Warming up
To be，or not to be-that is the question.
生還是死--這是個問題。
點撥：這句話是莎士比亞的戲劇《哈姆雷特》中的一個名句。意思可以理解為:To live or not to live-that is the question.對與這種名句名言類的，在平時寫作中可以采用仿擬的修辭手法，給人印象深刻。根據家喻戶曉的成語或諺語，臨時更換其中的某個部分，造成新的成語或諺語；或者根據古今名言警句，在保持其原句不變的情況下，更換其中部分詞語，這種修辭方式叫仿擬。
e.g.1.To lie or not to lie-the doctor’s dilemma.
撒謊還是不撒謊--醫生的難題。
e.g.2.To do it or not to do it is not the only question.
做還是不做這事不是唯一的問題。
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
戴王冠的頭是不能安于他的枕席的。
點撥：lie:平臥；擺放；處于……狀態存在；內含；位于，延伸。
e.g.1.He is lying under a tree sleeping.他正躺在樹下睡覺。
e.g.2.The dust has lain undisturbed for years.塵土積在那兒很多年了。
e.g.3.Mary has lain sick in bed for years.瑪麗已經臥病在床多年。
e.g.4.The solution lies in research.答案在研究中。
e.g.5.The lake lies beyond this mountain.翻過這座山就是湖。
e.g.6.Our land lies between the hill and the river.
我們的土地位于這座山和那條河之間。
聯想：lie的常用短語
（1）lie down 少有作為，一事無成
Jack is lying down on the job.杰克在工作上一事無成。
（2）lie with 由……決定，取決于，視……而定
e.g.Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student.
許多老師認為學生應該自己負責自己的學習(而不是完全依賴老師)。
點撥：wear 表示“穿（衣服）、戴（衣帽、首飾、紀念章）”時，強調狀態；還可以表示“留著（胡須、頭發）”“表現出（樣子）”等�？梢杂糜谶M行時態。如:
e.g.1.He is tall and wears glasses.他個頭高,戴著眼鏡。
e.g.2.She wears beautiful long hair.她留著一頭美麗的長發。
e.g.3.She wears a string of pearls around her neck.她的脖子上戴著一串珍珠項鏈。
e.g.3.She was wearing an innocent smile.她帶著天真的笑容。
聯想：wear的常用短語
（1）wear out 穿破/舊,逐漸耗盡;使疲憊不堪;使虛弱,使衰老
e.g.1.Cheap socks wear out quickly.便宜的襪子很快就會穿破。
（反義句:These socks wear long.這些襪子很耐穿。）
e.g.2.His patience wore out at last.最后他的耐心消失了。
e.g.3.He was worn with care and anxiety.憂慮和操心折磨著他。
（2）wear away 磨損,(時間)消逝
e.g.1.Time wore away.時間逐漸消逝。
考考你：
今天她穿著一件紅毛衣。
She a red sweater today.
答案：is wearing
Words,words,only words,no matter from the heart.
空話，空話，只有空話，沒有一點真心。
點撥：這句話出自莎士比亞的劇作TROILUS AND CRESSIDA。原句為:Words,words,mere words,no matter from the heart.其中no matter from the heart在此表示沒有一點真心，matter在這里表示“實質的東西”。
聯想：no matter還可以作“不論，不管”解，常用于引導讓步狀語從句，用于下列句式中:no matter+what (when,how,who,where等)引導的從句＋主句。由 no matter引導的讓步狀語從句也可以放置在主句之后。
e.g.1.No matter what Jenny says,don’t believe her.
不管詹妮說什么，都不要相信她。
e.g.2.You’ll always be welcome,no matter when you come.
不管你什么時候來，你都是受歡迎的。
e.g.3.I won’t let you in,no matter who you are.
不管你是誰，我都不會讓你進來。
e.g.4.No matter where they went,they found people friendly.
不管他們走到哪里，都發現人們很友好。
辨析：no matter+wh-和wh-+ever的用法區別
“特殊疑問詞＋ever”引導讓步狀語從句時，可用“no matter＋特殊疑問詞”來替換。但是，前者還可以引導名詞性從句，這時不能替換。
e.g.1.Do whatever you please.你喜歡做什么就做什么。
e.g.2.However (=No matter how) he did it,it was very clever.
不管他是怎么做的，他做得很聰明。
e.g.3.No matter what (=Whatever) happens,we’ll meet here tonight.
不管發生什么事情，我們今晚都在這兒碰頭。
e.g.4.He seems to make enemies wherever (=no matter where) he goes.
他看上去總是到處樹敵。
考考你：
1.You will realize breaks the law will be punished.
A.that those that B.those whoever C.that those who D.whoever
2.Please give the present to wins the first prize.
A.whom B.whoever C.whomever D.who
3.No matter hard it may be,I’ll carry it out.
A.however B.what C.whatever D.how
答案：1.D 2.B 3.D
Listening
What must Antonio give Shylock if he can’t pay back the debt？
如果安東尼奧沒有能力償還貸款，那么他要付給夏洛克什么？
點撥：pay back(=pay off,pay out,serve out)報復；償還；償付
e.g.1.I’ll certainly pay you back for what you did to me!
你那樣對待我,我一定會回敬你的!
e.g.2.How can I pay you back for all your kindness?
你的這番好意我該怎么報答呢?
辨析：pay off，pay out，pay up
（1）pay off 還清；償清；報復；償還,結清工資解雇（某人）；成功
e.g.1.He finally paid off all the debts.最終他終于還清了所有的貸款。
e.g.2.He finally paid off the crew of a ship.他最終發清了全船船員的薪水。
e.g.3.Did your plan pay off?你的計劃成功了嗎？
e.g.4.Our plan certainly paid off;it was a great idea.
我們的計劃當然成功了,那是個很好的主意。
(2)pay out 花費；支出
e.g.I paid out a lot of money for that car.
為了那輛汽車我花了不少錢。
(3)pay up（不情愿地）付清；還清（債務）
e.g.If you don’t pay up,I will take you to court.
如果你不還清欠款，我就到法院告你。
Speaking
What makes a play a masterpiece is that the ideas behind the play are about problems which are still important to people of different ages in modern times.
一部戲劇之所以能成為著作，關鍵在于這部戲劇里所探討的是各年齡階段的現代人所關心的問題。
點撥:表語從句:放在系動詞后，這些系動詞有:be,look,remain,seem等。另外，還要特別注意常用的“the reason…that”(不用because)和“it (this,that) is because…”結構。
e.g.1.The lesson we can learn from Chuck is that friends are teachers.
我們從查克身上明白了朋友就是老師。
e.g.2.The reason why he was late for class was that he got up late.
他遲到的原因是因為他起晚了。
e.g.3.The problem remains that we can’t get so many volunteers.
我們無法找到這么多志愿者，這個問題依然沒解決。
點撥：people of different ages表示所屬關系“(屬于)……的”；表示“關于……的”；表示同位關系；表示性質、內容 、狀況等。
e.g.1.man of that time 那個時代的人
e.g.2.I am really into long stories of adventure.我非常喜歡看長篇冒險故事。
e.g.3.The city of Rome has a long history.羅馬市歷史悠久。
e.g.4.The name of Tom is a very common boy name.
湯姆這個名字是個很常見的男孩名字。
e.g.5.He wears a look of pity.他臉上露出令人哀憐的神色。
e.g.6.Jack is really a man of ability.杰克真是個能干的人。
e.g.7.a mountain of great height（= a very high mountain）一座高山
有時介詞可以省略:
e.g.8.He is a boy（of）your age.他和你同齡。
e.g.9.She wears shoes（of）the size of yours.她穿的鞋和你的尺碼一樣。
點撥：in modern times
times在此處的意思是“時代，時期”。
e.g.1.in ancient times 古代
e.g.2.ahead of one’s time 思想超時代的
e.g.3.behind the times 落伍，跟不上時代
Despite the fact that nobody really likes Shylock,the Duke does not want to kill him.
盡管事實是沒人喜歡夏洛克，但是公爵并不想處死他。
點撥：despite prep.不管；不顧；即使
e.g.1.Despite the bad weather we enjoyed our holiday.
盡管天氣不好，我們的假期仍過得很愉快。
e.g.2.He remains modest despite his achievements.
盡管他取得了成績，卻仍然保持謙虛。
聯想：同義詞組:in spite of 雖然；盡管……仍
e.g.We went out in spite of the rain.盡管下雨我們還是出去了。
Reading
It’s useless trying to argue with Shylock.
跟夏洛克講理是沒有用的。
點撥：It’s no good／no use／no harm／no fun／useless／a waste of time＋動名詞…做……是沒有好處／無用／無害／無趣／無用／浪費時間的。
e.g.1.It is no use learning without thinking.學而不思則罔。
e.g.2.It’s no use your telling me not to worry.
你告訴我不要擔心，但那是沒用的。（我還是很擔心）
e.g.3.It’s no good crying over spilt milk.后悔是沒有用的。<諺語>覆水難收。
e.g.4.It’s no good my talking to him.我同他談沒有用。
If you offered me six times what you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh.
即使你愿意給我六倍于你剛才提出的錢數，我仍然要拿我應得的那一磅肉。
點撥:offer 既可作動詞又可以作名詞。表示主動提出，提供（一種東西或一項建議）；還表示出價,與介詞for連用。不論用作何種詞性，后面均可跟不定式。
e.g.1.As young men,we should offer the old our seats on a bus.
作為年輕人，我們應該在公交車上給老年人讓座。
e.g.2.I offered him $1 000 for the coat.我向他出價1000美元買這件外套。
e.g.3.They offered their house for sale for thirty thousand dollars.
他們出售房子，要價三萬美元。
e.g.4.He offered to pick us up on the way to the railway station.
他主動提出可以在去火車站的路上接我們。
e.g.5.Please make an offer for the bamboo shoots of the quality as that in the last contract.
請把上次合同中訂的那種質量的竹筍向我們報個價。
點撥：time作“倍數”解釋時，是可數名詞，用time表示“A是B的幾倍大（長，寬，高，深等）”“A比B大（長，寬，高，深等）幾倍”，常見的句型如下:
(1)A is three (four,five,etc.) times the size (length,width,height,depth,etc.) of B.
e.g.1.The new road is four times the width of the old one.
這條新公路是舊路的四倍寬。
e.g.2.Asia is four times the size of Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
(2)A is three (four,five,etc.) times as big (long,wide,high,deep,etc.) as B.
e.g.1.The new road is four times as wide as the old one.
這條新公路是舊路的四倍寬。
e.g.2.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍。
(3) A is three (four,five,etc.) times bigger (higher,longer,wider,etc.) than B.
e.g.The school is five times bigger than that one.
這所學校比那所大四倍。（這所學校是那所的五倍大。）
拓展：time表示倍數，一般只用于表示三倍或三倍以上的數，表示兩倍不用two times,而用twice 或double。
e.g.My income is now double what it was.我的收入是以前的兩倍。
How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?
如果你不寬恕別人，你自己怎能希望得到別人的寬恕呢？
點撥：hope for 希望，盼望
e.g.1.If you hope for the best,please prepare for the worst.
如果你抱最好的希望，就要作好最壞的準備。
e.g.2.We all hope for good results after hard working.
努力工作后我們都希望得到好的結果。
Enter Portia,dressed as the judge.
鮑西亞走了進來，扮成法官的樣子。
點撥：dress vi.打扮自己，與介詞as或like連用，或用dress up as sb.或 dress up for sth.
e.g.1.He dressed (up) as a soldier.他把自己打扮成士兵模樣。
e.g.2.She dressed like a princess in the party.
在晚會上她把自己打扮得像一個公主。
Please be seated.
請坐。
點撥：seat vt.使就座，能坐（容納）……人 n.座位，席位
e.g.1.These children seated themselves on the bench.
這些孩子在長凳上坐下了。
e.g.2.The hall can seat three hundred people.這個禮堂可容納三百人。
聯想：seat有關的詞組還有take one’s seat.
e.g.Everybody,take your seat please.We are about to start.
各位，請就座。我們馬上就要開始了。
I’ll pay him back with all my heart.
我要以整個心償還他的債務。
點撥：pay sb. back with sth.用某物償還某人
e.g.1.We should pay kindness with kindness.我們應該以德報德。
e.g.2.The thief was paid with four-year prison life.
盜賊換來了四年的鐵窗生活。
Integrating skills
Antonio has promised to give you a pound of his flesh.
安東尼奧許諾給你他身上的一磅肉。
點撥:promise (1)vt./vi.允諾，答應，作出保證。用于promise to do sth.;promise (sb.)+that clause;promise sb.sth.等結構中。
e.g.1.He promised to give my money back as soon as possible.
他答應盡快還我錢。
e.g.2.Tom promised that he would finish all the work on Sunday.
他保證會在星期天完成所有工作。
(2）n.允諾，諾言;有希望，作不可數名詞。
e.g.1.She shows promise as a pianist.她渴望成為鋼琴家。
e.g.2.The news brings little promise of peace.這消息使和平無望。
聯想：與之有關的詞組有:
make a promise 作出承諾;give a promise 許諾，承諾； keep one’s promise 遵守諾言；break one’s promise 食言，違背諾言； carry out one’s promise 履行諾言
考考你：
Father made a promise I passed the examination he would buy me a new bicycle.
A.if B.whether C.that if D.that
答案：C
點撥：flesh 和 meat 的異同
flesh和meat都可以作“肉”解，但是含義不同，flesh通常指人或動物身上的肉，也可指供食用的獸類身上的肉（區別于魚或禽的肉）。meat是指供食用的肉的總稱，通常不包括魚和家禽，在具體指明“牛肉”“雞肉”“羊肉”“豬肉”等時應用“beef”,“chicken”,“mutton”或“pork”。
e.g.1.Tigers live on flesh.老虎以肉為主食。
e.g.2.I like meat while my brother likes fish.我喜歡吃肉而我哥哥喜歡吃魚。
e.g.3.Have you ever tasted the flesh of the snake?你曾吃過蛇肉嗎？
You wanted justice,so you shall get justice,more than you wanted.
你要求公正,那么就讓你得到公正,比你要的還要多。
點撥：該句中，shall用來表示“允諾、承諾”。so you shall get justice=then I’ll let you have justice或then I promise to give you justice。
shall用于第一人稱，可以表示將來。
e.g.We shall arrive tomorrow.我們明天到。
shall用于第二、三人稱，表示決心、規定、命令、警告、允諾、要求、義務等。
下文中有一段話多次出現shall的這種用法:The law of Venice says that if anyone tries to kill or murder any citizen of Venice,everything that he owns shall be taken away from him.One half of his money and his goods shall be given to the city of Venice and the other half shall be given to the person he has tried to kill.His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke。
以上四個shall表示“規定”或“警告”。
e.g.1.You shall leave now.你現在該離開了。
e.g.2.He shall answer for his misdeeds.他應當為他的錯誤行為負責。
e.g.3.The penalty shall not exceed two years in prison.
懲罰不應超過兩年監禁。
e.g.4.Don’t worry.You shall get the answer this evening.
別著急，你今天晚上就可以得到答復了。
e.g.5.You shall have a nice present for your birthday.
你過生日時將會得到一份精美的禮物。
e.g.6.Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.
什么也不能阻止我們實現這項計劃。
拓展：shall用于第一、三人稱的疑問句，表示說話人征求對方意見。如:
Shall we go now?我們現在走可以嗎？
Shall he come in?可以讓他進來嗎？
His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.
他的生命全憑公爵處置。
點撥：at the mercy of 任由……擺布，在……的掌握（支配）中
e.g.1.The ship hit a rock and sank down.The crowd were at the mercy of the winds and the waves.
船撞上礁石下沉了，人們在風浪中隨波逐流。
e.g.2.The cat’s life is at the mercy of its master.
貓的生命在它主人的掌握之中。
Therefore,go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.
因此你快快跪下請求公爵開恩吧。
點撥：go down on one’s knees 跪下，屈膝，其中go可以用get代替，即get down on one’s knees.
e.g.1.Never go down on your knees before enemy.在敵人面前決不能屈膝。
e.g.2.He went down on his knees and asked for his father’s forgiveness.
他跪下來請求他父親的原諒。
點撥：beg (sb.) for mercy 請求寬恕
e.g.1.Her difficulties were so grave that she went personally and begged the king for mercy.
她遇到的麻煩如此嚴重，所以她只好親自去國王那里請求寬恕。
Shylock must promise to leave the money upon his death to his daughter and her husband.
夏洛克必須答應在他死后把這筆財產留給他的女兒和女婿。
點撥：upon prep.（其意與 on相同，但語氣較為正式，在口語中多用 on）在高處；逼近;接觸；緊接著
e.g.1.The village stands upon/on a hill.那個小村莊位于一座小山上。
e.g.2.Upon/On his death,the Duke’s house and other properties passed to his son.
公爵去世后,房子和其他財產便傳給了兒子。
e.g.3.The enemy was upon/on us.敵人逼近我們。
e.g.4.Once upon a time,there was a political leader who wanted to start a war.
很久以前，有位政治領袖想要發動一次戰爭。
練習：1.暴風雪已逼近我們。
2.圣誕節馬上就要到了。
答案:1.The snowstorm is upon us.
2.The Christmas holiday will soon be upon us.
Bassanio told Antonio that he was in love with Portia,a rich and beautiful lady,and that she also loved him.
巴薩尼奧告訴安東尼奧他愛上了鮑西亞，一位富有、漂亮的女子,而且她也愛上了他。
點撥：be in love (with sb.) （與某人）相愛；戀愛；愛上（強調狀態）
e.g.1.Tom and Mary are in love with each other.湯姆和瑪麗相愛了。
e.g.2.Jesica has never been in love before.杰西卡以前從未戀愛過。
e.g.3.How long have they been in love with each other?他們戀愛多久了？
e.g.4.I’ve been in love with Egypt since I was 13.
從我13歲起，我就愛上了埃及這個國家。
聯想：fall in love with sb.愛上；喜歡上（強調動作）
e.g.1.John fell in love with Kate at the first sight.
約翰第一眼看見凱特就愛上她了。
e.g.2.Do you still remember that when we fell in love we were young and innocent?
你還記得嗎？我們戀愛時還很年輕，也很天真。
e.g.3.The Smiths fell in love with the house as soon as they saw it.
史密斯一家一見到這所房子，就喜歡上它了。
點撥：賓語從句的引導詞that的省略問題
在由that引導的賓語從句中，由于連詞that只具有引導作用，并無具體意義，而且不在句中充當成分,因此在口語或非正式文體中常可省略，省略之后對原句并無影響。
e.g.She said (that) she couldn’t go with him because she had a lot to do that night.她說因為那天晚上她有很多事要做，所以不能和他一起去了。
但是，在下列情況下，that最好不要省略:
1.主從句之間有插入語時。
e.g.It says here,on this card,that it was used in plays.卡片上寫著，它過去是演戲用的。
2.若出現兩個或兩個以上的that賓語從句，且由并列連詞連接時，如所給的文中的句子，只有第一個連接詞that可以省去，其余需保留。
如例文中的句子可以變成:
Bassanio told Antonio (that) he was in love with Portia,a rich and beautiful lady,and that she also loved him.
e.g.Linda said (that) she would go to meet Tom in person and that she wouldn’t tell anyone about the appointment.
琳達說她會親自去見湯姆，并且不會告訴任何人這次約會的事情。
考考你：
-I believe you’ve done your best and things will improve.
-Thank you.
A.that;/ B./;that C.what;what D./;/
答案：B
Antonio told him that all his ships were at sea and he had no money at present.
安東尼奧告訴巴薩尼奧他的所有船只都在海上，現在他手上一點錢都沒有。
點撥：at sea 在海上；在航海中
e.g.1.All his ships had been lost at sea.
他所有的船都在海上遇險失事了。
e.g.2.He spent a whole year alone at sea.
他在海上獨自一人度過了一整年。
e.g.3.Titanic hit on icebergs and buried at sea.泰坦尼克撞上了冰山葬身海底。
at sea不知所措；茫然；迷惑（前面常用all、completely、quite修飾）
e.g.1.I am quite at sea in regard to his explanation.
他的解釋使我如墜入迷霧中。
e.g.2.I am all at sea.I’ve no idea what he means.
我很茫然，不知他說的是什么意思。
e.g.3.Susan tried to understand the instructions,but she was completely at sea.
蘇珊盡力想看懂那些說明文字，卻全然不知所云。
辨析1:by sea 和by the sea
by sea 表示“經由海路；乘船”， by the sea 表示“在海邊”。
e.g.1.Did your father go to Hawaii by sea or by air?
你父親去夏威夷是搭船還是搭飛機？
e.g.2.Once upon a time,in a kingdom by the sea,lived a lovely Miss Annabelle Lee.
很久很久以前，在一個海邊的王國里面，住著一位可愛的小姐，名叫安娜貝爾李。
辨析2:go to sea 和go to the sea
go to sea 表示“去當水手”(be a sailor)。go to the sea 意思是“去海濱”（度假或野餐游玩）。
e.g.1.He went to sea when young.他年輕時當過水手。
e.g.2.Mike said,“ I want to go to sea when I grow up.”
邁克說:“我長大了要去當水手�！�
e.g.3.Our class will go to the sea next Sunday.我們班下星期天去海邊玩。
辨析3:on the sea和in the sea
on the sea表示 “在海邊；在海濱”（at the seaside）；in the sea 表示 “在海里”。
e.g.1.The city is on the sea.那個城市在海濱。
e.g.2.They like swimming in the sea.他們喜歡在海里游泳。
However,he agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition.
然而，他還是同意借錢給安東尼奧，但是有一個條件。
點撥：on one condition規定一個條件；在一個條件下。 on condition (that)＋從句:在……條件下；如果。從句中可用陳述語氣，也可用虛擬語氣。
e.g.1.I’ll let you borrow it on one condition (that) you lend me your walkman in return.
我借給你也行，但是有一個條件，你得把隨身聽借給我。
e.g.2.You can go out on condition that (= provided that) you come back before six o’clock.
你可以出去，但是，前提是六點之前回來。
e.g.3.He may borrow the book on condition that he returns/(should) return in time.
他可以借這本書，條件是必須及時歸還。
聯想：相關短語有:on this/that/what condition,在這種/那種/什么條件下或情形下
on no condition 決不；無論在什么情況下都不
make it a condition規定一個條件 ；以……為條件(動詞詞組)
be in good/poor condition 處于好的/壞的狀況
be out of condition 健康狀況欠佳
e.g.1.This data will be used for needs of our customer administration only and will on no condition be given to third parties.
數據將僅用于我們的客戶服務部，決不會透露給第三方。
e.g.2.On no condition must you go alone.你絕對不可以一個人走。
e.g.3.On what condition will you do it?在什么情況下你會做這種事？
聯想：so (as) long as（只要），only if（只要）
as (so) long as可置于主句之前或之后。條件句的時態，用一般現在時表將來。
e.g.1.You can use it as(so) long as you look after it well.
只要你能愛護它，我可以借給你。
only if 意思是only on condition that 只要；只有。引導從句。
e.g.The right answers can be obtained only if the right questions are asked.
只有問對了問題才能獲得正確答案。
He is young,but I never know so young a body with so wise a head.
他很年輕，但我從來不知道有這么年輕又這么聰明的人。
點撥：so+adj.+a/an+n.意思相當such+a/an+adj.+n.與此類似的結構還有as/how/too+adj.
+a/an+n.
e.g.1.She is so clever a girl that everyone likes her very much.
她是那么聰明的女孩，人人都喜歡她。
e.g.2.Allen is as clever a boy as Mike.艾倫和邁克一樣聰明。
e.g.3.How interesting a book it is ! 這本書真有趣啊！
e.g.4.That is too difficult and too boring a question to answer.
那個問題回答起來既麻煩又枯燥。
注意:如形容詞前有such、what修飾時，結構是such/what+a/an+adj.+n.
e.g.1.It is such a good chance that we can’t lose it.
這是個大好機會，我們不能錯過。
e.g.2.What an interesting book it is! 多么有趣的書��！
考考你：
1.It’s that I’d like to go out for a walk.
A.too nice a day B.a nice such day
C.so nice day D.such a nice day
2.She is such a lovely girl is liked by everybody.
A.as B.that C.what D.which
3.She is such a lovely girl she is liked by everybody.
A.as B.that C.what D.which
答案：1.D 2.A 3.B
Writing
下面的提示幫助你完成此文：
1.歡送詞開頭要先有稱謂Dear friends,
2.In the past two years,he…
3.He was strict with…and…help us with patience
4.…his classes lively and interesting…
5.Our English has been improved…
6.Wish him…
Grammar
復習直接引語變間接引語
1.人稱變化
e.g.He said,“I like it very much.”他說:“我非常喜歡它�！�
-He said that he liked it very much.他說他非常喜歡它。
2.時態變化
(1)一般現在時變成一般過去時
e.g.He said,“I’m afraid I can’t make it.”
-He said that he was afraid he couldn’t make it.
(2)現在進行時變成過去進行時
e.g.He said,“I am doing my homework.”
-He said that he was doing his homework.
(3)現在完成時變為過去完成時
e.g.He said,“I haven’t finished my homework.”
-He said that he hadn’t finished his homework.
(4)一般過去時變成過去完成時
e.g.He said,“I saw the movie with her.”
-He said that he had seen the movie with her.
(5)一般將來時變成過去將來時
e.g.He said,“I’ll do it after class.”
-He said that he would do it after class.
3.指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和動詞的變化
(1)this改成that
e.g.She said,“I’ll finish the work this morning.”
-She said that she would finish the work that morning.
(2)these改成those
e.g.He said,“These books are mine.”
-He said that those books were his.
(3)now改成then
e.g.He said,“It’s nine o’clock now.”
-He said that it was nine o’clock then.
(4)today改成that day
e.g.He said,“I haven’t seen her today.”
-He said that he hadn’t seen her that day.
(5)yesterday改成the day before
e.g.He said,“I went there yesterday.”
-He said that he had gone there the day before.
(6)tomorrow改成the next/following day
e.g.He said,“I’ll go there tomorrow.”
-He said that he would go there the next/following day.
(7)ago改成before
e.g.He said,“Jake left 20 minutes ago.”
-He said that Jake had left 20 minutes before.
(8)here改成there
e.g.He said,“She was here one week ago.”
-He said that she had been there one week before.
(9)come改成go
e.g.She said,“I’ll come here this evening.”
-She said that she would go there that evening.
注意:
(1)直接引語如果是客觀真理，變為間接引語時，時態不變。
(2)如果在當地轉述，here不必改為there，動詞come不必改成go。如果在當天轉述，yesterday，tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。
4.句式變化
(1)肯定祈使句:to do
e.g.He asked the clerk to change his dirty uniform.
(2)否定祈使句:not to do
e.g.He told him not to smoke in the room.
注意:要根據句子意思在不定式之前加上tell，ask，order等動詞。
(3)肯定句:that
e.g.He told me that he wanted to meet me sometime next week.
(4)一般疑問句:if/whether
e.g.I asked him if he had seen the film.
(5)特殊疑問句:I asked her what material this matter was made of.
注意:要把原來的疑問語序改為陳述語序。