常與on, in, along等介詞連用，表示方向或趨勢。
I ranged the books on the shelf according to size. 我把書依大小順序排在書架上。
vi.在……范圍內變動；
The road ranges westward from the road. 這條湖由湖邊向西延伸。
n.范圍 （認知、知識、經驗或能力方面） 不可數名詞
be out of one’s range 某人所不能及的
變化（范圍） What is the range of this telescope? 這架望遠鏡的有效距離是多大？
山脈；延展的一組或一系列
The library has ranges of books in perfect order. 這個圖書館的書一排一排放得井井有條。
13 all the way 一直，始終
Jack climbed all the way to the top of the tree. JACK一直爬到了樹頂。
14 up to He came up to me. 他向我走來 It’s up to me to teach them English. 由我負責教他們英語
What is he up ? 他在做什么？ up to now 直到現在
15 What makes the ocean such a great place to live?
To live 不定式做后置定語 such 的用法
16 the way the water molecule is formed gives water…
in the way 以這種方式 in a way 在某種程度上 in one’s way 擋路的 out of way 不擋路，避開
17 affect v.影響 Smoking affects health. n. effect take effect
18 take advantage of
19 Heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance by …分析句子結構
區分ability, capacity& capability
20 give off
21 add to, add…to… add up, add up to
22 Isn’t it amazing that a single substance can be so important to our planet and even the whole universe?
情 態 動 詞（1 ）
問 句 - 答 語
Can you wait a few days for the money?
Yes, I can.
No, I can’t.
May I watch TV after supper?
Yes, you may.
No, you mayn’t.
,you mustn’t.
,you’d better not.
Must I be home before 8:00?
Yes, you must.
No, you needn’t.
you don’t have to
情態動詞的基本用法：
1． 無人稱 數的變化
2． 后接動詞原形構成謂語，不能單獨做謂語，省略句除外
3否定式 否定詞緊跟在情態動詞的后面
4疑問式 情態動詞前移到主語
Can could
1. 能力 He can drive a bus. (各種句式) He said he could use a computer two years ago.
2．許可 You can go now. He said I could borrow his bike
Can I go now?
3．可能性 （否 問） It can’t be Mr. Zhang. He couldn’t be M.
Can it be M? Could it be M
（無時態區別，只表示可能性的大小）
4．could比 can語氣更委婉客氣，無時間的區別，主要用于問句，不用于肯定句，答語用 can
Could I come here again tomorrow?
Yes, you can. No, I’m afraid not.
Can be able to
表示現在 將來 過去互用 區別
1. 指過去某一具體事情，在肯定句用be able to表示主語不僅用能力而且實際上已經做到了 He was a good swimmer, so when the boat was broken, he __ swim to the bank. (*was able to can could were able to) He could pass the exam. ( Could表示主語有能力，而不表明實際去做)
3. He worked hard but couldn’t / wasn’t able to pass… (could的否定式和was able to 的否定式可互用)
4. can時態少于be able to: haven’t be able to , is able to , will be able to
May might
1. 允諾
May I watch TV now? Might I go with you ?
You may go now
2. 可能性（肯定句 否定句）
He may be busy these days.
The story may not be true.
3. 祝愿
May you enjoy yourself!
May you succeed.
Must
1. 必須 應當
Must I do it at once? We must obey all the rules. You mustn’t smoke here.
2. 必然的規律
All men must die.
3. 推測 (肯定)
It must be M.
Must 主觀 You mustn’t go.（禁止 不允許）You don’t have to go.（不必）兩者不能換用
have to客觀 The bridge is broken, so I have to go to the other bank across the river.
Need dare
行為動詞： 情態動詞：
有人稱 數的變化 主要用于 否定句 疑問句
后接不等式 I dare say 是固定用法
否定式要用don’t doesn’t didn’t…
疑問式用Do does did…
Dare 的否定式 疑問式后的to可以省略
He doesn’t need to answer this question.
Does he dare to…
判斷：
need
1. *He need to do… 2. * needs do 3. needs to
4. doesn’t need to 5 *doesn’t need do 6 *needn’t to
7 needn’t do 8 *Does he need do…? 9 Do you need to do
10 Need you to do 11 Need he do 12 *He need do
13 *Needs he do 14 *Needs he do 15 *We need to do
dare
1.I dare say you are wrong.
2.I don’t dare to ask her.
3.I don’t dare ask her.
4.*He dare do it
4. * dares do
5. dares to do
6. doesn’t dare to do
7. dare not to do
8. * dare not do
9. Does he dare to do
10. Dare you go How dared they do such a thing?
11. I won’t allow you to swim across the river, even if you dare do it.
12. We must dare to ask
13. I have never dared to tell him about it
14. The party called on us to dare to think, to speak and to act.
15. She stopped at the door , not daring to enter.
16. *Dare you to go
shall
1．一 三人稱問句，請求指示，征詢意見
Shall we start now?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
Shall he come in?
2．二 三命令 警告 威脅 強制，允諾
You shall do as I say.
You shall fail if you don’t work harder. (warning)
He shall have the book when I finish reading.
Should
1.=ought to 勸告建議 常指表示自己的主觀看法,問句中通常代替ought to
ought to 語氣較重，含有“按道理應當” 常指 反映客觀情況，或涉及法律 義務 規定；
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
14 第一人稱 表示說話人的謙遜 客氣 委婉
I should think it would be better to try it again.
You are mistaken, I should say.
This is sth I should have liked to ask you.
15 在條件句中，“萬一”，主句仍用正常句子，不一定用虛擬
Ask her ring me up if you should see her.
If you should change your mind, please let us know.
Should I,I will come.
16 Why/how + should 表示不能理解，感到意外，驚異 “竟會”
Why should you be so late today?
---Where is B living?
---How I should know?
I don’t know why you should think that I did it.
Will would
1． 意愿
I will never do that again. He said he wouldn’t do that again.
2． 問句 詢問對方意愿
Will you go there with me ... Would you like to …
3． 習慣性動作 或某種傾向
Fish will die out of water. He would play the violin on Sundays
She will talk for hours if you give him the chance. She would sit that for hours.
4.will be will have done 二 三人稱，對現在 或已完成的推測
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
可 能 性
can不表示實際的可能性，而是“理論上的可能性”，或暫時性的可能性
要表示實際可能性用could may might
Accidents can happen on such rainy days.
We can go climbing this summer.(error, 不表示未來的可能性)
We may go…
情 態 動 詞 + 完 成 時
1． Can /could + have done 問句 否定句
對過去事情的推測
過去沒有實現的可能 “本來可以 本來可能”
could可以用于肯定句
You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.
I saw M just now. He couldn’t have gone to B.
2． May /might + have done 肯定句 否定句
對過去事情的推測
“ 本來可能” 但沒有實現“本來可以” 但沒做，有責備之意
He may /might have gone home.
He ……………not have finished the work
You should not have climbed that hill. You might have been killed yourself.
You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
3．Must + have done 肯定句
對過去事情的推測，否定句用can’t / couldn’t have done
It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy.
He can’t have been to B, for he knows too little about it.
4. 反意問句
It must have rained last night,____? didn’t it
5. Need + have done 否定句 疑問句
本來沒必要做，但做了
You needn’t have told her the news ,for I had told her earlier.
本來沒必要做，結果也沒做，用didn’t need to
You didn’t need to clean the windows. My sister did it
6. Should / ought to + have done
You should have come to the meeting earlier.
He ought not to have broken the window.
7. Had better + have done 當時最好
You had better have started earlier.
8. would rather +have done 當時寧愿做了 或沒做
I would rather have refuse his offer.
I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.
情 態 動 詞 對 當 前 的 推 測
情態動詞 + be +n. /adj. /doing 注意句式
You can’t be serious .
I hear water running. He must be having a bath.
情態動詞專項練習
1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
解析：選B. “should have +過去分詞” 表示“過去本來應該(但沒能)做某事”；
keep one’s promise 意為“信守諾言”。
2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would
解析：選A.“ could have+過去分詞表示過去本來應該(但沒能)做某事”。
3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been
解析：選D. “You should have been more careful”. 意為：你本來應該更細心的。
4．Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't
解析：選C. can’t be at home 意為：不可能在家。
5．---I can’t understand why our boss is late.---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed C. can have missed D. might miss
解析：選B. “may have+過去分詞”表示對過去動作的判斷，意為：可能做了某事。 注意：can表示可能時，只能用于疑問句和反問句。
6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been
解析：選D. 表示：對過去發生的事情的肯定推測。
7．The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying
解析：選D. 意為：她剛才肯定一直在哭。對過去某事正發生的推測。
8．He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having
解析：選A. 對現在正在發生的事情的否定推測。
9．I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen
解析：選C. 對過去發生的事情 的肯定推測的被動式。
10. ______ Mr. Black_______go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to
解析：選C. used to do的疑問式，可以是Used+主語+to do ?或Did +主語+use to do?
11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not
解析：選D. 說話人認為不必要乘車, need 為情態動詞。
12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May
解析：選B. 在疑問句中shall 用于第三人稱，也表示征求意見。
13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you? ---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. must D. mustn’t
解析：選C. Yes的意思是：不。意為：恐怕我必須現在就做。
14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would
解析：選C. could/can have done 用于否定推測和疑問推測。
15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it? ----Of course.
A． Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
解析：選B. shall 用在疑問句中，常用于第一，三人稱， 表示征求意見或請求指示。
16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t
解析：選B. 根據句意用mustn’t
17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left
解析：選C. have to 表示客觀需要，must表示主觀需要。學生證必須放在此是客觀需要。
18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?” “Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do
解析：選B. would rather 加完成時表示對完成了的或過去了的事情的態度。意為：當時是不情愿做的。
19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!” “_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t
解析：選D. A為錯誤的表達方式；B和C沒有直接回答對方的問候。
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D.can
解析：選C. 對表否定的must進行反意疑問時，要用句子的實義動詞
21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will not D. may not
解析：選A. 否定推測用can’t不用mustn’t
22. “Do you have to leave now?” “I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’t B. have C. should D. must
解析：選D. 回答have to 的疑問句用must作肯定回答。
23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?” “_________?”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you D. No, we’d better not
解析：選D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此處D的語氣比較婉轉客氣。
24. “Can I take it away?” “ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. could C. would D. had
解析：選D. had better 與不帶to 的不定式構成謂語，可以變成疑問句：Hadn’t you better----
25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t
解析：選B. 本來不必要做某事.
26. See who is there!______it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will
解析：選C. 表推測時A，B都用作疑問句。
27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.
A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should
解析：選C. 斷然的不定推測用can’t
28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.
A. must B. mustn’t C. can D. need
解析：選A. 表示有把握的肯定推測用must
29. Something______to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done
解析：選D. “something must be done” 意為：必須采取措施。
30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.
A. ought B. can C. would D. should
解析：選D. ought 后應用to