江蘇省泰興市第二高級(jí)中學(xué) 周義平
定語從句是中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)，也是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)，同時(shí)又是高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。縱觀近年各地高考試題，就能發(fā)現(xiàn)考點(diǎn)大多集中在帶有"插入語"的定語從句；which 、as 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句； where 、 when引導(dǎo)的定語從句以及定語從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句、同位語從句的區(qū)別等方面。對(duì)定語從句的考查不單純考查其語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而是把它融入到一定的語境中，考查考生的實(shí)際綜合運(yùn)用能力。
高考試題中，主要從以下角度考查定語從句：
定語從句的考點(diǎn)之一
正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞that引出的定語從句功能強(qiáng)，除不能作定語(用whose)外，其它幾個(gè)功能都可用that。但命題角度主要以that與which指物時(shí)的區(qū)別為重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行命制。例如：
（1）--Do you have anything in mind _________ you’d like for supper?
--Well, _________ is OK with me.
A. that ; anything B. which ; everything
C. what ; whatever D. where ; something 選A。
（2）The wrong you've done him is terrible, for ______ you should make an apology to him, I think.
A. this B. which C. what D. that 選B。
定語從句的考點(diǎn)之二
正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞(that或which)與關(guān)系副詞when(表時(shí)間)、where(表地點(diǎn))、why(表原因)。重點(diǎn)根據(jù)定語從句中所缺成分（即關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，使用關(guān)系副詞when (on which); where(in which); why(for which)；在定語從句中作作主語、賓語或表語時(shí)，使用that或which。）來確定是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，絕不能因先行詞是時(shí)間名詞就用when，是地點(diǎn)名詞就用where，是reason就用why來確定。因此，認(rèn)準(zhǔn)先行詞只是選擇關(guān)系詞的一個(gè)方面，更重要的是看其在后面定語從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成分例如：
（3）He should stand near the stage ________ he could watch and follow the play.
A. where B. when C. that D. there 選A。
（4）Do you think the reason _______ he gave is believable.
A. for which B. which C. why D. what 選B。
（5）We are living in an age _______ many things are done on computer.
A. which B. that C. whose D. when 選D。
定語從句的考點(diǎn)之三
當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，應(yīng)注意主謂語的一致性及被動(dòng)語態(tài)問題。尤其要注意在考題中不用定語從句，而是用分詞短語作定語。例如：
（6）The first textbooks ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written
C. being written D. written 選D。
（7）The train that stands at platform 7 / standing at platform 7 is for Wuhan.
（8）Any article that is left in these buses / left in these buses will be taken at once to the Lost Property Office.
定語從句的考點(diǎn)之四
定語從句中不能再重復(fù)與先行詞有關(guān)的代詞或副詞。必須牢記定語從句中關(guān)系詞已經(jīng)替代先行詞并且在定語從句中已經(jīng)充當(dāng)其成分，故不能再用相關(guān)的代詞或副詞。例如：
（8）He made another wonderful discovery, _______ of great importance to science.
A. which I think it is B. which I think is
C. which I think it D. I think which is 選B。
（9）This is the hospital _____ they visited last year and is the one _____ I worked in five years ago．
A．that；where B．where；that
C．where；where D．that；that 選D。
（10）There are dirty marks on her trousers ________ she had wiped her hands.
A. that B. which C. where D. when 選C。
定語從句的考點(diǎn)之五
對(duì)介詞后接關(guān)系代詞而不接關(guān)系副詞的考查；當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，且該介詞不是和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成固定短語時(shí)，介詞可以提前，這樣就出現(xiàn)"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"。先行詞指物，用"介詞+which", 指人則用"介詞+whom", 且兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞均不能省略，介詞的選擇要遵循兩個(gè)原則：
1.根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞與先行詞的搭配內(nèi)容而定。 2.根據(jù)先行詞特殊用法而定。例如：
（11）This flower doesn't do well in soil other than the one_____ it has been specially developed．
A．for which B．that C．of which D．where 選A。
（12）Anyway, that evening, ____I will tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel's place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which 選D。
定語從句的考點(diǎn)之六
關(guān)系代詞as的考查。關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)既可指人又可指物。它只能替代由such，the same等修飾的先行詞；as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，可放于句首，句中或置于句尾，而which則只能置于主句之后。但如果定語從句為否定句或表示否定意義，使用which。As引導(dǎo)的定性定語從句有"正如"之意，而which引導(dǎo)的沒有。 例如：
（13）Our teacher set us such a difficult maths problem _____ we could not work out.
A. that B. which C. as D. even 選C。
（14）Carl said the work would be done by October , _______ personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which 選D。
（15）________ is reported in the newspaper , talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What 選B。
定語從句的考點(diǎn)之七
解題時(shí)要注意題干的內(nèi)容和句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，（進(jìn)行必要的語法分析，弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。）再行答題。例如：
（16）The teacher wanted to teach us ________ he knew at this last lesson.
A. all which B. all what
C. of which D. everything which 選B。
（17）Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment , _______ I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what 選B。
（18） Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _____went wrong again.
A. it repair B. it repaired
C. repaired D. to be repaired 選C。
（19）______is well-known that Antarctica is difficult to reach
A. It B. What C. As D. Which 選 A
（20）_______is well-known , Antarctica is difficult to reach.
A. It B. What C. As D. which 選C。
（21）_______is well-known is that Antarctica is difficult to reach.
A. It B. What C. As D. which 選B。
雖仍定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜，但只要從定語從句的形式上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和用法上來分析理解和比較，就一定就能把握定語從句的用法。