一、非謂語動詞種類及句法功能
概述：
在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式（the Infinitive）；動名詞（the Gerund）；現在分詞（the Present Participle）；過去分詞（the Past Participle）。
1、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同有：
1）如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
2）都可以被狀語修飾：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
3）都有主動與被動, “體”式（一般式；進行式；完成式）的變化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（謂語動詞被動語態）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（動名詞的被動式）
We have written the composition.（謂語動詞的完成時）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（現在分詞的完成式）
4）都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.（謂語動詞的邏輯主語）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語）
We are League members.（謂語動詞的主語）
We being League member, the work was well done.（現在分詞的邏輯主語）
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有：
1）非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
2）非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
3）非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。
二、非謂語動詞用法：
（一）動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。
1、不定式的形式：
主 動 被 動
一般式 to write to be written
進行式 to be writing \
完成式 to have written to have been written
否定式 not + (to) do
1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之后，例如：
I’m glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2、不定式的句法功能：
1）作主語：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用形式主語it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
2）作表語：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
3）作賓語：
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
4）作賓語補足語：
在復合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態時，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
5）作定語: 動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關系：
A）動賓關系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介詞，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：
Have you got anything to sent?
Have you got anything to be sent?
B）說明所修飾名詞的內容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
C）被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：
He is the first to get here.
6）作狀語：
A）表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right: To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
B）表結果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調：
I visited him only to find him out.
C）表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
D）表程度：
It’s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
7）作獨立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.
8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。
If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.
9）不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）動名詞：
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1、動名詞的形式：
語 態
式
主動語態
被動語態
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定式：not + 動名詞
1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
2）被動式：
He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
4）完成被動式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
5）否定式：not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。
6）復合結構：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2、動名詞的句法功能：
1）作主語：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It’s no use quarrelling. 爭吵是沒用的。
2）作表語：
In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產卵。
3）作賓語：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認），deny（否認）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
4）作定語：
He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
5）作同位語：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
（三）現在分詞：
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式：
現在
及 物 動 詞 write
不及物動詞go
分詞
主動語態
被動語態
主動語態
一般式
writing
being written
going
完成式
having written
having been written
having gone
否定式：not + 現在分詞
1）現在分詞的主動語態：現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生，常作狀語。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作業，他開始打籃球。
2）現在分詞的被動語態：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作，完成式表示發生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2、現在分詞的句法功能：
1）作定語：現在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前，如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. 正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改為the man who is speaking.
2）現在分詞作表語：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時，也可能是現在分詞做表語，它們的區別在于be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
3）作賓語補足語：
如下動詞后可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
4）現在分詞作狀語：
A）作時間狀語：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。
B）作原因狀語：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團員，他經常幫助他人。
C）作方式狀語，表示伴隨：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
D）作條件狀語：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
E）作結果狀語：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結果摔得粉碎。
F）作目的狀語：
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
G）作讓步狀語：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
H）與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽車時，一只鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已經賣光了，他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
H）作獨立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。
（四）過去分詞：
過去分詞只有一種形式：規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求，要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1、過去分詞作定語：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當于一個被動語態的定語從句。
2、過去分詞作表語：
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態是系表結構，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被動）
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（開水） fallen leaves（落葉）
newly arrived goods（新到的貨） the risen sun（升起的太陽）
the changed world（變了的世界）
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、過去分詞作賓語補足語：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
4、過去分詞作狀語：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間）
Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 雖然被告之危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。（表示讓步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進山洞。
5、過去分詞與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的書期末時都還了，圖書管理員很高興。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他開始撒種子。
1. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _______.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
2. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
3. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told
him ___ .
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
4. We agreed ____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
5. Pall doesn't have to be made ____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
6. The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to
play
10.1 would appreciate ____ back this afternoon.
A. your calling B. you call C. you re calling D. you to
call
11. She didn't remember ____him before.
A. having met B. have meet C. to met D. have met
12. -The light in the office is still on.-Oh, I forgot ____ .
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having
turned it off
13. There are a few books on the shelf. But only one of them is ____ .
A. worth to read B. worth being read C. worthy of reading D.
worth reading
17. They know me very well, they had seen me ____ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
18. Students made it a rule _____ some reading in English every morning.
A. to do B. do C. does D. doing
19. ____ with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful.
A. To compare B. Compared C. Compare D. Comparing
20. ____ from space, the earth, with water ____ 70% of its surface, looks
like a "Blue Blanket.
A. Seen; covered B. Being seen; covers C. Seeing; covering D.
Seen; covering
21. It’s your turn to do the washing up and it’s no use ____ to get out of
it.
A. you to try B. your trying C. you are trying D. you try
22. He is planning to have the wall _________light blue.
A. paint B. painted C. to paint D. painting
23. She worked late into the night, ____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. prepared C. preparing D. was preparing
24. The girl has to practise ____ the piano two hours per day.
A. to play the B. to play C. playing the D. playing
25. -I don’t know ____ with the problem.-Why not ____ your teacher for
advice?
A. what to do; to ask B. how to do; to ask C. what to do; ask
D. how to do; ask
26. I find these problems are easy ____ .
A. to work out B. to be worked out C. in working out D. to
be worked them out
27. I’ve been waiting for an hour ________me the phone call.
A. to give B. for you giving C. of you to give D. for you
to give
28. Have you had the nurse _______ your son s temperature?
A. to take B. taking C. take D. taken
29.She pretended _________ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not
seen
30. We have been looking for the boy all the morning, but she is nowhere
_______.
A. to see B. to be see C. being seen D. seen
31. Stop running and you will feel your heart _______ .
A. beat B. beating C. beats D. is beating
32. Once ____, it will never be forgotten.
A. see B. seen C. you see D. to be seen
33. He will not come unless _______.
A. invited B. inviting C. isn’t invited D. to
invite
35.Let’s try ______the work another way, for we should try ____ everything
done in time.
A. to do; to get B. doing; getting C. doing; to get D. to do;
getting
36. -How do you like my motorbike?
-It's very nice, but would you ____ park it here?
A. not B. not to C. to not D. don't
37. -I don’t understand that sentence.-Let’s get John ____ that sentence
again.
A. explain B. to explain C. explained D. explaining
38. -I wish I could buy one of those beautiful dogs.
-I’m afraid that they wouldn't allow ____ in the hotel.
A. you keeping it B. that you keep it C. you to keep it D.
you keep it
39. -How was the concert last night?-It was ____ .
A. disappoint B. disappointed C. to disappoint D.
disappointing
41. Mary said. “Give me a chair _____.”
A. to sit B. sat on C. sit on D. to sit on
42. Little Jim should love ____ to the theatre this evening. .
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
43. -Are you going to do some reading tonight?
-No, I don’t feel ____ tonight.
A. like to read B. like I’m going to read C. reading D. like
reading
44. -You’ve been taking a lot of nice photos.
-Thanks, I m considering ____ a professional photographer.
A. becoming B. about become C. to become D. about becoming
45. -Did you say I could use your car?
-Yes certainly, but would you mind ____ just yet?
A. not to take it B. taking it not C. not take it D. not
taking it
46. The President was sitting on the chair ____ by his supporters.
A. surrounding B. to surround C. surrounded D. to be
surrounded
47. -A man was killed. -Where is the body of the ____ man?
A. murder B. murdered C. murdering D. having murdered
48. -Is there anything you want from town?-No, thank you. I would like to
get ____ .
A. those letters mailed B. mailed letters C. to mail those
letters D. those letters mail
49. ____ English is as important as ____ English.
A. Spoken; written B. Speaking; written C. Spoken; writing D.
Speaking; writing
50. The sun shines brightly in the sky, ____ us light and heat.
A. to give B. given C. giving D. being given
Keys: 1-5 CCACB 6-10 ADCCA 11-15 ACDAB 16-20 AAABA 21-25 BBCCC
26-30 ADCAB 31-35 BBABC 36-40 ABCDD 41-45 DADAD 46-50 CBAAC