高一下知識(shí)歸納（U19）
1．effect n. 結(jié)果；影響；效果
[舉例](1)Do you think the medicine will have any effect? 你認(rèn)為這藥有效嗎?
(2)His new way of teaching produced a good effect.
他的新教法產(chǎn)生了良好的效果。
(3)Scolding sometimes brings bad effects on a child.
責(zé)罵對(duì)小孩有時(shí)造成負(fù)面影響。
(4)The medicine had a good effect on me. 那種藥對(duì)我有良好的療效。
2．cause vt．引起，造成
[搭配] cause sth．引起(造成)……
cause sb. sth．= cause sth．to sb．對(duì)……造成……
cause sb．to do sth．使某人做某事
[舉例](1) What caused his death?是什么原因造成他的死亡?
(2) He caused his parents a lot of trouble. = He caused a lot of trouble to his parents. 她對(duì)父母造成很多麻煩。
(3)The drought caused the plants to die. 久旱造成植物枯萎。
[拓展]cause作“使引起”時(shí)為使役動(dòng)詞，后面接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，但不可按動(dòng)詞原形、形容詞、 副詞或分詞等作賓語補(bǔ)足語，例如：
What caused him to be so sad? 是什么使他如此悲傷?
但上句不可用 What caused him so sad?
[比較]cause和reason作為名詞，都有“原因”的意思。cause指客觀存在的“原因”與effect(結(jié)果)相對(duì)；reason指推理上的理由，即是說明一種看法或行為的“理由”。
[舉例](1) Give me your reason for refusing?告訴我你拒絕的理由。
(2) The cause of the fire was carelessness.失火的原因是不謹(jǐn)慎。
2．raise vt．提示；增加；抬起；舉起；飼養(yǎng)；撫養(yǎng)；種植
[舉例](1) Raise your hand if you want to ask a question.
如果有問題要問，請(qǐng)舉手。
(2) Raise the temperature.把溫度升高。
(3) The farmer raised many sheep and crops.
那位農(nóng)民飼養(yǎng)了很多綿羊，種了很多莊稼。
(4) He raised the children by himself after his wife's death.
他妻子去世后，他一人獨(dú)自撫養(yǎng)了孩子。
[辨析]lift，raise，rise
lift，raise，rise這幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞都有“由低處向高處舉起或升起”的意思，但它們的含義和使用情況有所不同。lift是指用體力或機(jī)械力把某物從地面舉到一定的高度。
[舉例] Can you lift the basket of earth from the ground?
你能把這筐土從地上提起來嗎?
raise強(qiáng)調(diào)抬高動(dòng)作的姿勢(shì)。
[舉例] raise one's hand/a flag / a stone / ones voice / prices
舉手／升旗／搬起石頭／提高嗓門／提高價(jià)格
一般情況下raise和lift可以通用。
[舉例]This is too heavy for me to raise (lift).這個(gè)東西太重我舉不起來。
rise是“升起”，“站起來”的意思，是不及物動(dòng)詞，表示主語由低而高的變化過程。
[舉例](1)The sun rises in the east. 太陽(yáng)從東方升起。
(2)She rose from her seat. 她從座位上站了起來。
4. feed vt. 喂；飼養(yǎng)；撫養(yǎng)
[搭配]feed sth. to sb. = feed sb. with (on) sth. 用……喂養(yǎng)
feed sb./sth. 撫養(yǎng)某人／飼養(yǎng)……
feed on... 以……為食
[舉例] (1)How often do you feed your dog a day? 你一天喂狗幾次?
(2)He has a large family to feed. 他要養(yǎng)活一大家人。
(3)We feed meat to our dog. 我們喂肉給我們的狗吃。
(4)Cows feed on hay during winter. 牛在冬天吃干草。
5. go against 違背；不利于；反對(duì)
[舉例](1)The game is going against them. 比賽情況對(duì)他們不利。
(2)Man can't go against nature. 人不能違背自然規(guī)律。
(3)She asked the criminal patiently why he would always go against law.
她耐心地詢問罪犯為什么他總要違反法律。
6. bring in
[用法](1)作“把……拿進(jìn)來”(可分開用)
(2)(某人)賺人……；(資金等)生息；產(chǎn)生(利益)，獲利。
[舉例](1)Bring the washing in, it looks like rain.
把洗好的衣服收起來，好像要下雨了。
(2)More advanced machines have been brought in from abroad.
已從國(guó)外引進(jìn)了更多的先進(jìn)機(jī)器。
(3)He brings in an extra hundred dollars a month from his new job.
他的新工作使他每月多賺100美元。
7. harm n. vt.
[用法](1)harm作名詞指“(物質(zhì)上或精神上的)害、傷害、害處”，經(jīng)常構(gòu)成短語
do... harm (傷害……，危害……，對(duì)……有害處)
(2)作及物動(dòng)詞為“傷害……，為害……，對(duì)……有害”。
[舉例](1)I mean no harm. 我并無惡意。
(2)There's no harm in calling him. ．打電話對(duì)他并沒有什么害處。
(3)Smoking does great harm to your health. 吸煙有害你的身體健康。
(4)I harmed my eyes by reading in dim light.
我在昏暗的燈光下看書傷害了眼睛。
[拓展]harm 的形容詞為harmful (有害的), harmless(無害的), 可構(gòu)成短語 be harmful /harmless to…“對(duì)……有害／無害”。
[舉例](1)Too much rain is harmful to the crops. 降雨過多對(duì)農(nóng)作物有害。
(2)These insects are harmless to the crops這些昆蟲對(duì)農(nóng)作物無害。
8．depend on 取決于…, 隨…而定
[舉例](1)The time of departure depends on the weather.出發(fā)時(shí)間視天氣而定。
(2)Our success depends on whether everyone works hard or not．
我們的成功取決于每個(gè)人是否努力工作。
[注意] depend on的這種用法不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
9．1atest adj．最近的；最新的(= recent)
[舉例] (1)the latest news最新消息
(2)There were several clashes before this latest incident.
在這次事件發(fā)生之前有過幾次沖突。
[搭配] at the latest(=no later than) 至遲，最晚
Passengers should check in one hour before their flight time at the 1atest．乘客至遲應(yīng)在班機(jī)起飛前-小時(shí)辦理登機(jī)手續(xù)。
[比較] latest／1ate／later／1ately
(1)late adj. & adv．晚、遲
(2)late adv．“以后；后來”，單獨(dú)用或放于一段時(shí)間之后。
(3)lately adv．近來；不久前
[舉例] (1)Because of the cold weather the crops are late this year.
因天氣寒冷，今年的作物成熟很晚。
(2)It happened late last century in 1895, to be exact.
事情發(fā)生在上個(gè)世紀(jì)末一準(zhǔn)確地說，在1895年。
(3)At first things went on well, but later we ran into trouble.
起初事情進(jìn)展得很順利，但后來我們遇到了麻煩。
(4)We've been doing a lot of gardening lately.
近來我們做了許多園藝工作。
10. not．．．but．．．不是……而是……
[用法] not…but個(gè)連詞詞組，作 ”不是……而是……”解，連接兩個(gè)并列的成分，表示意思上的轉(zhuǎn)折。
[舉例](1) He is not English, but American.
他不是英國(guó)人，而是美國(guó)人。(連接兩個(gè)表語)
(2) The servant can't read and write in English, but can speak English fluently.
這個(gè)仆人不能讀英浯和寫英語，但卻能流利地說英語。(連接兩個(gè)謂語)
(3) They need not money but farm labourers.
他們不需要錢，而需要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力。(連接兩個(gè)賓語)
(4)Not the students but the teacher is hoping to go there.
不是學(xué)生而在老師希望去那兒。(連接兩個(gè)主
[注意]”not…but”連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要與緊靠它的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持-致。
[舉例] Not the teacher but the students are hoping to go there.
不是老師而是學(xué)生希望去那兒。
11. extra adj.額外的；特別的；另處的；adv．特別地；格外地；非常
[舉例] They need some extra money.語)他們還需要一些錢。
He got extra pay for extra work.他由于加班而得到額外的報(bào)酬。
You've done a good deal of extra work recently.你最近大量加班。
Dinner costs 3 yuan, and wine is extra. 飯錢3元，酒錢另算。
The coffee is extra strong this morning. 今早的咖啡非常濃。
I have to be at the office extra early tomorrow morning.
我特地明天一大早上班。
He works extra hard. 他特別努力。
12. "no matter + 疑問連詞 + 讓步從句 + 主句” 的用法
[用法]no matter+ 疑問連詞”用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；當(dāng)主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
[舉例] (1)No matter what the matter may be, do your best.
無論是什么事，盡你的能力去做吧。
(2)No matter how difficult the task may be, We must finish it on time.
無論任務(wù)有多艱巨，我們必須按時(shí)完成。
(3)No matter who comes, I'll not stay at home.
不管誰來．我都不呆在家里。
13. lead to prep. 引起；造成；導(dǎo)致(后接名詞、代詞或 -ing形式)
[舉例] The accident led to many deaths. 那次事故使許多人死亡。
His carelessness led to his failure. 他的粗心大意導(dǎo)致了他的失敗。
Sleeping late at night leads to his being late for work.
晚上睡晚了使他上班遲到。
[拓展] look forward to (盼望)；get used to (習(xí)慣于)；pay attention to (注意)；get down to (開始做某事)；stick to(堅(jiān)持)等詞組中to均為介詞，其后接sth．或doing sth．
14. advanced adj. 高等的；先進(jìn)的；超前的
[舉例]advanced studies高深的研究
have advanced ideas 有先進(jìn)的思想
advanced experience 先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)
[拓展] advance n. & v. 前進(jìn)；推進(jìn)；促進(jìn)
[舉例]recent advances in medical science 醫(yī)學(xué)上的新進(jìn)展
The general advanced his troops at night. 將軍夜里將部隊(duì)向前推進(jìn)。
Our troops have advanced two miles. 我們的部隊(duì)已經(jīng)前進(jìn)了兩英里。
[搭配]in advance ( of sth) (習(xí)語)預(yù)先；事先；事前
The rent must be paid in advance. 租金須預(yù)付。
It's impossible to know in advance what will happen.
預(yù)知未來發(fā)生的事是不可能的。
15. year after year
[用法]year after year 作“年復(fù)一年地”“一年又一年地”解，常表示每年重復(fù)。
[舉例](1)Do not make the same kind of tools year after year.
不要年復(fù)一年地生產(chǎn)同一品種的工具。
(2)We used to go to the mountain village for a holiday year after year.
我們以前年年都去那個(gè)山村度假。
(3)Year after year we have had a Christmas card from Dick.
我們年年都收到迪克寄來的圣誕卡。
[辨析] year by year作“一年一年地”“逐年”解，常表示逐年的轉(zhuǎn)變。因此準(zhǔn)確地說，year after year 是“年年(重復(fù))”的意思，而year by year是“逐年(變化)”的意思。
[舉例](1) The boy grows taller year by year.
這男孩長(zhǎng)得一年比一年高了。(逐年在變)
(2) Year after year the boy comes to see me on my birthday.
這男孩年年在我生日時(shí)都來看我。(年年如此)
16.本單元的語法重點(diǎn)是學(xué)習(xí)it的另一用法：作為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的引導(dǎo)詞。
1. 用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句中除謂語以外的任何一成分，其句型為It + is／was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人也可用who／whom)十句子其他成分。如:
It was Tom who／that met your brother in the park yesterday．(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語Tom)
It was your brother whom / that Tom met in the park. (強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語your brother)
It was in the park that Tom met your brother yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語in the park)
It was yesterday that Tom met your brother in the park. (強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語yesterday)
使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)：
①無論被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是什么，總是用his／was．．．that．．．(強(qiáng)調(diào)指人的主語that可換成who，指人的賓語可換成whom)
It was they who (that) built the house last year.是他們?nèi)ツ晟w了這座房子。
②強(qiáng)調(diào)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞必須和原主語一致。如：
It is I who am to blame.是我應(yīng)受到責(zé)備。
③注意此句型與定語從句的區(qū)別。如：
It was in this factory that my father used to work.
我父親過去是在這個(gè)廠工作的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)
It was this factory that my father used to work in.
這就是我父親工作過的那家工廠。(定語從句)
另外，it還經(jīng)常用于構(gòu)成下列句型，在學(xué)習(xí)過程中應(yīng)多加注意。如：
① It's... since .... It's five years since we last met.
從我們上次見面至今已有五年了。
② It's... before .... It won't be long before we meet again
不久我們會(huì)再見面的。
2．在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，我們經(jīng)常遇到one，it, that作代詞的用法要注意分析、比較它們的用法，辨別它們的不同處。
在英語中為了避免重復(fù)上文的某個(gè)名詞，常用心one或that來代替。讓所指的事物和前面提到的事物是同一件事物，所以讓代表的名詞屬于特指的。
I bought a knife and lent it to him.我買了一把小刀，借給他了。
I drank some ice tea but it made me more thirsty.我喝了點(diǎn)涼茶，卻更渴了。
one所代表的名詞和前面所提到的名詞只是同一類，并非指同一個(gè)，而且指同類中的任何一個(gè)，不是只指其中某一個(gè)。所以one所指的名詞屬于不定的，單數(shù)用one，復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones，而且one所替代的名詞必須是可數(shù)名詞，不能替代不可數(shù)名詞。
Mary needs a new dictionary. She is going to buy one.
瑪麗需要一本新字典，她打算買一本。
This watch is too expensive, show me a cheaper one, please.
這塊表太貴了，請(qǐng)給我較便宜的一塊。
I don't want these green apples; I want the red ones.
我不想要這些綠蘋果；我要紅的。
that和one都是指同一類事物而不是指同一個(gè)事物，但that替代有定冠詞的名詞。為特定的，而且還可以替代不可數(shù)名詞。
The cost of oil is less than that of gas.石油的價(jià)格低于天然氣的價(jià)格。
The voice of a woman is sweeter than that of a man.
女人的聲音比男人的聲音悅耳。