高三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)材料（1）
定 語(yǔ) 從 句
一、基本概念：
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。如：
Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?
That is the house where he lived ten years ago.
定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語(yǔ)從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作從句中的一個(gè)成分。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有：that, who, whom, whose, which;
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why.
二、關(guān)系詞的用法：
（一）關(guān)系代詞的用法：
1． 作主語(yǔ)用who, which和that, 如：
He is the man who/that lives next door.
The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.
2． 作賓語(yǔ)用whom, who, which, that, 如：
The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.
Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?
注：在非正式文體中，用于指人的關(guān)系代詞who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文體中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that 在非正式文體中也通常省略，但在正式文體中一般不省略。
3． 作定語(yǔ)用whose, 如：
(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.
(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.
注：“whose +名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語(yǔ)從句中既能作主語(yǔ)（如上a句），又能作賓語(yǔ)（如上b句）。whose 的先行詞常用來(lái)指人，但有時(shí)也可以用來(lái)指具體事物或抽象概念，這時(shí)可以與of which 結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)
4． 作表語(yǔ)只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但時(shí)常省略。如：
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.
（二）關(guān)系副詞的用法：
1．when 指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，它的先行詞通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：
I still remember the time when I first became a college student.
Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?
注：when時(shí)常可以省略，特別是在某些句型和某些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中。如：
Each time he came, he did his best to help us.
But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.
2．where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。它的先行詞通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,
city, town, country等，如：
This is the hotel where they are staying.
I forget the house where the Smiths lived.
注：where有時(shí)也可以省略。如：
This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
3． why指原因或理由，它的先行詞只有reason。如：
That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.
注：why時(shí)常也可以省略。如：
That is the real reason he did it.
(三) 使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)：
1． 這三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which. 如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.
The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.
This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.
2． 當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間的time, day等和表地點(diǎn)的place, house等時(shí)，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which或that, 缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，才能用when或where，試比較：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.
3． when和where既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。而why 只
能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
三．限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1．限制性定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的情況，對(duì)先行詞起限定作用，與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，也不可省略，否則全句意義就不完整。如：
This is the telegram which he refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
2．非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，沒(méi)有限定作用，它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散，因而不是關(guān)鍵性的，如果省略，原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時(shí)要有停頓，在文字中通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。如：
This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.
引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。
另外，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句從意義上講，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，在口語(yǔ)中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人們通常用并列句或簡(jiǎn)單句來(lái)表達(dá)。如：
I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.
= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.
Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.
3．兩種定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)涵不同，限制性定語(yǔ)從句具有涉他性，而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句具有 唯一性，這在理解和翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。試比較：
All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.
All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.
His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. （只有一個(gè)）
His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. （不止一個(gè)）
4．有時(shí)，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的不是某一個(gè)詞，而是整個(gè)主句或是主句中的一個(gè)部分，這時(shí)一般采用which或as來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：
He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.
注：（1）as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前，而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。
They are hollow, which makes them very light.
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.
（2）從意義上講，which指前面主句的內(nèi)容；而as指代的是作為一般人都知道的常
識(shí)性的東西，因此常譯成“就象… …那樣”。
（3）如果定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容對(duì)主句的內(nèi)容起消極作用，則用which，而不用as，如：
She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.
He tore up my photo, which upset me.
5．在正式文體中，以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常以in which或 that 引導(dǎo)，如：
The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
但在非正式文體中，人們通常省略in which或 that :
The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.
I don’t like the way (that) you laugh at her.
四．關(guān)系詞的選擇
1． 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)，只能用who 指人，which指物；關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)，常用whom（口語(yǔ)中有時(shí)用who）指人，which指物，它們都不能用that代替。
2． 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，不論是在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，還是在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)介詞前置時(shí)，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介詞后置，則不受這種限制，關(guān)系代詞還可以省去，特別是在口語(yǔ)中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?
The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.
3． 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用which或that，二者常可以互換；但在下列情況中，只能用that，不用which：
(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等詞時(shí)。如：
All that can be done has been done.
In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.
(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定詞所修飾時(shí)。如：
We heard clearly every word that he said.
(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。如：
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.
When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
(4) 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，以及先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容
詞最高級(jí)同時(shí)修飾時(shí)，如：
Is that the best that you can do?
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.
This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.
(5) 當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the very book that I want to find.
(6) 當(dāng)先行詞為指人和指物的兩個(gè)并列名詞詞組時(shí)。如：
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.
(7) 當(dāng)主句是以which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。如：
Which is the car that killed the boy?
4. 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用who(m)或that，二者常可互換。
但在下列情況中，用who(m)，而不用that：
(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,
everybody等詞時(shí)。如：
Is there anyone who can answer this question?
He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.
注：在非正式文體中可以說(shuō)：You’re the one that knows where to go.)
(2) 當(dāng)先行詞是he, they, those, people, person等詞時(shí)。如：
He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.
Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.
注：在固定結(jié)構(gòu)的諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)中，可用he that…。如：
He that promises too much means nothing.
(3) 當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)。如：
Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?
(4) 在分隔式定語(yǔ)從句中，若先行詞指人，為了明確修飾關(guān)系，應(yīng)當(dāng)用who(m)。如：
A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.
There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
(5) 兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)指人的先行詞，第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句常用who(m)來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如：
She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.
5. 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，在下列情況中，一般用關(guān)系詞that:
(1) 當(dāng)主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。如：
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
Which of us that knows anything does not know this?
(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。如：
He is the greatest man that has ever lived.
(3) 當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the last等詞所修飾時(shí)。如：
She is the only person that understands me.
6. 當(dāng)先行詞被the same所修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具體事物
時(shí)，有時(shí)兩者有一定的區(qū)別。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，表示同一種類多用as，表示同一事物多用that。
如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 這就是我昨天用過(guò)的那臺(tái)儀器。
This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 這臺(tái)儀器跟我昨天用過(guò)的那臺(tái)一樣。
在抽象概念上，同種類和同一事物是沒(méi)有絕對(duì)區(qū)別的，所以兩個(gè)詞可換用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
這里要注意的是：
（1） 使用as時(shí)，它引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞可以省略，但使用that時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中
的動(dòng)詞不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that men received.
(2) 在“the same…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that只是用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)“相同”。that可以省去而不改變句子原意，甚至連名詞前的same也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.
= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在“the same…as”結(jié)構(gòu)中，same和as都不能省略。
(3) 當(dāng)“the same…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的that作為關(guān)系副詞用時(shí)，不可以直接與as互換。
如：
He lives in the same building that I live.
= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?
= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?
7. 當(dāng)先行詞前有such, so, as時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用as。如：
A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.
At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定語(yǔ)從句）
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）