第二單元English around the world
重點句型：
1）While
一、while意為\"當......時候\",指一段時間,不能用來表示一個時間點。
Someone knocked at the door while I was cooking.
While the discussion was still going on, George came in. 當討論還在進行時,喬治走了進來。
二、while意為\"而;然而\",表示轉折。可以用作并列連詞，表示對比意義，譯為“而”，“卻”。
Jane was dressed in blue, while Mary dressed in red. 珍妮穿藍色衣服，而瑪麗卻穿紅色衣服。
三、while意為\"雖然;盡管\",表示讓步。=although
While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. 盡管我承認他的優點,但我還是能看到他的缺點。
四、while意為\"只要\",表示條件。
We can surely overcome these difficulties while we are closely united. 只要我們緊密地團結一致,一定能克服這些困難。
五、while從句中的省略。
當while從句中的主語與主句的主語一致,且含有be的某種形式時,從句中的主語連同be可同時省略。
While listening to the radio, she fell asleep. 她在聽收音機時睡著了。
While in London, he studied music and painting. 在倫敦時,他學習音樂和繪畫。
While on his way here,在來這里的途中
He never dreams while asleep.他睡覺時總來不做夢。
六、while還可以用作從屬連詞，作“在……期間”，“當……時候”講，使用時應注意它與用作從屬連詞的when的區別：
when引導的時間狀語從句，即可表示“一段時間”，又可表示“一點時間”，因此從句的謂語動詞既可以是延續性的，也可以是非延續性的。如：
①I hope to see you when(while)I stay in Beijing on business. (一段時間)當我出差北京時，希望見到你。
②When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out. (一點時間)當鐘敲響十二下時，燈全部熄滅了。
【注意】while引導的時間狀語從句只能表示“一段時間”所以 while從句的謂語動詞應是延續性動詞(或狀態動詞)。例如：
①While I stayed(or was) in Shanghai, I saw her three times. 我在上海期間見到她三次。
如果從句的謂語動詞是延續性的，可以用while也可以用when。例如：
②While(When) we were having a meeting, a stranger came in. 我們在開會時，一個陌生人走了進來。
七、while可用作名詞,意為\"一會兒;一段時間\"。
作名詞用時,主要用于短語中:
1. all the while一直，始終
2. all this(long) while長久,這陣子all this time；有好久for a long time
3. after a while過了一會兒
4. a short/little while ago方才
5. for a while=for a moment一會兒
6. in a little while不久, 沒一會兒
7. between whiles時時；時常
8. once in a while=sometimes偶爾,間或
9. at whiles有時, 時常
10. every little while (=at whiles)有時, 時常
11. it’s worth (sb.’s) while to do(doing) sth.值得做
12. while the time away 消磨時間[while v.=pass]
13. make it worth your while=pay(you)
I haven\'t seen her for a long while.我好久沒有看見她了。
Where have you been all this while?這一陣子你到哪去了?
He usually goes to work by bike, but once in a while he goes by bus. 他通常騎自行車上班,但偶爾也乘公共汽車。
I looked everywhere for the letter, but it was in my pocket all the while. 我到處找那封信,卻不知它一直在我口袋里。
2）What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom?
用It is／was…that／who…句型表示強調。
被強調的部分（通常是句子的主語、狀語、賓語或賓語補足語）放在is／was的后面，如被強調的是人，則后面可用who，whom等代替。例如：
He met an old friend in the park yesterday. 他昨天在公園碰見一個老朋友。
上述句子可以通過強調句型對除謂語以外的不同成分進行強調。如：
It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday. (強調主語)
It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday. (強調賓語)
It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. (強調地點狀語)
It was yesterday that he met an old friend in he park. (強調時間狀語)
如果強調的是特殊疑問句，要用“特殊疑問詞+is/was + it + that +…”結構，表示“究竟是誰……，到底在哪里……”等等。例如：
1. It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
2. It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
3. It was playing computer games that took the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lesson.
4. Who was it that you want to see? 你究竟想見誰？
5. Where was it that you saw the teacher? 你到底在哪里看見老師的？
6. How was it that you found out the accident which happened a month ago?
7. Where was it that you met the foreigner from Canada ?
8. Why is it that you want to change your mind? 你究竟為什么要改變主意？
9. What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom?喬治在浴室里找不到的是什么？
3）Businessmen and tourist often come to China without being able to speak Chinese.來中國的商人和游客往往都不會說漢語。
1. Her face was without expression.她的臉上沒有表情。
2. he went out without being seen by the others.他走了出去，沒有被人看見。
3. He left the room without a word.他一句話沒說就走出房間。
4. We will have to begin without you.我們只好不等你來就開始了。
5. I can't do it without your help. 沒有你的幫助，我不能做這件事
6. Please don't leave without me.請讓我和你一起去。
7. He can’t speak English without making mistakes.他一講英語就出錯。
8. They never meet without quarreling.他們一見面就要吵嘴。
9. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.世上無難事，只怕有心人。
10. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.不犯錯誤者一事無成。
11. Nothing so bad but might have been worse.塞翁失馬，焉知福禍。
12. Nothing is so certain as the unexpected.天有不測風云。人有旦夕禍福。
13.
4）復合賓語
1.with + O. + doing(phrase)
She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.這么多人瞧著她，她感到非常緊張。（原因狀語）
With everyone supporting us we will certainly succeed.大家都支持我們，我們一定能成功。（條件狀語）
He lay there with his eyes looking at the sky, lost in deep thought.他躺在那兒，眼望天空，陷入了深思。
2. with + O. + done( phrase)
With all work done, they went home.全部工作做好了，他們就回家去了。（原因狀語）
The thief was brought in with his hands tied back.小偷被反綁的手帶來。
3.with + O. + to do to do 表示目的、或者將發生、未發生的事
We arrived at the station, with five minutes to go before the last train left.在末班車還有五分鐘開車的時候我們來到了車站。（時間狀語）
With those tractors to help them, the peasants will finish working on the land.有了那些拖拉機的幫助，農民人就能干完地里的活。（條件狀語）
I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash.我有這么多盤只要洗不能出去。
4. with + O. + prep. phrase
The guards stood at the gate with guns in their hands.衛兵持槍站在大門口。（方式狀語）
To my surprise, I saw her with a splendid necklace around her neck today.使我驚奇的是，我看見她今天脖子上帶著一條光彩奪目的項鏈。（賓語補足語）
The teacher came in with some books under his arm.老師j夾著幾本書走了進來。
5. with + O. + adj.
He sleeps with the windows open even in winter.即使在冬天她也開著窗戶睡覺。（方式狀語）
With the weather hot, most of the people can’t sleep at night.由于天氣太熱，許多人晚上睡不著覺。（原因狀語）
Don not talk with your mouth full.嘴里塞滿東西的時候不要講話。
6. with + O. + adv.
He remained silent with his head down.他低著頭一言不發。
He went out with his hat on.他戴著帽子出去了。
Do you know the man with no hat on?你認識那個沒在帽子的人嗎？（定語）
With the breakfast over, the boy hurried to school.吃完早飯，男孩子匆忙去上學。
7. with + O. + n.
He was carried into the hospital, with his face a mass of bleeding flesh.他被抬進醫院時，面部血肉模糊。
The brave man fought the tiger with a stick his only weapon.這位勇士與老虎搏斗時，一根木棍是他唯一的武器。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
= With the homework done, he went out to play.
=The homework done, he went out to play.
= after he had finished his homework, he went out to play.她做完功課后便出去玩了。
1. With lots of waste water to be poured, the drinking water will be badly polluted.
2. With his mother helping him, he is getting on well with his work
3. Tom is coming. With him to help me, I’m sure I will finish the work on time.
4. With your help, I have made rapid progress in my English study.
5. The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes fixed on the wall.
6. With so much electrical equipment, wood and water in one place, there is a danger of fire.
7. For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single pant or tree in sight.
8. With the 28th Olympics held in Athens over, all players from different countries were prepared to return to their own home land.
9. The programs put on last night, of which this was one example, were all well played.
5）that’s why---那就是……的原因[實際上表示結果]
that’s because ---那是因為---[從句表示一種動作或狀態的根本原因]
He didn’t study hard. That was why he failed in the exam.
He failed in the exam. That was because he didn’t study hard.
The reason why he hasn’t come is that he has to send his mother to hospital.
Don’t make the same mistake as you did last time.
I want to use the same hammer I used yesterday.
She is the same woman who came last week.她與上周來的那位婦女是同一個人。
I don’t like such books he likes.我不喜歡他喜歡的那些書。
the same as = the same + (n.)+ as
the same as/the same…as 和……一樣
same 前面必須加定冠詞the; as 表示“與……, 和……”,不能用with 或like。例如:
My dictionary is the same as yours. 我的字典跟你的一樣。
We will do the same experiment as they did yesterday.
我們將做和他們昨天做的一樣的實驗。
注意區別下面的句子:
This is the same pen as he lost. 這支鋼筆跟他丟的那支
鋼筆一樣。
This is the same pen that he lost. 這就是他丟的那支鋼筆。
the same as 表示“同樣的”，the same that 表示“同一的”。
Mary looks the same as before. Mary和以前看上去一樣
He is about the same age as my father.他們和我父親歲數一樣大。
Just as
He came just as I was leaving.我正要走，他來了。
It is just as you said.事情正像你說的那樣。
Electricity flows along a wire just as water flows through a pipe.
You must be very hungry now.
She must be waiting for me.
It must have rained last night.
6）“除...外... ”表達辨析 except for, except, except that, but, besides 和 apart from 的中文意思均為"除...外"，但其具體用法不盡相同。
except （排它的含義）; besides （附加的含義）
except for 不是同類事物 except 為同一類事物
1．besides 除……以外，（還有）。作副詞時意思是“而且，更何況”。
Well all went to the cinema besides Tom.除了Tom外，我們都去了電影院。
It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.
②except除去，除……之外（不再有）。
We all went except John.我們都去了，約翰沒有。
He has always been in good health except in the past days.他一向都是很健康的，這幾天除外。
He never came except when he was in trouble.除了遇到麻煩，否則他總也不來。
在否定句中，兩詞可以換用，如：
He has no other hats except / besides this one.
③except for除了……（對句子主題進行細節校正或附加說明）后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時與except that + 句子意思相同。
The road was empty except for a few cars.除了幾輛車外，這條路空蕩蕩的。
He was very clever except for carelessness.
He is a good man except for hot temper.=He is a good man except that he has hot temper.他是個好人，除了脾氣不好而已。
④except that … 除了……一點以外。
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
⑤but與except
but和except在表示“除了……以外”時可以通用，但應注意以下三點：
①前面有不定人詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時，多用but。
All but one are here.
Nobody but I likes making model ships.
②后接不定式短語為排除對象時，多用but。
He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）
③but與一些固定結構連用。
have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是……
1.except for: 用于非同類事物，它的賓語與前述對象完全是兩回事。
例如： The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty. 這個房間很陰冷，而且除了杰克，完全是空蕩蕩的。 本句中，前述對象是"房間"，而除去的對象是"Jack"，兩者毫無關系。
2.except:指同一類事物的總體中除去一部分，強調的是除去。
如： He gets up early everyday except Sunday. 除星期天外，他每天早起。
有時except與except for可以換用，
如： Except for(=except) John, the whole class passed the test. 全班同學除約翰外，全都通過了考試。
3.表達的語意與except近似，只是后面要跟從句。
如： He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days.除了在過去幾天里有些頭痛之外，他身體一直很好。
4.but:常可與 except互換，強調"不在其中"。
例如： Everyone attended the meeting but Mary. 大家都出席了這次會議，但瑪麗不在其列。
5.besides:強調"除此之外，還包括"。
She can speak French and Japanese besides English. 除英語外，她還會講法語和日語。
6.apart from:其含義主要依據上下文而定，有時可與except換用，有時可代替besides.
Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me. 除價錢太貴，這帽子也不適合我戴。
but 經常用在下列詞之后：
i. any(+n.), anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere
ii. every(+n.),everything, everyone, everybody,everywhere
iii. no(+n.) nothing, no one, nobody, nowhere
iv. what who where
v. all
but 和except 后面可接不定式，當前有動詞do; does; did時，不定式符號to 省去，反之，則一般帶to.
除外
There are ten people in the queue apart from me.除我之外，還有十人在排隊。
Hiking is good exercise as well as fun.徒步旅行除了好玩外，還是很好的運動。
There is no one here but me.這兒除我外，在無其他人。
Expecting Sunday the stores are open daily.
His composition is good, expect for some spelling mistakes.
I know nothing with the exception of what I read in the papers.除了我在報紙上所讀之外，其余一無所知。
In addition to these English, he has to study a second foreign language.第二外語
Do you have any special interests other than your job?除了工作之外，你還有其他特殊興趣嗎？
7）first time first of all“首先，最初，首要” 用來強調中重要性；at first”起初，當初”用來強調時間發生的順序或時間的先后
1． They were invited to an important meeting for the first time.
2． For the first time in his life, he read this kind of horrible book.有生以來第一次，
3． The first time I met him, he was a young man.l.我第一次見到他時，
4． This is the first time that he has left home.這是他第一次離開家。
5． It was the third time you had visited our school.
6． It is (high,about) time you had your breakfast.你該吃早飯了。
7． By the time 到……時候I had been there for two hours by the time you arrived./I will have finished my work by the time(that)you come back.
8． I had no time to finish my homework.
9． It is time that children should go to bed.=It is time that children went to bed.=It’s time for children to go to bed.
10． Each time he came to my city, he would call on me. [every time]
11． By this time到此刻；到現在
12． Every time 1.每次，總是2.無論何時，每當3.毫無例外地，當然
13． Each time每當/next time下次/any time任何時候/the second time第二次+從句 [例如] The second time we met, he replied to many questions./I will lend you the book any time you like.
14． For the time being 暫且；暫時；眼下
15． For a time = for the time being一度，暫時[用于過去時態
16． For some time=for a period of time表示動作持續的“一段時間”
17． From time to time =At times有時；間或= sometimes = now and then=occasionally不時；間或；偶爾now and then 1.not often, occasionally有時候 2.from time to time時常 irregularly, on and off，off and on
18． all the time 1.(在該時間內)一直continuously 2.always向來，一向at all times, first and last
8）They must have finished the second book by the end of last month, hadn’t they?
He must be in the room, isn’t he?
He must have gone to Beijing, hasn’t he?
He must be waiting for me.
a number of ; the number of
a number of + 復數可數名詞”作主語時，如果說話人把此結構當作集合體看待，謂語動詞也可用單數形式。
A number of new products have(has) been successfully trial-produced.許多新產品已經試制成功。
A number of students are(is) absent today. 今天有些學生缺席。
A large number books is(are) lent at the library every day.圖書館每天借出許許多多的書。
An increasing number of students has made use of the library.更多的學生使用了圖書館。
“the number of + 復數可數名詞”作主語，指數量的總和時，謂語動詞應用單數單，但當前面有形容詞的比較級和最高級時，謂語動詞也可以用復數
The largest number of lakes are in Hubei. 湖北省的湖泊最多.
The greater number of them are vilely housed.他們大多數是通過卑鄙手段獲得房子的。
9）
the majority of people 大多數人
most students
most of the students
mostly young
1. the majority of + n. 名詞單數動詞單數/名詞復數動詞復數 [minority少數]
2. the majority 做主語，動詞或單或復數
3. The majority of students is good.[整體]
4. The majority of students are playing on the ground.[個體]
5. a thin majority of 50 votes50票的微弱多數
6. be in majority占多數
10）
a great/good many: a large number of許多。修飾可數名詞復數。
I’m quite busy. I have a great many things to do. 我很忙，我有很多事要做。
若復數名詞前有限定詞或其修飾的為代詞時應加of .
①A great many of the books have been sold out. 已經賣了很多書了。
②A great many of them are out of work.他們很多人失業了。
a great many = a good many = many
a good/great many = a good few +
many a good student = many good students= a good many good students
not a little =quite a little=much
not a few=quite a few=a good few=many
not a bit=not in the least一點也不
only a little=little
only a few=few
more or less somewhat; rather; mostly ; fairly ; nearly ;about
more or less (about,not exactly, almost,nearly) 大約,或多或少,大體上。
I have more or less succeeded and they haven't.我大體上成功了,他們還沒有。
It is a mile, more or less, from his home to the school.( It is about a mile,not exactly.)
John made some mistakes on the test,but his answers were more or less right.
(He did rather well, not very poorly.
Betty believes more or less fairies.( Betty doesn’t believe fully , but more than a little.)
a great many=many=a great number of +n.(pl.)
a great many of them
a great many of the(these, those) books
a great many + 名詞／of代詞，這里一個固定搭配用法，作“許多”，“非常多”解（=a large number of ）. many在句中可用作形容詞，也可用作代詞。
例如：
A great many workers went on stride last week . 上周許多工人舉行了罷工。
Now a great many of them are out of work . 現在他們當中許多人都失業了。
a great many等表示“許多”的詞語
英語中有許多詞語可用來表示“許多”，根據性質可分為三大類。
1)修飾可數名詞復數形式的有 many, a good/great many, quite a few, a large (或great)/small number of等，其后的謂語動詞用復數形式。如：
①A great/good many words and expressions have come into the language from American English.美國英語中的許多單詞和短語進入了這門語言。
②Many have come to visit the old temple. 許多人來是為了看看古廟。
③Quite a few people didn\'t understand this. Very few would accept it. 有許多人不明白這一點。很少有人愿意接受。
④A great/small number of new factories have been set up in my hometown. 我們家鄉建立了許多新的工廠。
Many a man believes the story. 許多人都相信這個故事。 Many a time=many times許多次
A good many men believe the story.許多人都相信這個故事。
▲many和few, a few在句中可作定語、主語，但不能作表語。如只能說I have many/few books, 而不能說 My books are many/few.
▲very many相當于a great/good many, 在程度上比many要強。
▲a number of修飾主語時，謂語動詞用復數形式，the number of…作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。如：
⑤A number of students have done the work well. 許多學生作業做得很好。
⑥The number of the students in our school has risen this year. 今年我們學校學生的數量上升了。
句⑤的 A number of作定語修飾主語 students。句⑥的介語短語 of the students in our school作定語，修飾前面的主語 the number, 表示特指，students 前的冠詞the不能省。
2)修飾不可數名詞的有much, a great deal of, quite a little, an amount of等。其后的謂語動詞用單數形式。如：
①He has spent much/quite a little/a great deal of/a large amount of money on his new house. 他在新房子上花費了許多錢。
②Much/A great deal/Quite a little has been done to stop the noise. 已采取了許多措施來制止污染。
▲much, a great deal和 many一樣，可作定語或主語，而不能作表語，我們一般說 He has much/a great deal of money, 而不說 His money is much(或a great deal)。
▲a great deal后面不接名詞時，不能用介詞of。
3)既能修飾可數名詞，又能修飾不可數名詞的有 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great quantity of等，謂語動詞根據主語是可數或不可數決定單復數形式。如：
①There are a lot of/lots of people in that room. 那個房間里有許多人。
②There\'s a lot of/lots of rice in the bag. 那只口袋里有許多大米。
③They don\'t have plenty of(=enough)rooms to live in/food to eat.
他們沒有足夠的房間住/沒有足夠的食品吃。
a good[great] many很多, 相當多
as many一樣多的, 同樣數目的
as many again兩倍的, 加倍的; 同樣多的
as many as1.; 整整(一般指數目字而言) 2.接動詞, 作 all who 解)凡...都...
be(one) too many for sb.勝過[優于]某人
half as many again多半倍, 一倍半
like [as] so many象許多人一樣; 象同數的...一樣
many a [an, another][后接單數名詞]好些, 許多
many a time多次
many's the time曾有多少次
not so many as沒有...那么多, 少于
Develop vt.1.發展……，使發育
He said it was right to develop heavy industry in this city.他說在這個城市發展重工業是合適的。
Having sports will develop your health.運動會增進健康。
Milk will be helpful in developing a child’s body.牛奶對孩子身體發育有幫助。
2.開發，啟發
It’s important to develop the mind of students in our teaching.在我們地教學中啟發學生的思維是很重要的。
We must develop our good points and overcome our shortcoming.發揚優點，克服缺點
3.產生，逐步顯示出
Don’t let your children develop such a habit.別讓你的孩子養成這樣的習慣。
He developed an interest in gardening.他顯示出對園藝的興趣。
He developed an interest in collecting stamps.她養成了集郵的習慣。
4.沖洗
Films used to be developed in a chemist’s in the past.過去膠片常在藥房中沖洗。
5II. vi.發展，發育，發達
The business is developing rapidly.生意正在快速的發展中。
An interest in cookery developed in Mary when she was ten.在瑪麗十幾歲的時候就有了對烹調的興趣。
Plants develop from seeds.植物從種子長大。
Develop the friendship with sb.
Develop a business開發業務
Develop the mind啟發思維
Develop the natural materials開發自然資源
Develop a film沖洗膠卷
Develop the habit of 養成……的習慣
Develop an interest in 對……產生興趣，養成對……的興趣
Develop into 成長為……
Develop(take)……attitude to(towards)對……采取……態度
With the development of 隨著……的發展
undeveloped country 不發達國家
developing country發展中國家
a developed country發達國家
1. He developed a cough.他咳嗽了。Show signs of (illness)開始（生病）靈活翻譯
2. I develoed a cold this week.這星期我感冒了。靈活翻譯
3. He seems to be developing an illness.他好象要生病。靈活翻譯
4. The is a motor which develops 100 horse power.這是一臺100馬力的發動機。靈活翻譯
5. lung fever develops from flu.肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。
6. He is developing into a good soldier.他在成長為一名好戰士。
7. We must develop the nature resource of our country.我們必須開發我國的自然資源。
8. Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies.新鮮空氣和運動有助于身體健康。
9. When will the film be developed?膠卷什么時候沖洗出來？
10.
n. 成就、事物（表示發展的結果）
Jets are a new development in aviation.噴氣式飛機是航空事業上的新成就。
This is a new development in social problem.這是社會問題中的新事物。
be tired with(from)體力上的“疲勞”表示原因 因……而疲乏
be tired of (be no longer interested in )精神上的“厭倦、討厭”；對……厭倦
be tired of厭煩、厭倦
get/be tired of厭倦于、膩煩，疲倦極了
tire sb. out“使精疲力盡”，使累壞，使疲憊”
I’m tired of persons like him.我討厭他這樣的人。
We are all tired our after a long walk.走了很長的路之后我們精疲力盡了。
I am tired with carrying these boxes.我因辦這些盒子而很累。
too much 1.作主語 2. 修是不可數名詞 3.
Much too 只能修飾形容詞和副詞的原級 much too expensive
Be too much for sb. 對……來說太
bring in : to allow or invite someone to be in a discussion, ect. 意思是“帶進來”，“請進來”，“賺得”，“帶來收入”。
A new topic was brought in yesterday. 昨天一個新的話題被提出來。
The newcomers brought in new customs and new habits.新來的人帶來了新的習俗和習慣。
His vegetable garden brings in $ two a year.他的菜園一年可賺得500元。
They have brought in experts to advise on the project. 他們請來的專家就這項工程提意見。
His job will bring him in two thousand yuan a month.他的工作使他一個月可賺2000元
They have brought in a very good harvest this year.今年他們獲得了好收成。
We’ll bring in a professor to give us a lecture on the difference between American English and British English. 我們準備請一位教授來給我們講一講美國英語和英國英語的差異。
Don’t bring Peter in .He will do nothing to help us . 不要請Peter來，他不會幫我們什么忙的。
His orchards bring(him)in ＄2000 a year . 他的果園每年可賺二千美元。
He does odd jobs that bring him in ten to twelve pounds a week . 他做零工每月可賺十至十二英鎊。
14. end up結束，告終
15. end up as成為
16. end up +adj.
17. end up doing sth.
He ended up as headmaster of the school.最后他成為了這所學校的校長。
Though he worked hard, he ended up unsuccessful.雖然他很努力，但是最后仍未成功
If you don’t watch the road more carefully, you’ll end up having an accident.如果你不特別留神馬路，最后總要出事故的。
stay：連系動詞“保持（某種狀態）”
eg. The windows stayed open all night long . 窗戶整夜開著。
（2）the same … as “和……一樣”
eg. She used the same pen as I（do）她用的筆和我的一樣
1. stay clean/fine/young/open/single[stay=remain,keep]stay停留，暫住，耽擱，中止站住，堅持
2. stay fine/clean/open/seated/in power/
3. stay hidden隱藏起來，藏或躲起來
4. stay closed關門，不營業或不開放
5. stay fine/awake/at home/away from sb. or sth./
6. stay for supper留下來吃晚飯
7. stay in呆在家里
8. stay away外出
9. stay on 繼續停留
10. stay over過夜
11. stay up熬夜，不睡覺
18. stay awake一直醒著
19. stay young一直年輕 handsome; beautiful; single一直不結婚
20. stay still靜止不動
21. stay open一直開著;
22. stay up不睡, 熬夜stop up
23. stay up vi. remain out of bed (not go to bed)熬夜,坐正,坐起來，挺住not fall down
24. stay up doing sth.(伴隨動作)
25. sit up doing sth.(伴隨動作)
26. stop up to do sth.
27. stay at home;
28. stay the night 過夜;
29. stay with sb. 與某人呆在一起;
30. stay in在家里, 不外出; 課后留在學校里
31. stay on繼續呆下去 ;繼續點燃下去 ;繼續處于某種狀態
32. stay out呆在外, 不在家 ;呆到...的結束
33. stay out of不參與...; 不插手; 置身于...之外
The man with broad forehead stared at the boy with wide eyes.那位寬額的人睜大眼睛盯著那男孩
His taste in literature is very broad.他在文學方面的興趣是非常廣泛的。[開明的，豐富的，廣博的]
Broad寬 [側重于幅面的寬廣] 如：肩、背、胸、額
Wide [側重于兩線之間的寬] 河寬 、眼睛
come about發生; (風等)改變方向; 轉帆, 轉航向
happen強調偶然性
take place強調必然性或按計劃而發生
break out指災難性的戰爭、火災、疾病等的爆發
occur指意想不到的事情發生
How did this accident come about?這個事故是怎樣發生的？
They didn’t know how the change had come about.他們不知道這個變化是怎樣造成的。
Sometimes it is hard to tell how a quarrel comes about.有時候很難說口角是怎樣引起的。
How did the differences come about ? 這些差別是怎樣產生的呢？
（1）come about “發生”“造成”
eg. The police are investigating how the accident came about .
警方正調查事故是怎樣發生的。
（2）happen和take place , happen to do
It happens that …
eg. ① The car accident happened under my eyes .
② I happened to meet him in the street yesterday .
③ It’ll happen that I’ll go to your university for a visit .
④ I don’t believe that the accident happened to him .
⑤ The May Fourth Movement took place in 1919 .
1. compare notes about/on sth.=talk about sth.
2. compare notes對筆記,交換意見
3. compared to/with---- 與……相比[用于句首或句尾]
4. compare A to B把A比作B
5. compare A with B A和B相比
6. make a comparison between 把---比較There is no comparison between the two.兩者根本不能相比.
7. beyond compare舉世無雙，無可比擬
8. by comparison相比之下
9. in comparison with與……比較起來
Diffculty 不可數 “困難、費勁”
(no, much, little) difficulty
trouble
have. problem in doing
fun
a hard time
a good time
當不強調是誰有困難時,也可以用
There is (was)some difficulty in doing sth. 這一句型。例如:
There is some difficulty in teaching such little
children. 教如此小的孩子有些困難。
I can’t see any difficulty in it.我看不出這有什么難的。
I find some difficulty in learning English. 我覺得學英語有些困難。
The book is full of difficulties.這本書有許多難點
They carried on the work in spite of the difficulties.盡管有種種困難，還是把工作進行下去
Here is a difficulty for you to get over.
I don’t have much difficulty with English grammar.我在英語語法上沒有多大困難。
I have great difficulty with the boss.我和老板關系很僵。
Please come in and help me out of the (a ) difficulty.請進來幫我解圍。
difficulty可數名詞 “難事、難題”
1. 表示“遇到困難，面對困難，克服困難”
They met with many difficulties in the project.在這項工程中，他們遇到很多困難。
The book is full of difficulties.這本書上難解之處很多。
This paper is full of difficulties.這份考據難題很多。
2. 表示經濟拮據常用復數
He is having financial difficulties.它目前手頭很拮據。
I’m in difficulties, so I can’t buy a new bike.我手頭拮據，所以不能買輛新車。
Be in difficulty(with)遇到---困難
Without difficulty輕而一舉地
With difficulty艱難的
explain sb. (sth.)
how(what etc.) to do sth.
clause
that-clause
explain to sb. that-clause
shout;mention;introduce;announce;express;say;whisper;disclose
report/introduce sth. to sb.
explain ……as……
Please explain your idea to me.
He explained how to use this machine.
why he was late for the meeting.
what this means.
that he had to leave at once.
know和know about的區別
know是vt. 后面跟名詞，代詞，意為“認識”“知道”指人與人之間直接的認識，了解；而know about（of）意為知道，了解關于……的情況，指間接地“了解”，或聽說過某人，某物。
eg. ① I don’t know / about him . 我不認識/ 沒聽說過他。
② I know about（of）her , but I can’t say that I know her .
我知道有其人，但談不上認識她。
know about = know of（知道）
hear of = hear about（聽到）
learn of = learn about（得知）
speak of = speak about（說起）
talk of = talk about（談起）
think of = think about（想到、考慮）
of 側重提及而不涉及詳細情況，不是主題。
about側重詳細情況，是議論得對象、主題。
原因狀語從句表示主句動作發生的原因或理由。引導原因狀語從句的連詞有：because(因為)、as(由于)、since(既然)、now that(既然)等。例如：
I do it because I like it. 因為我喜歡我才干。
As(或Since、Now that)everybody has come, we can set off. 既然大家都到了，我們可以動身了。 As he is honest and modest, all his friends like him.因為他誠實、謙虛，所以他的朋友們都喜歡他。
1)because、since、as、for用法區別。
用because引導的原因狀語從句時，主、從句可以體現出明顯的因果關系，其重點在從句的原因上。because從句所表示的原因往往是人們不知道然而很想知道的原因。可放在句首或句末，并且語氣最強，是唯一能回答why問題的連詞。because從句也可以在對話中單獨使用。例如：
He is absent today because he is ill.他今天缺席，因為他病了。
It was because he is ill that he is absent today.正是因為他病了，才沒來。
since的語氣比because弱，且其引導的從句多放在句首，其原因在說話人看來已很明顯，或已為聽話人所熟知，全句重點在主句上。since一般譯為“既然”或“由于”。例如： Let's put off the meeting till tomorrow since so many people are absent.既然這么多人沒來，我們就把會推到明天吧。
as和since引導原因狀語從句，其含義差別不大，只是wince比as更正式。as表示原因的語氣最弱，常用于口語中。例如：
Since(或As)I was afraid, I hid myself.由于害怕，我藏了起來。
As it is raining, you'd better take a taxi.既然現在下雨了，(所以)你最好乘出租汽車。
for常用作并列連詞。它引導的句子只是對其前的內容加以解釋或表示由產生的結果來推斷造成這種結果的理由，而不表示直接因果關系。for一般放在全句后。例如：
It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨夜下雨了，今早地都濕了。
(for引導的句子不表示“因為今晨地濕，所以昨晚下雨”的直接原因)
【注意】 相反，如果將原句改寫成：
The ground is wet, for(或because) it rained last night.這里for和because都表示因果關系，可交替使用。
2)because一般不與reason連用，
一般不寫成：The reason he is absent from work is because he is ill.
應寫成He is absent from work because he is ill.或
The reason he is absent from work is that he is ill.他沒上班，是因為他生病了。
3)以as、since、now that等引導的原因狀語從句可以放在主句的前面或后面。放在主句前面是為了強調主句所表示的結果；放在主句后面，則強調從句所表示的原因。例如：
As he is working hard, he is likely to succeed.由于他工作努力，所以很可能成功。
He is likely to succeed as he is working hard.他大概會成功，因為他工作努力。
in that 既然，因為(引導原因狀語從句)
Critism and self瞔ritism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes. 批評與自我批評是必要的，因為能幫助我們改正錯誤。
now that 既然(引導原因狀語從句)
since 自從；因為(引導時間和原因狀語從句)
It has been only forty years since television came to control American free time. 電視開始主宰美國人的空閑時間，至今也不過才40年。
Prof. Glom has named them skyscrapers since they seem to be scraping the skies. 格萊姆教授將它們命名為摩天大樓，因為它們似乎已經擦到了天。