知識歸納（BII，U2）
A: Key Words and Expressions:
1. Which of the news media above is the most reliable? 以上的新聞媒體中哪一種最可靠？
reliable adj. 可信賴的; 可依靠的； 確定的
They are reliable friends. 他們是可信賴的朋友。
Is the source of the information reliable? 那個消息的來源可靠嗎？
[鏈接] reliably adv. 可靠地；確實地 reliability n. 可靠性；可信賴性
2. The man was fired. 那個人被解雇了。
fire的動詞用法
(1) 解雇，開除
The company fired him for not coming to work on time. 那個公司因他不按時上班解雇了他。
(2) 發射
He fired his gun at the big snake. 他開槍打那條大蛇。
(3) 激發（人、感情等），使充滿熱情
The story fired his imagination. 這個故事激發了他的想象力。
3. The man faced difficulties.
(1) face v.t. 面臨（困難等），應付， 面對；（危險、困難等）迫近
可與介詞 to/ towards / on連用
We must face our trouble and bear it. 我們必須正視我們的困難并勇于承受。
The house faces south／the south／to the south．那房子面朝南。
Vt.面臨(困難、危險等)
He faced the difficulty with courage．
He faced the enemy bravely．
[短語]
be faced with 面臨，面對 face up to面對；承擔
face the music接受（不愉快的后果或情況）(對自己的行為結果)負起責任；接受批評)
I was faced with a new problem. 我面臨了新問題。
She couldn’t face up to the fact that she was no longer young.
她無法面對自己不再年輕的現實。
The boy was caught cheating in the examination and had to face the music.
那個男孩被發現考試作弊，不得不接受懲罰。
I must face the music and accept responsibility．我一定接受批評并承擔責任。
If anything goes wrong，“is 1 who will have to face the music．
如果出了什么問題，負責任的是我。
(2) difficulty表示“難，困難”時用作不可數名詞，表示“難題，難事”時用作可數名詞。
e.g. She learned to speak English without difficulty. 她毫無困難地學會了講英語。
We will face many difficulties in the future. 將來我們要面臨許多難題。
l'm in a bit of a difficulty over paying my rent．我對付房租有點困難，
在下列句式或短語中，difficulty是不可數名詞。
have(much／no／1ittle)difficulty with sth．
have／find(much／no／little)difficulty(in)doing sth．
There is(no／1ittle／much)difficulty(in)doing sth．
with／without difficulty困難地／輕易地
I don't have much difficulty with English grammar．我對學英語語法沒什么困難。
She had no difficulty in finding the house．她毫無困難地找到了那間房子。
The patient had difficulty breathing．那個病人呼吸困難。
She found no difficulty in solving the problem．她發現解決那個問題沒什么困難。
There was little difficulty in understanding him．理解他的意思沒什么困難。
She calmed her daughter with some difficulty．她費了力氣才使女兒平靜下來。
He finished the work without much difficulty．他很輕松地完成了工作。
4. The man was generous.
generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的；寬容的；豁達的；豐富的，豐盛的
e.g. He is generous with his money. 他出手大方。
He gave me a generous lunch. 他請我吃了一頓豐盛的午餐。
[鏈接] generous adv. 慷慨地 generosity n. 慷慨大方
5.Below is a list of ten things that happened today. 以下列出了今天發生的十件事。
本句為倒裝句，正常語序應為：A list of ten things that happened today is below.
below看作副詞，表示方位，當表示方位的狀語或表語位于句首時，句子采用全部倒裝的結構，即把謂語動詞的所有組成部分都移到主語之前。這類作狀語或表語的詞常見的有：away, down, in, off, out, over, up, above, below, here, there及介詞短語與分詞。
Here is a seat for you.這兒有你的一個座位。
There goes the bell!鈴響了。
Written on the blackboard are the names of those who were late yesterday.
黑板上寫著昨天遲到的人的名字。
6.France elected a new president.
elect v.t. 選舉，推選
e.g. They elected a president. / They elected him as President.
他們選舉了總統。/ 他們選舉他為總統。
注意：若選舉某人擔任某職位，且該職位只有一個時，通常不用冠詞。
e.g. Our classmates elected him as/to be/our/as our monitor.
They elected the old man to be chairman of the club.他們推選那位老人為俱樂部主席。
[辨析] elect, pick out, choose
elect是指通過正式手續的選舉。
e.g. Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the U.S.A.
羅斯福四次當選為美國總統。
choose通常指在所提供的對象中，憑個人的判斷力進行選擇。
e.g. We had to choose between leaving early and paying for a taxi.
我們不得不在早點動身和雇計程車中間作出選擇。
There are ten to choose from.
pick out比較通俗，指按個人喜好或希望進行挑選，多用于有行的東西。
e.g. She picked out a scarf to wear with the dress.
她挑選了一條圍巾以配上她穿的衣服。
7.Food prices are going up. 食品價格在上漲。
go up上升，增長，提高
e.g. The temperature has gone up.
The lift went up to the fourth floor. 電梯升到了四樓。
8.A house in your city burnt down. Nobody was injured.
你們鎮上一座房子被燒毀。無人員傷亡。
(1)burn down 燒毀；使燒毀【強調破壞性】；（由于燃料燒盡）火力減弱
These houses were burnt down to the ground. 這些房子被燒毀。
The fire is burning down, get some more coal please.
[比較] burn up燒盡，燒光【強調動作的結果】；（火，爐等）燒起來，旺起來
e.g. Put some wood on the fire and make it burn up.
(2) injure v.t. 使受傷；損害，傷害（感情）
She injured herself while skating．她在滑冰時受了傷。
The earthquake killed 2000 people and inured 3000。
地震造成2000人死亡，3000人受傷。
He got badly inured in the accident．在這次事故中他受了重傷。
The injured were taken to hospital．傷員被送往醫院。
Smoking will inure your health．吸煙會損害你的健康。
I hope l didn't inure her feelings．我希望沒有傷害她的感情。
Her refusal inured his pride．她拒絕了他，傷了他的自尊心。
[辨析] injure, wound, hurt, harm的區別：
injure傷害，損害（感情），損害（名譽）。普通用詞，常指各種性質的身體上或精神上的傷害。多指事故中人或物的損傷，包括容貌、生理、身體等。
e.g. In the traffic accident, two were killed and three get injured.
在交通事故中，兩人遇難，三人受傷。
He was so injured in his pride that he stayed at home all day without meeting anyone.
他的自尊受到了如此的傷害以至于他成天待在家里，不見外人。
wound使受傷，傷害，損害，主要指外界暴力或用武器造成身體上較重的傷害，像刀傷、槍傷、刺傷等。多指戰場上受傷，還可以指精神上的創傷。
e.g. The soldier was badly wounded in the head.這個士兵頭部受了重傷。
The bullet wounded his arm.子彈打傷了他的胳膊。
hurt傷害（感情）。普通用詞，沒有injure正式，常用于口語。多用于有生命的東西常指肉體上的傷害，也可以指精神上的痛苦或感情上的傷害。作不及物動詞，表“疼痛”。
e.g. Luckily no one was seriously hurt in the car accident.
The girl fell off her bike, and one of her legs hurt.
harm常用于口語，表示肉體或精神上的傷害均可以，有時可引起不安，不便。
e.g. There was a fire in our street, but no one was harmed.
Getting up early won’t harm you! 早起對你沒有害處。
9.Newspapers and other media do more than simply record what happens.
報紙和其他媒介并不僅僅記錄已發生的事情。
(1) 該句中的do是助動詞，起強調作用，用以加強說話者的語氣。
e.g. Do remember to remind me to return the book I borrowed from you.
(2) more than不僅僅；極為，非常；多于；難以；不能
e.g. She’s more than a teacher to us.
The boy more than smiled but laughed. 這男孩不僅是微笑，而是放聲大笑了。
We are more than pleased with the results. 我們對結果極為滿意。
He has more than 300 pictures.
This room is three time larger than that one.這個房間比那個房間大兩倍。
The old man is two times older than I am. 這個老人的年齡比我大一倍。
That is more than I can tell. 那是怎么回事我實在難說。
①more than + 數詞，意為“……以上；多于……；……有余”。
More than 20 club members attended the meeting．
有20多個俱樂部成員出席會議。
②more than+名詞，意為“不只；不僅僅”。
Peace is much more than the absence Of war．和平不僅僅是意味著沒有戰爭。
③more than+形容詞或副詞，意為“非常；十分；更加；豈止”。
He is more than selfish．他非常自私。
I am more than happy to hear that．聽到這我非常高興。
Her performance was more than good；it was perfect．
她的表演豈止是好，簡直是完美無缺。
④more than + 動詞，意為“十分；大大地；不僅僅”。
He more than smiled；he laughed outright．他豈止是微笑，他簡直是大笑了。
⑤more than．”can／could，意為“不能……”。
The beauty of Hang zhou is more than words can describe．
杭州之美是語言所不能描述的。
That's more than l can tell you，Sir．這一點我是不能告訴您的，先生。
10.Experienced editors and reporters make informed decisions about what events to report and how to report them.
經驗豐富的編輯和記者對于該報道什么事件以及如何報道作出明智的決定。
(1) 句中的experienced(富有經驗的)和informed(見識廣的，有知識的) 都是動詞的過去分詞作定詞，修飾動詞。單個的過去分詞作定語時，通常放在它所修飾的名詞前面。
e.g. a fallen tree一棵倒下的樹 a broken chair一把破椅子stolen cultural relics被盜的文物
(2) informed adj. 明智的，有知識的，了解情況的
e.g. He is a well-informed man.他是個消息靈通的人。
inform的用法:
inform sb. of sth.告知某人某事 inform sb. that/wh-…告知某人
inform sb.＋疑問詞＋不定式
e.g. The singer informed us of their arrival.歌手們把他們到來的消息告訴了我們。
The nurse informed me that visiting hours were over.護士告訴我探病時間已經結束了。
Who informed you when to start? 是誰告訴你們出發時間的？
11.They also make sure that readers can relate to the stories.
他們還要確保報道的內容與讀者的生活密切相關。
relate v.i. & v.t （和～）相關；涉及；把～與～關聯起來
e.g. It is difficult to relate the two cases. 很難把兩個案子聯系起來。
We should learn to relate the results to the causes.
我們應該學會把結果與原因聯系起來看問題。
Light industry is closely related to the people’s life.輕工業與人們的生活有密切的關系。
12.The two reporters agreed to switch roles for once and be the interviewees rather than the interviewers in order to let us know about their work and how the news we read in made.
兩位記者同意交換角色，作一次受訪者而不是采訪者，讓我們了解他們的工作，了解我
們讀到的新聞是怎樣制作和編寫出來的。
(1) switch v. 轉換，改變
e.g. He is always switching jobs. 他總變換工作。
He switched the recorder to the “off” position.他將錄音機擰到“關”的位置。
(2) for once 就這（那）一次
e.g. For once they broke the rule.這一次，他們違規了。
For once our manager came late. 我們的經理這次來晚了。
He beat me for once.他只有一次贏了我。
(3)rather than"而不是；而沒有”
rather than很像一個連詞，前后常用一種平行結構，即前面用名詞，后面也跟名詞；
前面用動詞原形，后也要接動詞即要求前后成分要一致。
He decided to write to rather than (to) phone.他決定寫信而不打電話了。
I’d like to go there in autumn rather than in summer.我愿意秋天去那里而不愿意夏天去。
He was engaging in writing a letter rather than reading a newspaper.
他正忙著寫信而不是看報紙。
He is an artist rather than a politician．他是一位藝術家，而不是政治家。
The colour seems green rather than blue．顏色好像是綠的，不是藍的。
It ought to be you rather than me that sign the letter．
是你而不是我應該在這封信上簽字。，
They were screaming rather than singing．他們在尖叫，而不是在唱歌。
He was engaged in writing rather than reading the newspaper．
他在忙著寫東西。而不是在讀報紙。
She telephoned rather than wrote．她打了電話，而沒有寫信。
I am going to forget the whole affair，rather than cause trouble．
我打算把整個事情忘掉，而不是打算惹麻煩。
rather than后接動詞不定式時，可省略不定式符號to.
She likes to keep things rather than(to)throw them away．
Rather than go there，I'd prefer to stay here on my own．
13.After the interview, the reporter must present the material in an organized way and make sure that the article reflects events and opinions truthfully.
采訪后，記者一定要提交出組織嚴密的材料，并確保文章的真實反映事實和輿論。
(1) present vt.呈現；描述；介紹；贈送
e.g. When will you present your report?你什么時候提出報告？
The government presented cars to the hospitals. 政府向醫院贈送了一些車。
Allow me to present Mr. Brown to you. 請允許我把布朗先生介紹給你。
(2) reflect vt. 反映；表現；反射；映出
This letter is sure to reflect our real opinion.這封信會反映出我們的真實意見。
Does this letter reflect your real opinions? 這封信反映出了你真正的觀點嗎?
Her face reflected how angry she was． 她的臉表示出她多么生氣。
vt．反射；回響
The water reflected the sunlight．日光反射在水面上。
The mirror reflected the heat．那面鏡子反射熱氣。
Mirrors reflect light.鏡子能反射光線。
vt．映出；照出
The lake reflected the trees．湖面映現著樹木的影像。
She was looking at her face reflected in the mirror．
她看著自己在鏡中映出的臉
14.My favourite article is the one I wrote about the efforts to bring stolen cultural relics back to China.我最喜歡的文章是我寫的一篇關于如何努力把被盜的文物帶回中國。
(1) 本句中的one是代詞，用來指代article。one常用來代替前文提到的一種可數的事物。
e.g. I haven’t a pen. Can you lend me one? 指代可數名詞復數用ones。
e.g. On the desk there is a red pencil and two black ones.
(2)effort n. [U,C]努力；艱難的嘗試；努力的結果
e.g. He did it without effort.他毫不費力地完成那件事
[短語] make an effort努力，盡力 spare no effort不遺余力
15.I want to write about people you seldom read about, for example people who have AIDS or who are addicted to drugs.
我想報道那些你們很少能了解的人，如艾滋病患者或者是染上毒癮的人。
(1) seldom adv. 很少；不常；難得
[擴展] 表示否定意義的狀語位于句首時，句子通常采用倒裝句。
e.g. Seldom does he quarrel with others.
Never did I dream of seeing him in America.
Never before have so many people come to see him.
Not a single word did she say.
(2)be / get / become addicted to sth. / doing sth.對…成癮/成癖
e.g. It doesn’t take long to become addicted to these drugs.
服用這些毒品不要多長時間就會上癮。
It’s a pity that her child has got addicted to smoking.真可憐，她的孩子抽煙上癮了。
Some children are addicted to computer games / TV.(喻)
一些孩子玩電腦游戲/看電視上了癮。
He is addicted to practicing Chinese Gongfu.他醉心于練習中國功夫。
16.We shouldn’t ignore what happens even if it is difficult for people to accept some stories.
即使人們對一些現象很難接受，我們也不應該無視眼前發生的事情。
(1) ignore v.t. 不理睬；忽視
e.g. You shouldn’t ignore your father’s advice.你不該無視父親的忠告。
I tried to tell her but she ignored me.我打算告訴她，可是她不理睬我。
(2) even if / even though即使，盡管
e.g. The young man didn’t lose heart even if he had failed many times in finding a job.
這個年輕人沒有放棄，盡管他多次未能找到工作。
17.The media can often help solve problems and draw attentions to situations where help is needed.媒介常可幫助解決難題，使人們關注需要得到幫助的情況。
draw attention to關注某事 draw / attract one’s attention引起某人的注意
e.g. This article will draw attention to farmers and agriculture.
這篇文章獎讓人關注農民和農業問題。
The fallen leaves drew /attracted the worker’s attention.這些落葉引起了那個工人的注意。
He drew my attention to a mistake in my homework.他要我注意作業中的一處錯誤。
18.The result is a better understanding of the world on all sides, leading to a future world where people from all countries are respected and different views and opinions are tolerated.結果會使人們更好地了解世界地各個方面，給人們帶來一個人人受到尊重，不同觀念得到包容地未來世界。
(1) on all sides(=on every side) 在各方面，四面八方
e.g. They were trapped with enemies on all sides.他們四面楚歌。
The enemy were attacking on all sides.敵人從四面八方發起進攻。
(2) tolerate v.t. 容忍，忍受，允許
e.g. I can’t tolerate that loud music / that kind of behavior
.我無法忍受那么響的音樂/那種行徑。
Cheating on exams cant’ be tolerated. 考試作弊是不能容忍的。
19. I would not believe it, but I might check other sources and maybe change my mind.
change one’s mind改變主意
e.g. Since getting to know him better, I have changed my mind about him.
更深入地了解以后，我改變了我對他地看法。
[相關短語] bear / keep in mind 記住 call/bring to mind 使人想起 out of one’s mind 精神錯亂，發狂 never mind 不要緊，沒關系 have sth. in mind 記得某事，想起某事
20.Famous people are often asked for their opinions on current affairs.
名人經常接受采訪、被問及對時事地看法
current affairs 當前的事件；時事
affairs復數形式表示“重要事件，事務”（常用復數形式，且一般不與定冠詞連用）
e.g. The minister deals with important affairs of State.這位大臣處理重要的國務。
current adj. 此刻的，現時的，當前的
e.g. current fashions時裝 current events時事
21. Nine out of ten women who were interviewed about the product said they liked it.
nine out of ten(=nine in ten)十之八九，百分之九十
e.g. Nine out of ten people will not agree with you.
也可以說
Four out of the ten children there can go to school.在那里十個孩子中只有四個可以上學。
22. And I like the way the fans look up to them.
look up to尊敬，敬仰（反義：look down on輕視，看不起）
The young should look up to the old.年輕人應該尊敬老人。
Schoolboys usually look up to great athletes．學生通常尊敬偉大的運動員。
He is a fine chap．I've always looked up to him．他是個好小伙子，我一直尊敬他。
We should look up to him as an example Of devotion to duty．
我們應該尊敬他，把他作為盡心盡職的典范。
23. Americans will fall in love with this game too.
fall in love with愛上（表示動作，不延續）
e.g. I fell in love with her at first sight.我對她一見鐘情。
She fell in love with the house as soon as she saw it.
[比較] be in love (with) 相愛，喜歡（表示延續狀態）
e.g. If you’re really in love with art, you don’t mind hard work.
24. Brave and strong, the activists talked to workers outside the factory…
brave and strong是形容詞作狀語，形容詞或形容詞短語作狀語，通常說明主語行為的原因、方式、伴隨狀況等。
e.g. Cold and hungry, he decided to stop and have a rest. （表原因）
又冷又餓，他決定停下來休息一會兒。
Ripe, the oranges taste sweet.（表方式）這些橘子熟了，味道甜美。
25. The peaceful meeting ended when the company sent out a group of angry men armed with sticks to fight with the citizens.
arm v.t. 武裝，用武器裝備
The robber was armed.那個強盜有武器。
The soldiers were armed to teeth.士兵們武裝到牙齒
arm oneself with ．．．“裝備……；以……為武器”
They armed themselves with machine guns．他們裝備了機關槍。
The crowd armed themselves with sticks and stones．那些群眾以棍棒和石頭當武器。
be armed(with…)“武裝起來；有武器”
He is armed to the teeth．他全副武裝。
The robber was armed．那強盜有武器。
The warship is armed with nuclear weapons．那艘戰艦有核武器。
n．(常用復數)武器；兵器
a man of arms戰士
The people were quick to take up arms to defend their freedom．
那些人迅速拿起武器保衛他們的自由。
26. I’m sure they won’t feel disappointed.
disappoint v.t. 使失望 disappointing adj. 令人失望的 disappointed adj. 失望的
e.g. The book disappointed me.這本書令我失望。
The news was really disappointing.那個消息真令人感到失望。
Are you very disappointed about losing the game?你是不是因為比賽輸了而感到很失望?
27.inform vt.通知；告知
常用于句式：inform sb．of sth．
I informed her mother of her safe arrival．我通知她母親她已平安抵達。
She returned and informed us of their decision.她回來告知我們她們的決定。
后可接從句作賓語。
We were informed that a big fire had broken out in the next town．
我們獲知鄰鎮發生了大火。
His letter informed us how and when he was expected to arrive in Beijing．
他來信通知我們他預定來北京的時間和搭乘什么交通工具。
常用于被動語態或復合結構中。
Has he been informed Of his father's death yet? 告知他父親去世的消息了嗎?
Please keep me informed Of fresh developments．請隨時告知我最新的進展情況。
28.relate vi．把……聯系起來
relate…to／with…把．．．．與．．．．聯系起來
It is difficult to relate these results with／to any known cause．
很難把這些結果與任何已知的原因聯系起來。
I can't relate what he does to what he says．
我無法把他做的與他說的聯系在一起。
常用于被動語態：be related to …“與……有關系”
His fear of people is deeply related to his unhappy childhood．
他對人的畏懼和他不幸的童年有著密切的關系。
Physics is closely related to mathematics．物理學與數學有著密切的關系。
vi. 有關；涉及；常與介詞t。連用。
I want to ask you a question that relates to politics．
我想問你一個有關政治的問題。
That does not relate to him．這并不涉及他。
This letter relates to the sale of the house．這封信有關那房子的銷售。
29．tolerate vt．忍受；容忍
I can't tolerate your bad manners any more．我再也不能容忍你的不禮貌了。
She didn't tolerate his selfishness．她不容許他的自私。
How can you tolerate that rude fellow? 你怎能忍受那個粗野的家伙?
tolerate(sb．／one's)doing sth．“容忍(某人)做某事”
I won't tolerate you／your cheating in the exam．我不會容許你考試作弊。
The government tolerates smoking and drinking but not taking drugs．
政府允許吸煙喝酒但不允許吸毒。
B: 過去分詞在句中可承擔形容詞和副詞在句中的作用，充當定語和表語。
1．過去分詞作定語
(1) 在句中的位置
單個的過去分詞作定語時，位于它所修飾的名詞或代詞前面；過去分詞短語作定語時，位于它所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。
a broken heart一顆破碎的心 a lost dog喪家之犬 a risen sun已升起的太陽
an organized trip有組織的旅行 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯
a trip organized by the league由共青團組織的旅行
a glass broken by the boy被這個男孩打破的玻璃杯
The excited people rushed out of the building.
They found a damaged car at the gate of the park.
(2) 所表示的時間
過去分詞作定語時，所表示的動作或者在謂語所表示的動作之前發生，或者沒有一定的
時間性。
The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.他很快就能收到昨天寄出的信了。
Have you read the books written by the young writer？你讀過那位年輕作家寫的小說嗎？
(3)語法功能
過去分詞或過去分詞短語作定語時，其功能相當于一個定語從句。
The stolen bike belongs to Jack.被偷的自行車是杰克的。
The bike which had been stolen belongs to Jack.
The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection.
張教授所做的報告是關于環境保護的。
The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection.
2. 過去分詞作表語
(1) 過去分詞作表語時，多表示主語所處的狀態。
The door remained locked.門仍然鎖著。
She looked disappointed.她看上去挺失望。
He seemed quite delighted at the good news.聽到這個好消息，他似乎很開心。
(2) 常見作表語的過去分詞有：upset, disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried等。
(3) 有些過去分詞作表語時，構成的謂語很接近被動結構。
Everything is settled down.一切都解決了。
Thank heavens! The boy is saved.謝天謝地，孩子得救了。
The town is surrounded on three sides by mountains.這座小鎮三面環山。