Unit 1 How do you study for a test ?
（一）學習目標（Language Goal）
1. Talk about how to study . 學會討論各種學習方法和策略。
2. Find out your suitable learning methods. 找出適合自己的學習方法。
（二）語言結構（Language Structures）
1. Verb + by with gerund by＋動名詞短語 表示“通過…途徑，方法”
2. How questions have引導的特殊疑問句
（三）目標語言 （Target Language）
1. How do you study for tests? 你是怎樣準備考試的？
Well, I study by working with my classmates. 哦，我和同學們一起學習。
2. Have you ever studied with a group? 你曾經(jīng)參加過學習小組嗎？
Yes, I have. I’ve learned a lot that way.
是的，參加過。通過這種方式我學了許多。
3. I don’t have a partner to practice English with.我沒有同伴可以練習英語。
Maybe you should join an English club. 或許，你應該參加一個英語俱樂部。
4. What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?
大聲朗讀來練習發(fā)音怎么樣？
Why don’t you join an English language club?
你為什么不參加一個英語俱樂部呢？
（四）Key words and phrases （重點詞匯）
1. flashcard n. 抽認卡
2. frustrating a. 令人沮喪的
3. memorize v. 記憶，背誦
4. aloud adv. 出聲地、高聲地
5. comma n. 逗號
6. pronunciation n. 發(fā)音
7. solution n. 解決辦法
8. end up 結束，告…終
9. not at all 根本（不）全然（不）
10. make mistakes 犯錯
11. later on 以后；隨后
12. be afraid to 害怕去做
13. laugh at sb. 笑話；取笑（某人）
14. take notes 做筆記，做記錄
15. enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做…樂意做…
16. native speaker 說本族語的人
17. make up 組成、構成
（五）重點、難點：（Key points and difficulties）
1. by 介詞，表示“通過…方法或途徑”的意思，譯成“靠、通過”
by后面可以加名詞或動名詞短語,eg.
（1）The house was destroyed by fire. 房屋被火燒毀了。
（2）travel by air （land , sea）航空（陸路、航海）旅行。
（3）go by train （boat , bus）乘火車（船，公共汽車）去
（4）shake sb by the hand 和某人握手
（5）I study English by watching English movies. 我通過看英文電影學英語。
另外，by作為介詞的含義有很多，我們也已經(jīng)學習過一些用法，總結如下
（1）在…旁邊、靠近
eg. There is a power station by the river. 河邊有一個電廠。
（2）沿著、經(jīng)由 eg. come by the highway 由公路來
（3）由于 eg. by mistake 由于差錯
（4）被、由 eg. some articles written by Luxun. 一些由魯迅寫的文章
（5）（表示面積） eg. a room 5m,by4m 一間長五米寬四米的房間
（6）逐批 eg. One by one 一個接一個
（7）表示方法、途徑 如上
2. “How”questions How 引導特殊疑問句，有兩種含義
（1）表示問候 : eg. How do you do? How are you? How’s everything going?
（2）表示“怎樣”
eg. How is your new house ? 你的新房子怎么樣？
It’s great. 它太棒了。
How do you learn English? 你是怎樣學英文的？
I learn English by reading lots of English magazines.
我通過讀大量英文雜志學習英文。
請同學們注意how和what引導的疑問句是不一樣的，不能混淆。
how通常對程度或方式進行提問，意為“怎么樣”，回答通常做狀語或表語，what 常對動作的發(fā)出者或接受者進行提問，意為“什么”，回答通常做主語或賓語。
試比較：
（1）How is your summer holiday ? It is perfect. （表程度，表語）
（2）How did you travel around the world ?
I traveled by bike. （表方式，狀語）
（3）What do you learn at school ?
I learn Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects.
（學習的科目，做賓語）
3. 在這一單元中出現(xiàn)的話題是“討論如何學習”。
這個話題既有趣又實用，既能鍛煉我們的口語表達能力，又能使我們學到一些實用的方法，對自身的學習大有幫助。如何向別人請教學習方法呢？又如何回答呢？
請誦讀下面的目標句型：
How do you study English? （運用特殊疑問句）
I study by listening to cassettes. （聽錄音帶）
I study by studying with a group. （和小組一起學習）
by watching English programs on TV. （看英語電視節(jié)目）
by enjoying English songs. （聽英文歌）
by taking part in English classes after school . （上課外英語班）
by getting an English tutor. （請英語家教）
by reading English magazines and newspaper . （讀英文雜志、報紙）
by surfing the internet. （網(wǎng)上沖浪）
by making flashcards. （制作單詞認讀卡片）
by reading the textbook. （讀教科書）
by asking the teacher for help. （請教老師）
by making vocabulary lists. （列單詞表）
by taking notes carefully . （認真記筆記）
by having the English class carefully . （認真上課）
by finishing my homework seriously . （認真完成作業(yè)）
Do you learn English by …? （用一般疑問句）
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Have you ever studied with a group? （用完成時態(tài)）
Yes, I have. I’ve learned a lot that way.
What about listening to cassettes? ［用what about ＋動名詞 提問］
I do that sometimes. I think it helps.
4. 學會評價各種學習方法的優(yōu)劣（Comment on the ways of learning English）
看到了上面各種各樣的學習方法，有些眼花繚亂。其實，并不是所有的方法都適合自己。我們要學會判斷、評價，然后才能選擇最適合自己的.用哪些語言才能表達自己的評價呢？請看下面的目標句型：
I think studying English by …is…because …
如：I think studying English by working with a group is a good way because you can ask others when you have questions.
I think surfing the internet is a bad way because you have to use a computer and always waste your time.
這個句型較長是個復合句，出現(xiàn)了由because 引導的原因狀語從句。進入初三后，我們在寫作表達時，要避免再使用僅僅由because 引導的句子，而要寫完整的句子。
如：不能寫B(tài)ecause I slept late . 意思不完整，不清晰
要寫成I missed the early bus because I slept late .
這樣，有原因，有結果，才是完整的句子。
5. 找出自己在英語學習中的困難（Find out your own difficulties in learning English）
要選擇適合自己的學習方法，還必須清楚自己的困難所在，然后才能有的放矢。
learning English can be difficult . What things are difficult for you ?
我們如何來表達自己學習中遇到的困難呢？如何給出建議呢？請誦讀下面的目標句型：說出困難：
I have a problem. I can’t remember the new words.
I can’t pronounce some of the words.
I can’t understand spoken English.
I always make mistakes in grammar.
I read very slowly.
I don’t know how to speak English well.
給出建議：
You should read English aloud.
Listening can help.
Why don’t you join an English language club to practice speaking?
Would you mind remembering new words by flashcards?
Please try to talk with your friends in English as much as possible.
（請注意不同句式的運用）
6. 選擇適合自己的學習方法（Choose your suitable learning ways）
通過以上各個環(huán)節(jié)的學習，我們終于可以完成最后的目標:選擇適合自己的方法。
如何表達呢？目標句型如下：（注意要給出原因，練習使用because）
I (don’t) think I can study English by … , because …
（1）I think I can study English by listening to English songs because I love music too.
（2）I don’t think I can get an English tutor because I want to learn by myself at home.
找到適合自己的方法，寫出至少五句。
（六）3a in Section A 疑難解釋
eg. He asked his mother to buy him a new bicycle.
他請求他母親給他買一輛新自行車。
2. Many said they learnt by using English .
許多（學生）說他們通過使用英語來學習。
Many在這里是代詞，而不是形容詞，意為Many students.
Many is a large number of something.
例如：We can put away many of these plates . We don’t need this many.
我們可以把許多盤子收起來，用不著這么多。
eg. I felt frustrated at that time. 那時，我覺得很沮喪。
類似的還有:
請同學們在學習中注意收集.
4. not at all 根本不，全然不
eg. My brother did not like the scarf at all.
not經(jīng)常可以和助動詞結合在一起，at all 則放在句尾
5. get excited 變得興奮起來 get是系動詞，有“逐漸變得”的含義
get + adj
eg. get mad 生氣 get clear變得清楚了
The long journey got the children all tired.
長途旅行使得孩子們疲憊不堪。
6. end up doing sth 終止做某事，結束做某事 后面加動名詞短語
相當于finish doing sth.
但要注意與stop doing sth. 的區(qū)別
eg. We had to stop singing because somebody knocked at the door.
另外，end up with … 以…結束
The party ended up with her singing. 晚會以她的歌唱而告終。
7. 在3a中，出現(xiàn)了大量的動名詞。我們有必要了解動名詞的結構及用法，動名詞即動詞的ing形式，相當于名詞，在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語定語等。
eg.
（1）I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of learning.
doing …為動名詞短語，做從句中的主語，而listening 做定語，修飾practice.
（2）I’m enjoying learning English . （動名詞短語做賓語）
（3）Seeing is believing 眼見為實（Seeing 做主語，believing 做表語）
（七）3a in Section B 疑難解析
1. First of all , it wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher.
首先，對我而言，聽懂老師的話并不容易。
first of all 首先
It is (was) …for sb to do sth .
在這個句型中，不定式做真正的主語，it是形式主語。
2. 一些詞組
laugh at sb 嘲笑某人
take notes 記筆記
enjoy doing sth 樂意做某事
be impressed 深受感動的
3. 在這篇文章中，出現(xiàn)了許多表示順序或承接的連詞或詞組。這些詞使全文流暢、生動、層次清晰，條理清楚。在寫作中，正確使用連接詞，會使文章增色不少，提高檔次。在文章中，出現(xiàn)的詞有：
first of all 首先
to begin with 一開始
later on 后來、隨
also 也、而且（用于肯定句）
either 也（用于否定句）
so 因此
then然后
【模擬試題】
I. 翻譯下列單詞或詞組
1. 令人沮喪的________ 2. 背誦、記憶________
3. 出聲地、高聲地________ 4. 發(fā)音（v.）________
5. 解決方法________ 6. 根本不________
7. 結束做某事________ 8. 犯錯________
9. 害怕做某事________ 10. 說本族語的人________
11. 笑話某人________ 12. 做筆記________
13. 喜歡、樂意做某事________ 14. 組成、構成________
II. 連詞成句
1. study , How , you , do , for , test a
__________________________ ?
2. by study listening to , I , cassettes
__________________________.
3. you , do , by , learn , reading , English , aloud
__________________________?
4. should , find , you , pen pal a
__________________________.
5. can’t , a lot of , I , new , words , memorize
__________________________
III. 將下列方法及理由搭配起來，組成相應的句子
Ways
1. by memorizing the words of pop songs
2. by reading English magazines
3. by using English
4. by studying grammar
5. by watching English movies
6. by joining the English club at school
7. by having conversations with friends
Reasons :
A. because we can practice more and study English well.
B. because the native speakers speak too quickly.
C. because it is a great way to learn sentence structures.
D. because we can get lots of practice and also have fun.
E. because it is the best way to learn new words
F. because we get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese
G. because it can help us learn new words
Model : （1）I think I can study English by listening to English because I love music .
（2） I don’t think I can study English by getting an English tutor because I will spend too much money .
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. __________________________
6. __________________________
7. __________________________
IV. 寫作：談一談自己學習的情況，包括你遇到的困難，你的解決方法以及未來的學習計劃。50字左右 （使用網(wǎng)稿中提供的目標語言）
My English learning
（A）
People living in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred languages in the world. Each contains many thousands of words. A very large dictionary, for example, contains four or five hundred thousand words. But we do not need all these. To read short stories you need to know only about two thousand words. Before you leave school , you will learn only one thousand or more .
The words you know are called your vocabulary. You should try to make your vocabulary bigger . Read as many books as you can. There are a lot of books written in easy English for you to read. You will enjoy them. When you meet a new word, find it in your dictionary. Your dictionary is your most useful book.
Training Base （閱讀理解練習）
根據(jù)短文選擇最佳答案：
1. The number of different languages spoken is about ______.
A. 150 B. 15,000 C. 500 D. 1,500
2. Before you leave your school, you’ll learn _____.
A. only two thousand words
B. five hundred thousand words
C. more than one thousand words
D. three or four thousand words
3. To make your vocabulary bigger, you must ______.
A. get as many dictionaries as you can
B. read as many books as you can
C. buy a lot of books
D. have a very large English dictionary
4. You will enjoy ______.
A. the books written in easy English
B. your dictionary
C. your new words
D. finding new words in a dictionary
根據(jù)短文翻譯下列句子：
5. A very large dictionary, for example, contains four or five hundred thousand words.
___________________________________
6. There are a lot of books written in easy English for you to read.
____________________________
（B）限時閱讀
Small children often laugh at the short ones or at someone who isn’t dressed as well as they are . But as they grow up , they learn not to hurt people’s feelings by laughing at their problems . They learn to laugh at other things. Most important they learn to laugh at themselves.
Suppose （假設）you’re playing a game . You make a mistake and lose. Do you become angry? Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time? Suppose you are at a special dinner. You at times spill （濺）some food . Why keep worrying about how clumsy （笨拙）you looked ? Why not laugh it off and enjoy yourself any way? If you can, it’s a good sign you’ve really grown up.
Answer the questions
（ ）1. This article is mostly about ______.
A. why laughter is good for your body B. what you should laugh at
C. where you may laugh D. who you may laugh
（ ）2. The writer says small children laugh at people who ______.
A. have problems B. not to be worried
C. dress well D. play games
（ ）3. Next the writer shows how laughter could help you ______.
A. not to spill food B. not to be worried
C. not to enjoy yourself D. to grow up
（ ）4. The most important thing is to learn how to laugh at ______.
A. jokes B. pictures C. children D. yourself
（ ）5. The writer shows how laughter could help you not to ______.
A. make a mistake B. lose game C. become angry D. try again
【試題答案】
I. 1. frustrating 2. memorize 3. aloud 4. pronounce
5. solution 6. not at all 7. end up doing sth
8. make mistakes 9. be afraid to 10. native speaker
11. laugh at sb 12. take notes 13. enjoy doing sth 14. make up
II. 1. How do you study for a test? 2. I study by listening to cassettes.
3. Do you learn English by reading aloud? 4. You should find a pepal.
5. I can’t memorize a lot of new words. （答案不唯一）
III. 1. I think I can study English by memorizing the words of pop songs because it is the best way to learn new words.
2. I think I can study English by reading English magazines because it can help us learn new words .
3. I think I can study by using English because we can practice more and study English well.
4. I think I can study by studying grammar because it is a great way to learn sentence structures.
5. I don’t think I can learn English by watching English movies because the native speakers speak too quickly.
6. I don’t think I can study English by having conversations with friends because we get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese.
7. I think I can learn English by joining the English club at school because we can get lots of practice and also have fun .
IV. 略
V. 閱讀
A. 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A
5. 比如，一本大字典包含40萬到50萬個單詞
6. 有大量的簡易英語讀物，你可以閱讀。
B. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C