Composed by Chinephone Lew
獨立主格結構是由一個相當于主語的名詞或代詞加上非謂語動詞、形容詞（副）詞、或介詞短語構成的一種獨立成分。該結構不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內部的動詞不能考慮其時態、人稱和數的變化，它與其主句之間既不能通過并列連詞連接也不能有從句引導詞引導，常用逗號與其主句隔開。獨立主格結構在很多情況下可以轉化為相應的狀語從句或其他狀語形式，但很多時候不能轉化為分詞形式，因為它內部動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致。在做這類題目時一定要小心判斷，不能粗心大意。
一、獨立主格結構的構成形式
1、邏輯主語+V-ing
這種構成形式內部的邏輯主語是分詞的動作執行者，分詞表示的動作不是整句主語發出的動作，而是其邏輯主語發出的動作。如：
1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.
A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was
2._______no bus, we had to walk home.
A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was
3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been
4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is
2、邏輯主語+V-ed
該構成形式內部的邏輯主語是分詞的動作承受者。如：
1._________, the train started.
A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving
2.__________, the train started.
A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given
3._________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words
4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words explaining D.Being explained new words
3、邏輯主語+形容詞（副詞）
該結構相當于一個未帶動詞的“主-系-表”結構。如：
1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions
2._________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions
3.________, we’d like to go outing.
A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK
4.___________, we’d like to go outing.
A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C
5._________, you can wait a while.
A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B
6._________, so you can wait a while
A.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on
4、邏輯主語+介詞短語
該結構相當于不帶動詞的“主-系-介詞短語”結構。如：
1.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.
A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand B.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand
2.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.
A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand
3.He left the office, __________.
A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes
4.He left the office __________.
A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes
二、獨立主格結構在整句中可作以下成分：
1、原因狀語
該結構在句中作原因狀語時相當于一個原因狀語從句。如：
1.________ no bus, we had to walk home.
A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B
2._________Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B
3.____________, I had to ask for two days’ leave.
A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill D. A,B and C
4.____________, we have to work late into the night.
A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D. A,B and C
2、時間狀語
獨立主格結構作時間狀語時相當于一個由when, as soon as, after等引導的時間狀語從句。如：
1.__________, the train started.
A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B
2.__________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. New words explained B.When new words were explained C.When teacher explained new words D.all above
3、條件狀語
獨立主格結構作條件狀語時可以改為由if引導的條件狀語從句。如：
1.___________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall.
A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B
2._________, the patient will recover himself soon.
A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C
4、伴隨狀語
獨立主格結構作伴隨狀語時相當于一個介詞短語或并列謂語。如：
1.We have lessons every day, ___________.
A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above
2.The boy fell asleep,___________.
A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above
3.Father came home,_________
A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the above
with + 復合賓語結構常見類型及其用法
Composed by Chinephone Lew
“with + 復合賓語”結構是指“with +賓語（名詞或代詞）+ 非謂語動詞（分詞、不定式）、介詞短語、形容詞或副詞等”所構成的一種介詞短語。該結構內部若是動詞，則其非謂語形式的選用要注意三點：若內部動詞表示將來（無論主動還是被動），則用不定式；若內部動詞表示被動且屬過去，則用過去分詞；若內部動詞表示持續主動動作，則用現在分詞。該結構在句子中可以作以下幾種成分：
1、原因狀語
1.With the man ______ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.
A.To guide B.Guiding C.Guided D.To have guide
2.With a lot of work_____, she doesn’t have time to rest. A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done
3.With the machine _____all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.
A.to work B.worked C.working D.Being working
2、時間狀語
1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _____.A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on
2.With our problem ________, we all felt happy.
A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled
3.With his work______, the secretary began to walk home. A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done
3、伴隨狀語
1.She left the offices with tears ________.
A.in her eyes B.in eyes B.being in eyes D.to be in eyes
2.The man found the door with both his eyes ______.
A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing
3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_______.
A. standing by B.to be standing by C.stood by D.being standing by
4.The murderer was brought in, with his hands________.
A.to be tied behind B. tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind
5.You can’t see well ________.
A. with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses
4、后置定語
1.Do you know the man ______ a book in his hand? A.with B.having C.being D.A and B
2.Please offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her arms.A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above
分詞、獨立主格和“with + 復合賓語”作狀語的區別
分詞結構、獨立主格結構、with + 復合賓語結構在句中均可作狀語，其區別是這樣的：
一、分詞在句中作狀語時句子的主語是分詞的邏輯主語，即主句主語是分詞的動作執行者（用現在分詞）或動作承受者（用過去分詞或現在分詞被動式）。這種情況下的分詞短語可以改為相應的狀語從句或并列謂語。
分詞短語在句中常作以下狀語：
1、原因狀語
1._______late, we had to walk home. A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and B
2.______ busy, they had no time to play. A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above
2、時間狀語
1._______ the students' homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.
A.When he was correcting C.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above
2.________by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.
A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above
3、條件狀語
1.______ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above
2._______ another chance, I'll do my job better.A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above
4、伴隨狀語
1.Father came back, _______ a bag of money on his left shoulder.
A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and he was carrying D.all the above
2.Father came back, _______ by a monkey.
A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above
二、獨立主格結構和with + 復合賓語結構在句子中作狀語時，這種結構內部的分詞或介詞短語的邏輯主語不是整句的主語，即主句主語與分詞的邏輯主語不一致。如：
1.______, we’ll go fishing in the country.
A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting
2._________, he finished playing the game of chess.
A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyes
3._________, I couldn’t get the book I wanted.
A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing
三、使用分詞短語、獨立主格結構、with + 復合賓語結構分別在句子中作狀語時要注意：它們與主句之間不應有從屬連詞（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列連詞（如and, but, or, so等）。例如：
1.____________ the teacher told the class to go through the text
A.Checking the answers B.Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the above
2._________a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.
A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above
3.As_______a little sick, he remained at the clinic.
A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above
四、在使用獨立主格結構、with +復合賓語結構、分詞結構作句子的狀語時，一定要看句子主語同這些結構的邏輯關系。
1、當句子主語與該狀語內部動詞之間有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系時，該狀語可用分詞結構或從句表示。
1.______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B
2._______for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.
A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above
2、若句子主語與狀語內動詞之間不存在邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系且狀語內有自已的邏輯主語。則該狀語不能用分詞結構，只能用獨立主格結構、with +復合賓語結構或從句。如：
1.The soldier fell asleep ___________.
A.with the candle burning B.burning the candle C.when he was burning the candle D.when burning the candle
2.__________, the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful.
A.Being on B.When being on C.With all the lights on D.When it turns on all the lights
3.________ the notice, he had an idea.
A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above
4.________ the notice, an idea came to his mind.
A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above