第 20 單元
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
本單元圍繞造紙這一題材，讓同學(xué)們通過閱讀"Paper"一文，深刻認(rèn)識(shí)我國古代勞動(dòng)人民的智慧及紙的發(fā)明對(duì)世界的影響。
單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ.詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
四會(huì)單詞和詞組：ink , come out , throw away , metal , pot , form , at the same time , include , Spain , Spanish , engine , rocket
三會(huì)單詞和詞組：development , print , printing , press , method , lightly , unknown , everyday , net , fishing net , sheet , describe , steam
Ⅱ. 交際英語
Prohibition and warnings 禁止和警告
1 . You can't / must not…
2 . You'd better not do it .
3 . Don't smoke ! / Don't be late !
4 . Look out ! / Take care ! /Be careful !
5 . If you… , you'll
6 . Be sure not to ( you don't ) …
7 . If you don't want to…you'd better…
8 . If you dare… , you'll…
9 . Look out for…/Be careful with…
Ⅲ. 語法學(xué)習(xí)
定語從句與其近似句型簡析
⒈ ⑴ It is such a modern machine few of the workers know how to operate it .
⑵ It is such a modern machine few of the workers know how to operate .
A. which B. that C. as D. the one
析：⑴ B ⑵ C 句 ⑴ 是 such … that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。句 ⑵ 是定語從句，先行詞 前有 such 修飾時(shí)用 as 引導(dǎo)，as 在定語從句中作 operate 的賓語。
⒉ ⑴ Is this museum they visited last week ?
⑵ Is this the museum they visited last week ?
⑶ Is this farm you used to work ?
A. where B. that C. in which D. the one
析：⑴ D ⑵ B ⑶ A 句⑴、⑵是定語從句：句 ⑴ the one 是先行詞，后面省略了 that 。 句 ⑵ 關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語從句中作 visited 的賓語，此句還可用 which 或省略關(guān)系代詞。句 ⑶ 是 where 引導(dǎo)的表語從句。
⒊ ⑴ is well known to us all , the earth goes around the sun .
⑵ is well known to us all that the earth goes around the sun .
A. That B. As C. It D. Which
析：⑴ B ⑵ C 。句 ⑴ 是由 as 的非限制性定語從句，代替后面整個(gè)句子。句 ⑵ 是it 引導(dǎo)的主語從句。 it 是形式主語，真正的主語是 that 引導(dǎo)的從句。
⒋ ⑴ I have two sisters , are doctors .
⑵ I have two sisters , and are doctors .
A. both of them B. both of whom
C. neither of them D. each of whom
析： ⑴ B ⑵ A 。句 ⑴ 是定語從句， 因從句中動(dòng)詞是 are ，所以只能選 B ，而不能選 D 。句 ⑵ 因有并列連詞 and ，所以是并列句，再根據(jù)主謂一致原則，只能選 A 。
⒌ ⑴ I'll never forget the days I spent with him .
⑵ I'll never forget the day I was born .
A. when B. that C. on which D. both A and C
析：⑴ B ⑵ D 。 句 ⑴、⑵都是定語從句，句 ⑴ 中 that 在從句中作 spent 的賓語，還可用 which ，也可省略。句 ⑵ when 在定語從句作狀語，也等于 on which ，故選 D 。
⒍ ⑴ Was it October 1 , 1949 the People's Republic of China was founded ?
⑵ Was it on October 1, 1949 the People's Republic of China was founded ?
A. in which B. on that C. that D. when
析：⑴ D ⑵ C 句 ⑴ 是 when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，句 ⑵ 是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，特別注意句 ⑵ 中 October 之前的 on 。
⒎ ⑴ He is the only one of the students who the accident .
⑵ He is one of the students who the accident .
A. knows B. know C. had known D. known
析：⑴ A ⑵ B 句⑴、⑵都是定語從句，在" the ( only ) one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句"結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞是 one ，而不是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。但是在" one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句"句型中，先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
⒏ ⑴ Do you know the fact the sun is brighter than the moon ?
⑵ Do you understand the easiest fact he explained to you just now ?
A. that B. which C. the one D. as
析：⑴ A ⑵ A 句⑴是 that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句， that 在從句中不作任何成分，不能省略。句 ⑵ 是 that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句， that 在從句中作 explain 的賓語，因先行詞 fact 之前有最高級(jí)限制 easiest ，故只能用 that ，不可用 which 。
⒐ ⑴ This is the best reason he could give at the meeting .
⑵ This is the reason he didn't go to school this morning .
A. why B. that C. which D. because
析：⑴ B ⑵ A 。 句 ⑴ 是 that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，that 在從句中作 give 的賓語，因先行詞 reason 之前有 best 修飾，故只能用 that 。句 ⑵ 是 why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，相當(dāng)于 for which 。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
是定語從句還是狀語從句 ？
你在做這樣一道選擇題時(shí)，該選哪個(gè)答案呢？
While reading the book , we'd better make a mark we have any question .
A. at which B. at place where C. in which D. where
你或許要選擇選項(xiàng) A 或 C ，因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為此句含有一個(gè)介詞 + which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，然而句中的" mark "在邏輯意義上并非先行詞，因?yàn)槲覀儧Q不是在 mark 上有任何問題，所以 A 和 C 都不是正確選項(xiàng)。那么選擇 B 正確嗎?回答是否定的，雖然選項(xiàng) B 中的"place "可以充當(dāng) where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞，但單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞被限制性定語從句表特指的概念，" place "前應(yīng)有 冠詞" the "。正確選項(xiàng)只能是D 了，即是由 where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句，此句中的 where 等于 at the place where 。再看下列句子。
I'd like to take the pictures where stands the ancient tower . 我想在古塔那個(gè)地方照幾張像。
Please put the chair where it was when the meeting is over . 請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)后把椅子放回原處。
Young people should go where they are badly needed . 青年人應(yīng)該到最需要他們的地方去 。
以上三個(gè)句子均含有 where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句，句中的 where 可分別是由 in the place where , at the place where , to the place where 等替換。綜上所述，引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的 where 通常可由適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~ + the place + 關(guān)系副詞 where 替換，只要我們抓住這個(gè)關(guān)鍵就不難準(zhǔn)確判斷和使用 where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句和地點(diǎn)狀語從句。最后再請(qǐng)?jiān)囎鱿铝羞x擇題。
⒈ Many old people like to live there are many trees and flowers .
A. in which B. the place where C. in the place where D. which
⒉ This kind of bamboo grows best it is wet and warm .
A. which B. in which C. where D. the place in which
⒊ Africa is actually connected with Asia at the spot the Suez Canal was dug .
A. which B. in the place where C. the place where D. where
⒋ This is the laboratory we made the experiment the other day .
A. in the place where B. that C. which D. where
⒌ The nurse asked the children to sit they were .
A. at place where B. where C. the place where D. which
答案：1-5 CCDDB
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
單元重點(diǎn)詞匯點(diǎn)撥
1 . develop 用作及物動(dòng)詞，有四種意思。
〖點(diǎn)撥〗( 1 ) 發(fā)展……，使發(fā)育。例如：
He said it was right to develop heavy industry in this city . 他說在這個(gè)城市發(fā)展重工業(yè)是合適的。
Having sports will develop your health . 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)增進(jìn)健康。
Milk will be helpful in developing a child's body . 牛奶對(duì)孩子身體發(fā)育有幫助。
( 2 ) 發(fā)揮，開發(fā)，啟發(fā)。例如：
They are developing a new coal mine . 他們?cè)陂_發(fā)新煤礦。
It's important to develop the mind of students in our teaching . 在我們的教學(xué)中啟發(fā)學(xué)生的思維是很重要的。
( 3 ) 產(chǎn)生，逐步顯示出。例如：
Don't let your children develop such a habit . 別讓你的孩子養(yǎng)成這樣的習(xí)慣。
He developed an interest in gardening . 他顯示出對(duì)園藝的興趣。
( 4 ) 沖洗。例如：
Films used to be developed in a chemist's in the past . 過去膠片常在藥房中沖洗。
2 . 用作不及物動(dòng)詞，表示"發(fā)展"，"發(fā)育"，"發(fā)達(dá)"。例如：
The business is developing rapidly . 生意正在快速的發(fā)展中。
An interest in cookery developed in Mary when she was ten . 在瑪麗10歲的時(shí)候就有了對(duì)烹調(diào)的興趣。
Plants develop from seeds . 植物從種子長大。
A chicken develops in the egg . 雞雛在蛋中孵化。
另外，注意下列幾個(gè)句子的翻譯。
China is a developing country . 中國是發(fā)展中國家。
America is a developed country . 美國是發(fā)達(dá)國家。
There are many undeveloped countries in Africa . 在非洲有許多不發(fā)達(dá)國家。
2. 名詞 + 介詞 + 同一名詞
〖點(diǎn)撥〗y(tǒng)ear by year年年；每年，arm in arm 手挽手地，back to back 背靠背地，bit by bit 漸漸，day by day 逐日地，drop by drop 一滴滴地，end to end 頭尾相接，eye to eye 看法完全一致， ( an ) eye for ( an ) eye 以牙還牙，face to face 面對(duì)面地，hand in hand 手?jǐn)y手地，heart to heart 推心置腹地 ( 坦白 ) ，little by little 慢慢地，man to man 真誠 ( 坦率地 ，one by one 依次，shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地，step by step 逐步地，time after time 反復(fù)多次地 ( 再三 ) ，victory after victory 一個(gè)接一個(gè)的勝利，week after week 一周接一周地，word for word 逐字 ( 字對(duì)字地 ) ，year after year 一年接一年地
3. ink墨水；油墨（不可數(shù)名詞）
We are running out of ink .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗a bottle of ink一瓶墨水。in ink = in pen = with a pen 用墨水寫字。
4. method方法；辦法
This method is still being used in most schools all over the world .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗method指相當(dāng)精心擬訂的一組方法，強(qiáng)調(diào)按步驟或系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行實(shí)施的效率和精確性，常于介詞with連用，with these methods用這些方法。means作"方法"是單復(fù)數(shù)一樣，常與介詞by連用，by this / that means用這 / 那 種方法。way是常用的方法，不需要技巧性，常于介詞in連用，in this way用這種方法。
5. unknown不知道的
It is unknown to everyone . 那是人人都不知道的。
〖點(diǎn)撥〗sth / sb is unknown to sb某人或者某物是……所不知道的。注意該詞在下面句中的反意疑問句仍用否定形式：What he wanted was unknown to me , wasn't it ?
6. sheet成幅的薄片；薄板；一張；被單
two sheets of glasses兩片玻璃。a sheet / piece of paper一張紙。
Please use a fresh sheet of paper for the next question .
Mother put the clean sheets on the beds for the guests .
7. include包括；包含
This plan includes most of your suggestions .
〖點(diǎn)撥〗注意including可以作介詞用，如：
The rent is 80 yuan a month , including water and electricity .
試對(duì)比其在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法。
Everyone went to the exhibition , me included ( = me being included).
8. trip , journey , travel , tour
〖點(diǎn)撥〗trip 是旅行和訪問的總稱。在英國，trip 通常指短程的觀光旅行；在美國則包括搭乘短程交通工具以至徒步遠(yuǎn)足的所有旅行。例如：
a bus trip 汽車旅行，a business trip 出差
Four people are planning a bicycle trip . 有四個(gè)人計(jì)劃一次自行車旅行。
How long will it take you to complete the trip ? 走完全程需要多長時(shí)間 ?
journey 常指長距離的、直接到達(dá)目的地的旅行。例如：
a day's journey 一天的行程，a journey by rail ( train ) 坐火車旅行
該名詞與動(dòng)詞搭配時(shí)，可表達(dá)"旅行"這一動(dòng)作。例如：
Why are you making this journey 你們?yōu)槭裁匆鬟@次旅行 ?
可用 make a journey 也可以用 take a journey ; 還可以用 go ( start , set out ) on a journey . 等來表示"外出旅行"。
如果把人生也看作一次 journey，那么，He went on his last journey . ( 他踏上了人生的最后旅程。 ) ，實(shí)際是"死"的委婉說法。同樣 This is his journey's end . ( 這是他旅途的終點(diǎn)。 ) 與"他的死期已到。"意思完全一樣。
travel 也泛指旅行。如：
Which do you like better , sea travel or air travel ? 你比較喜歡海上旅行還是空中旅行 ?
I met a large number of people during my travel through America . 我到美國去旅行期間碰到了很多人。
travel 與 trip , journey 的最大區(qū)別在于：travel 是不可數(shù)名詞，不能與冠詞 a 連用。比較以下正誤：
［ 誤 ］I hope you had a good travel .
［ 正 ］I hope you had a good journey .
需要注意的是：盡管 travel 作"旅游、旅行"講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，不與冠詞 a 連用，但是卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式 travels。這時(shí)，travel 可用來指包括訪問過好幾個(gè)地方的一次長時(shí)間的特別是海外的旅行。例如：
Did you go to Paris during your travels ? 你在旅途中有沒有去巴黎 ?
travels 還可以指"游記"、"游行筆記"，尤其指國外的"游歷"，用于此義時(shí)切不可用作單數(shù)。比較：
［ 誤 ］You should write a book on your travel .
［ 正 ］You should write a book on your travels .
tour 意為"周游"，常帶有根據(jù)一定的路線、事選預(yù)定了一些逗留地點(diǎn)，最后仍回到原出發(fā)點(diǎn)的含義。例如：
a tour round the world 環(huán)球旅行；a cycling tour 騎自行車旅游
它還可用來表示到許多地方觀光游覽，強(qiáng)調(diào)路線的曲折，也可用來指小區(qū)域的參觀。
We made a tour round a factory yesterday . 昨天我們游覽了一個(gè)工廠。
除此之外，voyage 指水上和空中的游歷、旅行，行程不分長短；outing 指短程的郊游、外出野 餐，常用于口語中。
單元詞組思維運(yùn)用
1. Chinese characters漢字
2. in history在歷史上
There are many such examples in history .
Do you like to watch "Today in History"on TV . 你喜歡看電視上的"歷史上的今天"嗎？
注意：當(dāng)history后有定語時(shí)常用：in the history of在……歷史中。如：
He is one of the most important writers in the history of Chinese literature .
3. come out出來，出版；開花，發(fā)芽
How did the printing come out ? 字是什么時(shí)候印出來的 ？
When will the book come out ?
China Daily comes out every day .
I think the roses will come out next week .
注意：come out不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
4. back-to-front背面朝上
When you engrave a seal , you have to carve the characters back-to-front . 刻圖章時(shí)，你得刻反字，將字的背面朝上。
5. throw away丟掉；浪費(fèi)掉
After you printed the book , you had to throw away the carved pieces of wood .
The fish goes bad . Do throw it away .
6. use … for把……用作
We use brooms for sweeping floors .
What do you often use for sharpening your pencils ?
7. keep records of保存……的記錄；把……記錄下來
What did people use for keeping records in the past ?
Better keep a record of what you spend .
8. in (other) parts of在……（其它）地區(qū)
Rice is grown in many parts of China .
Such kind of fruit can be found in the southern part of this country .
However , in other parts of the world , much of the history over hundreds of years is completely unknown .
9. over hundreds of years在幾百年間，數(shù)百年來
10. tie … together把……捆在一起。tie … to … 把……系在……。
11. for use作為之用
It is too valuable for everyday use . 這東西作為日常之用太貴重了。
12. again and again = over and over again , time and again 一再；再三
13. beat …flat把……打平
The fibres joined together and were beaten flat . 那些纖維絞在一起，被打平。
14. in a sheet成薄紙狀
The fibres were dried in a sheet . 那些纖維經(jīng)干燥后而成薄紙。
15. after a time過了一段時(shí)間
16. as early as早在……
Colour printing was also invented by the Chinese as early as the 10th century .
17. hold a competition舉行比賽
18. win a prize獲獎(jiǎng)
Who won the first prize in the 100-meter race ?
19. with the development of隨著……的發(fā)展
With the development of science , people will be able to find out more secrets of the universe .
20. put to use加以利用
We should put weekends to good use . 我們應(yīng)該好好利用周末。
He puts his holidays to good use and gives a helping hand to the old .
21. do good to sb = do sb good 對(duì)某人有好處
What good can it do to us ?
Doing morning exercises will do good to you .
22. take / have lessons聽課，學(xué)習(xí)
On Sunday , we can take lessons in foreign languages and computer science .
單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)思路明晰
1 . The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years . 中國人造紙已經(jīng)有兩千年的歷史了。
句中謂語 have been making 是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，即由"have/has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞"構(gòu)成。這種時(shí)態(tài)主要表示在以前這一段時(shí)間里一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，該動(dòng)作可能仍在進(jìn)行，也可能剛停止。該句用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示"中國人在兩千年前已開始造紙，'造紙'這一動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)至今，而且將繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。"這種時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別主要在于它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在某一段時(shí)間一直在進(jìn)行，該動(dòng)作通常有現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果。例如：
Father has been working in this car factory for ten years . ( 指他現(xiàn)在仍在這家汽車廠工作，而且將繼續(xù)在這里工作。 )
Father has worked in this car factory for ten years . ( 指他至今為止在這家汽車廠工作了十年，至于今后是否還在這里繼續(xù)工作，要視具體情況來定。 )
2 . As there was no paper in these countries , no records were kept . 由于這些國家沒有紙，因此，也就沒有史料記載。
( 1 ) as 在此作連詞，意為"因?yàn)椋患热?，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，常置于句首，主要表示明顯或以為明顯的原因。例如：
As it's sunny , I'll go for a walk .
As she didn't come , we left without her .
( 2 ) no 當(dāng)形容詞作定語時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 not a , not one 或 not any , 可修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，也可修飾單數(shù)名詞。no 修飾的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式視 no 后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。例如：
There's no telephone in our house .
There's no buses in this part of town .
3 . Although these were much more useful than the metal pots , they were still difficult to read and were very heavy to carry . 雖然這些比鐘鼎文有用得多，但是讀起來還很費(fèi)勁，拿起來也很重。
( 1 ) much more useful than…中的 much 為副詞，修飾比較級(jí)，表示程度。類似的還有 a lot , a little , far , even , still 等。
It's much/far/a lot colder today than yesterday .
Now it's raining even/still harder than before .
( 2 ) difficult to read 和 heavy to carry 都屬于"形容詞 + 不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式在形容詞后面作狀語。在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式用主動(dòng)表式表示被動(dòng)含義，它和句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓搭配關(guān)系，能夠用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞主要有 easy , hard , difficult , light , cheap , important , interesting 以及它們的反義詞等。例如：
The old man is hard to get along with .
These novels are very interesting to read .
4 . This kind of paper was as soft and light as silk but much less expensive . 這種紙和絲帛一樣輕柔，不過便宜得多。
less 和多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞可以構(gòu)成比較級(jí)，正如 more 一樣，但二者意思相反。此句中的 less expensive 即 cheaper。例如：
This story is less interesting than that one .
I think making model planes is less difficult than making model ships .
【妙文賞析】
Two Mistakes
For a long time Dr Smith had wanted to get a better job in a certain big modern hospital . He was appointed to a particular position which he wanted , and his wife moved to the house which they were now to live in . The next day some beautiful flowers were sent to them , with a note which said , " Deepest sympathy (沉痛悼念). " Naturally , Dr Smith was angrily to receive such an unusual mote , and telephoned the shop which had sent the flowers to find what the note meant .
When the owner of the shop heard what had happened , he apologize to Dr Smith for having made the mistake .
" But what really worried me much more , " he added , " is that flowers which ought to have gone to you were sent to a person who had just died , with a card which said , 'Congratulations on your new position . ' "
很久以來，史密斯醫(yī)生一直想在某一家大型的現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)院找一份比較錫樣的工作，這一天終于盼來了。他被任命為他想干的特殊位置，而他的妻子也搬進(jìn)了他們現(xiàn)在住的房子。第二天送來一些鮮花，里面夾著一張條子，上面寫著： " 沉痛悼念 " 。
接到這樣一張奇特的字條，史密斯醫(yī)生自然很生氣，于是便給鮮花店打電話詢問怎么回事。
當(dāng)?shù)昀习迓犝f發(fā)生的情況時(shí)，他忙向史密斯醫(yī)生道歉，說是送錯(cuò)了。
" 但真的使我更擔(dān)心的是， " 他補(bǔ)充道， " 本應(yīng)該送到你那里的鮮花卻送給了一個(gè)剛死的人，鮮花里面夾著一張卡片，上面寫著：'祝賀你搬遷新居。' "
【思維體操】
Can you answer the following funny questions ?
1. Why does time fly ?
2. Why did the girl put sugar under her pillow (枕頭) ?
3. What kind of dog never bites ?
4. Name five days of the week without saying ： Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , Friday , can you ?
5. What bee is good for your health ?
答案：1. To get away from all the people who are trying to kill (消磨)it . 2. She wanted sweet dreams . 3. A hot dog . 4. The day before yesterday , yesterday , today , tomorrow , the day after tomorrow . 5. Vitamin B (維生素B與B同音)
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語法發(fā)散思維
關(guān)系代詞 who 和 that 的用法區(qū)別
在定語從句中，若先行詞指人。其關(guān)系代詞可用 who，whom , 也可用 that。
The girl who ( that ) is speaking at the meeting is our monitor .
※ 在下列情況下多用或須用 who。
1 . 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，多用 who。
Do you know the man who spoke just now ?
The doctor who treated me was very experienced .
2 . 先行詞 all , anyone , one , ones 等時(shí)，多用 who。
All who heard the news were excited .
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished .
3 . 先行詞為 those 和 people 時(shí)，多用 who。
Those who want can see sometimes act just as foolishly .
4 . 在非限制性定語從句中須用 who。
Tom's father , who is over sixty , still works hard .
Mr Green , whom you saw in the library yesterday , will teach us physics next term .
5 . 在被分隔的定語從句中須用 who。
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German .
6 . 在以 there be 開頭的句子中多用 who。
There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster .
7 . 一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞是 that , 另一個(gè)須用 who。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard .
※ 使用 that 的幾種情況。
1 . 若先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。 He is the finest comrade that I have ever worked with .
The first person ( that ) I visited there was Mr Green .
2 . 先行詞前有 the same , the only 等修飾時(shí)。
She is the same teacher that was praised the other day .
She is the only person that understands me .
3 . 當(dāng)主句是以 who 或 which 開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)，定語從句須用 thet，以免與先行詞重復(fù)。
Who is the boy that was here just now ?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this ?
4 . 若先行詞兼指人與物時(shí)，須用 that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about .
5 . 若關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語，一般須用 that。
He is not the man that he used to be .
He is not the naughty boy that he was five years ago .
【動(dòng)腦動(dòng)手】
單元能力立體檢測
A. 單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)精練
1 . - Has your teacher moved into the new building ?
- Not yet . The building ____ .
A . being built B . is building C . is being built D . is built
解析：本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中 A 不能用作謂語，排除。B 是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，而主語是物，不是正確答案 ( 主語是物時(shí)，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài) ) 。C、D 都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式，但根據(jù)上、下文，用 C ( 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài) ) 比較恰當(dāng)。
2 . The reason why he was late was ____ he had taken a wrong bus .
A . what B . whether C . now D . that
解析：這是一個(gè)含有兩個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句。why he was late 是定語從句，修飾 the reason；空白處以后應(yīng)為表語從句。陳述句作表語時(shí)，應(yīng)用 that 引導(dǎo)，故本題答案是 D。
3 . - I don't think I can walk any farther .
- ____ . Let's stop here for a rest .
A . Neither an I B . Neither can I C . I don't think so D . I think so
解析：根據(jù)語境，尤其是 Let's stop here for a rest 的暗示，空白處詞意應(yīng)為我也不能。因?yàn)?C、D 明顯與題意不符。A、B 中都有 neither，但 A 中的動(dòng)詞明顯與前句不一致，故答案應(yīng)為 B。
4 . Has ____ been decided ____ the artist will attend the meeting ?
A . it ; that B . that ; that C . it ; it D . that ; /
解析：本題測試的是主語從句及 it 的用法。根據(jù)句意可知：句子后半部分是主語從句，由 that 引導(dǎo)，前邊用 it 作形式主語，故答案是 A。另外，也可把 It has been decided that…作為一個(gè)慣用句型記憶，表示"……已經(jīng)被決定"。
5 . When I came into his room , Mr Black was reading ____ novel .
A . a new interesting historical B . an interesting historical new
C . a new historical interesting D . an interesting new historical
解析：本題測試幾個(gè)形容詞連用時(shí)的詞序排列問題。幾個(gè)形容詞連用，哪個(gè)在前，哪個(gè)在后，不是隨意排列的。一般情況下，緊挨名詞的形容詞應(yīng)是說明名詞的用途或說明具體內(nèi)容的；前面是表示形狀、狀態(tài)的形容詞；再前面是表示性質(zhì)的形容詞。本題的答案為 D。多個(gè)形容詞連用時(shí)的順序是較復(fù)雜的問題，做題時(shí)應(yīng)多讀幾遍，認(rèn)真體會(huì)語感和平時(shí)的使用習(xí)慣。
6 . What is the difference ____ the pronunciation ____ these two words ?
A . with ; in B . in ; between C . at ; among D . about ; between
解析：本題重點(diǎn)測試 among 和 between 的區(qū)別和 difference 后的介詞搭配。句尾是"two words"，顯然 A、C 搭配不當(dāng)，應(yīng)予排除。difference 常用介詞 in 連用，表示"在……方面不同"，答案是B。再如：What's the difference in temperature between the day and the night ? ( 白天和夜晚的溫差是多少 ? )
7 . The harder you ____ , the better progress you ____ .
A . will work ; will make B . work ; have made
C . work ; will make D . will work ; make
解析：根據(jù)句意，前一句的意思是先決條件，后一句是結(jié)果。所以，work hard 和 make progress 的動(dòng)作有先后之分，故前一空用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，后一空用將來時(shí)。答案是 C。
B. 單元關(guān)鍵句型練與析
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)所給中文提示完成下列句子，注意每空填一個(gè)詞 。
1 . 起初人們不喜歡她。
________ _______ _______ ______ people didn't like her .
2 . 其余的學(xué)生都是女孩。
________ _______ _______ the students _______ all girls .
3 . 他過去常常在六點(diǎn)鐘起床。
He ________ _______ get up at six in the morning .
4 . 他們異口同聲地說"對(duì)"。
They said "Yes"_______ _______ _______ _______ .
5 . 他教書謀生。 He makes a living _______ _______ .
6 . 別扔舊這些舊報(bào)紙。
________ _______ _______ the old newspaper .
7 . 寫這封信花了我一整天的時(shí)間。
________ _______ _______ the whole day _______ _______ the letter .
8 . 據(jù)信他已去了上海了。
________ _______ _______ _______ he has gone to Shanghai .
9 . 隨著城市的發(fā)展，越來越多的人來到城里。
________ _______ _______ of the city , more and more people have come to live in it .
10 . 我姐姐畢業(yè)后一直在這所中學(xué)工作。
My sister _______ _______ _______ in the high school since her graduation .
答案與簡析： 1 . In/At the beginning。表示"在開始時(shí)"，"起初"用 in/at the beginning。 2 . The rest of … were/are。表示"其余的"，"剩下的"，要有 the rest of …結(jié)構(gòu)。其謂語動(dòng)詞要視 of 后面所跟 的內(nèi)容用單或復(fù)數(shù)形式。 3 . used to。表示"過去常常"用 used to do sth . 結(jié)構(gòu)。 4 . at the same time。"異口同聲"即同時(shí)，應(yīng)用 at the same time。 5 . by teaching。表示"用……方式"，"靠……手段"應(yīng)用 by doing sth . 結(jié)構(gòu)。 6 . throw away。"扔掉"是一習(xí)語，用 throw away。 7 . It took me…to write。表示"干某事花了某人多少時(shí)間"用句型 It takes sb . some time to do sth . 。 8 . It is believed that。表示據(jù)說 ( 信、報(bào)到、了解…… ) ……要有"It is/was + 過去分詞 ( said , believed , reported , known… ) + that"這一結(jié)構(gòu)。 9 . With the development。表示"隨著……"要用"with + 復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)"。 10 . Has been teaching。表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到說話時(shí)刻還在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
【創(chuàng)新園地】
下面這篇短文共240多個(gè)詞，請(qǐng)將它縮寫成130 - 150詞。將短文的第二人稱改為第一人稱。
If someone asks you how you can make yourself always happy , you will perhaps find that it is rather difficult for you to give him a proper answer . Do you remember an old saying : "No human being ( 人類 ) can really be happy who is not giving or trying to give happiness to others . " ? If you are always thinking of taking more from others and giving them less , you will not be able to have happiness in your life though you are very rich .
Do you want to make yourself happy every day ? here is an easy way for you . If each of you follows it , there will soon be an end of many unhappy days of yours . When you get up early in the morning , you should decide to make the day happy one to others . It is easy to do a small thing given to one who needs it , a kind word to our unhappy neighbour , little help to a friend of your own , no matter how important .
Try to teach yourself to think first of others and last of yourself . Learn to give up your own pleasure or your own way when it is necessary to do so , then you may know it is much happier to give than to receive . Always remember selfishness ( 自私 ) is the greatest course of the human race ( 人類 ) .
（請(qǐng)同學(xué)們寫好后把答案反饋給我們）
【創(chuàng)新園地】答案
We can make ourselves happy if we help others live happily . As everyone knows : "No human being can be really happy who is not giving or trying to give happiness to others . " The way to make ourselves happy every day is to make the day a happy one to others . We can give someone a small thing in need , say a kind word to our unhappy neighbour , or offer a friend of ours unimportant help - these are enough to give happiness to others , and also to ourselves.
We should think first of others and last of ourselves . We should give up our own pleasure or our own way when necessary . It is much happier to give than to take . Selfishness is the greatest course of the human race .
Mainly Revision
四、同步題庫 Ⅰ.單詞拼寫
1.With the (發(fā)展)of industry, great changes have taken place in the
factory
2. (竹子)can be used to make paper.
3.Do you know the history of (印刷術(shù))?
4.They carved Chinese (字)on stones.
5.Could you (描述)the necklace to me?
6.But who would send their children to an (不出名的)young women?
7.There is a (方法)in doing anything.
8.My (建議)is that we should have a meeting right now.
9.These pieces of paper will stick if you (壓)them together.
10.Are all well (準(zhǔn)備)for the entrance examination?
Ⅱ.完形填空
It is true paper cannot last long .But is there any (1)that would last as long as (2)and as easy to write(3)as paper? The babylonians(巴比倫人)(4)(5)a large library of a king of the Babylonia. whose (6)were made of clay (黏土).
This is the (7)these boos were made. They(8)made a sheet of clay of the proper (9)and thickness, and (10)on it with a sharp(鋒利的)stick. These books of clay,(11)they had been dried and (12) in an oven(爐灶),could last (13)as long as stone.
Such books will not (14)up in a fire (15)be spoiled(損壞)by wetness; nor will they be (16)by mice or rats. It is true that they could be(17),but the pieces can be gathered up and (18)together .The Englishman(19)to work a long time with broken sheets discovered there before he (20) them all together properly.
There were 30,000 sheets in the library. Every book was made(21)many sheets, as our books have many (22).It was ,of course, impossible to (23)them together as we(24)now with our books ,so all the clay sheets had to be (25)and the name of the book placed on every one.
1.A.paper B.material C.book D.cloth
2.A.bamboo B.wood C.plastics D.stone
3.A.on B.for C.With D.in
4.A.invented B.sold C.discovered D.found out
5.A.borrowed B.bought C.unearthed D.chose
6.A.covers B.houses C.walls D.books
7.A.skill B.way C.story D.means
8.A.then B.first C.even D.soon
9.A.size B.thinness C.colour D.area
10.A.painted B.cut C.pointed D.wrote
11.A.while B.after C.whether D.even if
12.A.fired B.wrapped(裹住) C.cleaned D.smoked
13.A.exactly B.hardly C.almost D.only
14.A.turn B.keep C.break D.burn
15.A.so B.also C.nor D.not
16.A.carried B.eaten C.used D.stolen
17.A.broken B.burned C.wetted D.remembered
18.A.sewn B.thrown C.fitted D.kept
19.A.wanted B.had C.remembered D.stopped
20.A.did B.toted(合計(jì)) C.turned D.started
21.A.from B.by C.of D.up of
22.A.pages B.words C.sentences D.leaves
23.A.sew B.look C.stuck D.put
24.A.make B.tie C.hold D.do
25.A.counted B.copied C.numbered D.painted
Ⅲ.閱讀理解
(一)
How much paper do you use every year? probably you can't answer that question quickly. In 1900 the world's use of paper was about one kilogram for each person in a year. Now some countries use more than 200 kilograms of paper for each person in a year. The amount (總數(shù))of paper a country uses shows how far advanced(先進(jìn)的)the country is, some people say. It is difficult to say whether this is true: different people mean different things by the word"advanced".But countries like the United States, England and Sweden certainly use more paper than we use today ,was first made in China .In Egypt and West, paper was not very commonly used before the year 1400.The Egyptians wrote on papyrus(草紙);the Europeans used parchment(羊皮紙)for many hundreds of years. Parchment was very strong; it was made from the skin of certain young animals. We've learnt some of the most important facts of European history from records that kept on parchment.
1.Which of the following statements is true?
A.No one knows how much paper each person uses every year.
B.Someone knows how much paper each person uses every year.
C.It is not easy to know how much paper each person uses every year.
D.Each person used about one kilogram of paper in 1900.
2."The more paper a country uses,the less advanced it is ."The statement i .
A.true B.not true
C.half true D.difficult to say whether it's true
3.Which of the following statements is true?
A.Paper was not used until 1400 in Egypt and the West.
B.Paper was used before 1400 in Egypt and the West.
C.Paper was never used before 1400 in Egypt and the West.
D.It was not until 1400 that paper was used in Egypt and the West.
4.Papyrus and parchment were used .
A.before 1400 B.after 1400
C.in 1900 D.many hundreds of years later
5.Parchment was used .
A.to keep important facts of European history
B.to keep records of European history once
C.to make paper
D.to learn history
(二)
One day an English worker forgot to put in sizing(膠水)in the making of paper, and the final product was useless.
There was a large quantity of it and the factory owner hated having to throw it away. He thought he would use it himself to make notes on. However, he found it impossible to use it even for notes. The ink spread all over the paper and was completely absorbed(吸收).
It suddenly came to his mind that the "spoiled(損壞的)paper"might be a new product which would be used to dry ink .At that time people used sand (沙) to dry ink .It was a long process(過程).The"spoiled paper",however, seemed to dry up ink very quickly, so the owner named it"blotting paper".Within a few weeds he had sold all his"spoiled paper".Thus a new and popular product had been born.
6.Why did the factory owner keep the spoiled paper?
A.Because he was sure it would sell well.
B.Because he wanted to use it to absorb ink.
C.Because he needed a lot of paper to make noted on.
D.Because he didn't want to see so much paper wasted.
7."The spoiled paper"was popular because .
A.it was quite cheap
B.it had many different uses
C.it absorbed ink much more quickly than sand
D.it was fit to make notes on
8.Blotting paper is a kind of paper which can be used to .
A.draw pictures B.dry wet ink marks
C.make notes on D.write words on
9.We can guess from the passage that the factory owner would .
A.make more blotting paper
B.not make this kind of paper any more
C.ask the workers to put more sizing in the making of paper
D.find it difficult to sell all the spoiled paper out
10.The best title for the passage is .
A.An Experiment B.The Making of Paper
C.A Useless Product D.Paper Discovered by Chance
Ⅳ.短文改錯(cuò)
Before men knew how write ,clever men could 1.
pass on his knowledge only to the people 2.
could hear them to speak. These listeners could 3.
repeat what they heard ,but in memory only. 4.
Whatever they did not remember was losing. 5.
Writing changed all of this. Written knowledges 6.
lives on long after the lifetime of the write. 7.
Today we can used the information and knowledge 8.
which has been gathered for thousand of years. 9.
When people the first learned to write, they 10.
began to record the stories they had always known and liked.
答案：Ⅰ. 1. development 2.Bamboo 3.printing 4.characters 5.describe 6.unknown 7.method 8.suggestion 9.press 10.prepared Ⅱ. 1～5 BDACC 6～10 DBBAD 11～15 BACDC 16～20 BACBB 21～25 DDADC Ⅲ. 1～5 DBBAA 6～10 DCBAD Ⅳ.1.howΛto 2.his→their 3.刪去 to 4.√ 5.losing→lost 6.knowledges→knowledge 7.write→writer 8.used→use 9.thousand→thousands 10.刪去 the