1. rob & steal, break into, pick
2. burn down & burn up
3. beat & win
4. make sure & make certain
5. switch roloes for once switch
6. interviewee & interviewer
7. rather than
8. keep
9. one & ones; that & those; it & they
10. bring back
11. field
12. adapt to
13. for the first time & the first time
14. addicted to
15. draw attention to
16. lead to
17. the rude and noisy group
18. more than
19. stay on
20. viewer & audience, spectator, listenership
21.make up one's mind
22. small black and white TV 形容詞的排列順序
23. despite & in spite of
24. deal with & deal
I Word Study
1. media: (medium 的復(fù)數(shù)) television, radio, newspapers, internet and
notelet used as a means of communication 媒體
Sometimes media is used with a singular verb, although it is a plural
noon.
The media always take / takes a great interest in the Royal family.
2. reliable: that you can trust; capable of being relied on; dependable
可靠的, 可信賴的, 確實的
It's not reliable to judge a man only by his looks.
3. fire
⑴ n the condition of burning flames, light, and great heat 火，火焰
He set fire to the dry grass. 他點燃了干草。
The grass caught fire. 草燃著了。
The grass was on fire for a short time. 草燒了一會兒。
⑵ a mass of burning material, lit either on purpose for cooking, heat, etc or
by accident 爐火；烽火; 灶火；失火
There is a fire in the sitting room. 客廳里有爐火。
Put some more coal on the fire.
⑶ v (of a person or gun) to shoot off bullets 射出子彈
The captain ordered his men to start firing.
⑷ (of a person) to shoot off bullets from (a gun) 放（槍，炮）
They fired poisoned arrows at us.
⑸(infml) to dismiss from a job; sack 開除；解雇； 革職
Get out! You are fired!
⑹ inspire; to produce strong feeling in sb 激起； 充滿熱情
Her stories fired the little boy's imagination.
4. face
⑴ the front part of your head 臉，面孔
a beautiful face 漂亮的臉 a handsome face 英俊的臉
The tramp was found lying on the floor face downwards.臉朝下躺在地上
⑵ a look or expression on the face面容，表情
His face was sad. 他面帶悲傷。
He had a face like thunder. 他怒容滿面。
⑶the front, outer, or most important surface of something
（物體的）表面，正面
the face of the building 建筑物正面 the face of a clock 鐘的表面
A cut diamond has many faces. 雕好的寶石有許多面。
⑷ a state of being respected by others面子；尊嚴(yán)，威信
He was afraid of failure because he didn't want to lose face with his
colleagues.
England saved their face by getting a goal in the last minute to draw the
match.
⑸ to have or turn the face or front towards sb or sth 面朝，面對，面向
⑹ to have to deal with sth unpleasant; to deal with sb in a difficult situation
正視，應(yīng)付
We must learn to face difficulties squarely and try to overcome them.
⑺ to need attention from sb 需要某人的關(guān)注
We are faced with a difficult decision.
5. difficulty
⑴ (U) the state of being difficult or of not being able to do sth easily;
trouble 困難;艱難;費力
Li Ming had great difficulty in getting a visa to go to America.
⑵ (C) something that is difficult to do or understand; a situation or problem
that causes trouble 困難；難做的事；難題
There will be some difficulties to start with but things should get easier
later.
If you borrow too much money, you will get into financial difficulties.
6. nosy: (also nosey)interested in things that do not concern one;
tending to pry 好打聽別人事情的；愛管閑事的
a nosy parker 愛管閑事的人
Our nosy neighbours are always watching us.
7. editor
⑴ a person whose job is to prepare a book, periodical, television or radio
programme; one who edits, especially as an occupation.編者; 編輯
assistant editor 助理編輯
⑵ a person who is in charge of a newspaper or magazine, and responsible
for its organization and opinions主編，主筆
chief editor (=editor in chief) general editor總編輯, 主編
⑶ one who writes editorials 主筆, 編寫社論的人
8. reason
⑴ v use one's reason 推理，思考
He reasoned that if we started at dawn, we could arrive before noon.
I reasoned that since she had not answered my letter she must be
angry with me.
⑵ to form an opinion based on reason 論證，推斷
⑶ persuade sb. to do or not to do sth. 說服某人作某事
⑷ (idm) reason with: try to persuade by fair argument
與...評理; (以理)說服, 規(guī)勸
Have you tried to reason with them?
I meant to reason with you, but you won't reason.
Reasoning with him is useless.
9. elect
⑴to select by vote for an office or for membership 選舉，推選
The government is made up of men and women elected by the people
of the country.
To be elected to the House a person must be twenty-five years old and
must have been a United States citizen for seven years.
⑵to pick out; select 挑出；挑選
elect an art course 選修藝術(shù)課
⑶to decide to do sth, especially by preference決定
elected to take the summer off 決定夏天休假
10. go up
⑴ (of prices) rise 上升；高漲
Everything went up except salaries
⑵ go or move higher; rise 上升；走上
Many people came to watch the weather balloon go up.
The path goes up the hill.
⑶ grow in height while being built; be built 建高；蓋建
New buildings are going up everywhere
⑷ be blown; be destroyed by fire or explosion 被炸壞；被焚毀
The bridge went up with a roar when the mine was exploded.
⑸ go bankrupt; fail 破產(chǎn)；失敗
He failed in business and went up.
11. burn down & burn up
㈠ burn down
⑴ (of a fire) burn lower, less strongly; also burn low
(燃料燒盡而)火勢減弱
Let's leave the fire to burn down and go into our tents.
The fire is burning down, get some more coal, please.
⑵ (cause to) be destroyed by fire (被)燒毀， （被）燒光
The old house burned down last night in the big fire.
The building was burnt down and only ashes were left.
㈡burn up
⑴ burn completely, destroy or be destroyed by fire 燒光，燒掉
She burned up all the old letters.
The house burned up before the firemen got there.
When climbing mountains, your body is burning up a lot of heat.
⑵ burst into flames again (火爐) 旺盛起來
Put some wood on the fire to make it burn up.
If you put more coal, the fire will burn up.
⑶cause sb to be very angry 使某人很生氣
She was getting burned up about something.
These boys' laziness and rudeness burned up their teacher.
⑷ scold sb責(zé)備, 斥責(zé)
The teacher burned Tom up for being late again.
⑸ catch fire and be destroyed as it enters the earth's atmosphere
進入大氣層時就著火焚毀
The spacecraft burned up as it re-entered the earth's atmosphere.
12. injure
⑴ to cause physical harm to a person or animal esp in an accident; hurt
seriously 受傷，能傷，傷害
There were two people injured in the car accident.
She was injured badly in an accident during the work.
⑵ to cause damage to; impair 損害
to injure a man's pride 傷某人的自尊心
injured: physically or mentally hurt
the injured: people who have been hurt
The injured were taken to hospital by ambulance.
13. rumour: (a piece of) news or information that many people are
talking about but that is possibly not true謠言;流言, 謠傳
The rumo(u)r has turned out to be true.
14. headline & title
㈠ headline: words in big letters at the top of some writing in newspaper
banner headlines 通欄大字標(biāo)題
go into headlines用大字標(biāo)題登出; 大出風(fēng)頭; 出了名
hit [make] the headlines in the press 成為報紙的頭條新聞
㈡ title
⑴ name of a book, film, picture
⑵ a word or name , such as "Mr", "Lady", "Doctor", "General" given to
sb to be used before their name as a sign of rank, profession
頭銜，稱號，尊稱
⑶ the legal right to ownership or possession 所有權(quán)
Has he any title to this land?
15. inform
⑴to give sb information about sth通知；告訴
You should inform the police of the accident.
Do keep me informed of any changes.
keep ... informed 隨時向...報告情況
⑵ to give information to the police about what sb has done wrong
告發(fā), 告密(against, on)
The wife of the killer informed on her husband.
informed: having knowledge or information about sth
有知識的；見聞廣的
an informed mind 見聞廣博的人
People are much better informed since the advent of the computer.
The radio keeps me well-informed about what is happening.
16. relate
⑴to show a connection between two or more things
使聯(lián)系; 顯示出...與...的關(guān)系(to , with)
I can't relate what he does with (to) what he says.
They are related to each other.
⑵ to tell a story to sb講；敘述
I related my adventure to my family.
17. relate sb or sth
⑴to be concerned with; to have sth to do with與某人或某物有關(guān)
That question is very interesting but it doesn't really relate to the
subject that we're discussing.
⑵ to be able to understand how sb feels 領(lǐng)略理解別人的感受
Some teenagers find it hard to relate to their parents.
17. relate(...)to
⑴to tell a story to sb 給某人講述故事
The children enjoyed relating their imaginary adventures to the visitors.
⑵ to show a connection or link between
顯示出...與...之間的關(guān)系；使有關(guān)系
It is difficult to relate his argument to the facts.
⑶ have a friendly understanding, and sympathetic relationship with sb
與某人關(guān)系好，與某人關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)
She finds it difficult to relate to he tutors and fellow students.
⑷ understand and like sth理解或喜歡某物
She can't relate to loud modern music.
⑸ concern; be directed towards sth or sb 關(guān)于；針對某人或某物
Mr Smith sent me a letter relating to his son's marriage.
18. talent
㈠ genius n 天才；創(chuàng)造力
⑴great and rare powers of thought, skill or imagination; very great and
unusual ability天才；天賦；才華
man of genius 有天才的人
⑵ a person who has very great and unusual ability, especially in a
particular subject天才人物
Einstein was a genius.
He's a genius at mathematics.
⑶ great natural ability for doing sth特殊的才能
a genius for mathematics 數(shù)學(xué)的天分
⑷extraordinary intellectual and creative power.
超常的智力和創(chuàng)造力
㈡gift
⑴ something which is given willingly; present 禮品；贈品
Christmas gifts
⑵ (for) a natural ability to do something; talent 天賦，天資；才能
He has a gift for poetry.
a man of many gifts 多才多藝的人
gift of the gab 口才
⑶ v to present with a gift 贈送禮物
㈢ talent
⑴ special natural ability or skill天資，天賦；才能
Mary has a talent for music.
⑵ people who have a talent 有才能的人；天才；人才
⑶natural endowment or ability of a superior quality.
天才生來即有的超群的天分或能力
㈣ Usage:
⑴Genius is a very strong word, it is only used of very rare ability
or of the person who has it.
⑵ talent is less strong . It is used of special ability, but not of the person
who has it.
18. talented: having or showing talent 有才能的; 能干的
a very talented actor
19. switch
⑴ n a small button or sth similar that you press up or down in order to turn
on electricity開關(guān), 電閘, 電鍵
There is a switch on the wall for turning on the lights.
⑵ a sudden change突然改變
a switch of policy
⑶v to change or be changed from one thing to another 改變，變化
He switched the conversation from one subject to another.轉(zhuǎn)變話題
⑷ to exchange positions, activities交換位置或活動
This week you can have the car and I'll go on the bus, and next week
we'll switch over.
20. for once: for one time at least; on this or that occasion (if not, or
hardly ever, at any other time) 只有一次
I'm right for one.
He beat me for once.
21. interviewee: someone who is being or is to be interviewed esp. for a
job 被接見者, 被訪問者,被面視者
21. interviewer : a person who ask the questions in an interview
接見者, 訪問者,面視者
22. present
⑴ adj being in a particular place; being at hand or in attendance 在場,出席
Thirty guests were present at the ceremony.
⑵ existing, happening or being considered now; actually here or involved
現(xiàn)在的；現(xiàn)存的; 目前的
What's your present address? What is your present job?
⑶ n something that is given willingly, without the expectation that anything
will be given in return 禮物；禮品
He gave his mother a present. 他給了他媽媽一個禮物。
The children unwrapped their Christmas presents with delight.
⑷ v to give sth to sb at a formal ceremony 贈送, 給予; 呈獻
They presented flowers to their teacher.
⑸ to offer for consideration or acceptance 提出；呈遞
The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.
The baker presented his bill.
⑹ to provide for the public to see or hear in a theatre, cinema 演出；公演
to present a new play
⑺ to introduce sb formally esp to sb of higher rank 介紹；引見；舉薦
to present a person to the king 舉薦一人給國王
May I present Mr Robinson to you?
The new ambassador was presented to the president.
23. reflect
⑴ to show or express sth反射;顯示;表達(dá)
A mirror reflects a picture of you when you look in it.
The increase in wages will be reflected in prices soon.
⑵to send back light, heat or sound 反射光熱或聲音
The pavement reflects heat on a hot day.
⑶ (used about a mirror, water)to send back an image of sb or sth
照出(映出,反映)某人或物的形象
She caught sight of herself reflected in the shop window.
⑷ to think, esp. deeply沉思, 思考, 反省
I really need some time to reflect on what you've said.
24. truthfully: honestly, truly or correctly誠實地, 真實地
25. effort
⑴ the use of physical or mental energy to do something; exertion.
用力,努力
They have put a lot of effort into their garden this summer.
⑵ something that is done with difficulty or the use of energy
費力的工作，花精力的事
He made an effort to climb the wall.
⑶something done or produced through exertion; an achievement 成就
Finishing the work in one day was a good effort.
26. passion
⑴very strong sexual love or attraction強烈的情欲或吸引力
They loved each other but there was no passion in their relationship.
⑵ very strong feeling, esp of love, hate or anger
強烈感情(尤指愛、恨、怒)；熱情, 激情
He was a violent man, controlled by his passions.
She argued her case with passion.
27. spiritual
⑴ of the spirit rather than body 非物質(zhì)的，精神的；靈魂的
spiritual life 精神生活 spiritual songs 圣歌, 贊美歌
spiritual gifts 神的恩賜 spiritual mind 崇高精神
⑵ religious 宗教的；神圣的
a spiritual corporation 宗教團體
an adviser in spiritual matters 宗教事物顧問
⑶ of the church 教會的
⑷ related or close in spirit; connected by qualities or interests of a deep
kind 崇高的；脫俗的；超世俗的; 高尚的
She's English, but India is her spiritual home.
⑸ n a religious song of the type sung originally by the black people of the
US 美國黑人的圣歌
28. fulfilment (US fulfillment)
⑴the act of fulfilling or state of being fulfilled實現(xiàn)；滿足；執(zhí)行
Moving into our own home was the fulfilment of a dream.
⑵ sth feeling of satisfaction that you have when you have done sth
心滿意足
Some women find fulfilment in the home and in ringing up their children.
29. seldom: not often; rarely 不常，很少
The children are seldom ill.
Seldom does he go to cinema.
30. AIDS: an illness which destroys the body's ability to fight infection
艾滋病
AIDS is short for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
后天免疫缺損綜合癥
31. addict
⑴to devote or give (oneself) habitually or compulsively
使沉溺; 使入迷;使醉心; 嗜好； 上了…的癮
He became addicted to the drug. 他上了毒癮。
The children are addicted to computer games.
She was addicted to rock music.
⑵ a person who cannot stop taking or doing sth harmful上了癮的人
film addict 電影迷
31. be addicted to: unable to stop taking or doing sth harmful
沉溺于某種嗜好；醉心于某種活動
He is addicted to heroin.
He is addicted to football.
32. social
⑴ of human society, its organization or quality of life 社會的, 有關(guān)社會的
Social studies is the study of how man lives in societies.
⑵ of or spent in time or activities with friends 社交的；交際的
Bob's always been a social climber.
(喻) 鮑勃總是在社會上拼命向上爬。
Correct ideas come from social practice.正確的思想來自社會實踐。
⑶ forming or living together by nature 群居的
Ants are social insects. 螞蟻是群居的昆蟲
33. ignore: to pay no attention to sb or sth; to refuse to pay attention to;
disregard不理睬；忽視
I tried to tell her but she ignored me.
He completely ignored all these facts as though they never existed.
She saw him coming but she ignored him.
34. even if /even though: in spite of the fact or belief that sth is the case,
did happen, or might have happened, etc 即使，盡管
We'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.
He will not tell you about it even though he knows it.
35. attention
⑴ the act of watching, listening to or thinking about sb or sth carefully
注意；專心
Please pay attention to what I am about to say.
⑵ special care or action 護理，料理， 照顧
The hole in the roof needs urgent attention.
⑶ a position in which a soldier stands up straight and still 立正
to stand at attention
35. draw attention to: invite, or lead to the act of attending or heeding
引起注意
Your incidental remark has drawn my attention to that matter.
36. on all sides: everywhere; in or from every direction四面八方, 到處
People came running from all sides to see what had happened.
37. tolerate
⑴to allow or accept sth that you do not like or agree with容忍；接受
I can't tolerate your bad manners any longer.
⑵ to accept or stand sb or sth unpleasant without complaining忍受
The noise is more than I can tolerate.
38. critical
㈠critic
⑴ a person who gives judgments about the good and bad qualities of sth,
esp. art, music, films etc., esp. someone ho does this as a job
批評家, 評論家
He is a film critic.
⑵ a person who dislikes and expresses strong disapproval of sth or sb
吹毛求疵者
He is a long-standing critic of the council's transport policy.
㈡ critical
⑴ providing a careful judgment of the good and bad qualities of
something 評論性的, 判斷審慎的，判斷性的
The report was very critical of safety standards on the railways.
⑵ finding fault; judging severely 吹毛求疵的； 挑剔的
⑶ of or being a moment of great danger, difficulty, or uncertainty , when a
sudden change to a better or worse condition is likely, of or being a critic
危機的，緊要關(guān)頭的，關(guān)鍵時刻的
The talks between the two leaders have reached a critical stage.
㈢ criticism: unfavourable judgment or expression of disapproval
批評, 批判
㈣ criticize: to judge with disapproval ; point out the faults of批評, 責(zé)備
39. source
⑴ a place, person or thing where sth comes or starts from or where sth is
obtained源頭;來源；出處
the sources of the Nile 尼羅河的發(fā)源地
the source of knowledge 知識的源泉
human and non-human sources 人力物力資源
Bad food is a source of illness.
⑵ a person, book that supplies information提供資料者；資料來源
informed sources 消息靈通人士 historical sources 史料
The news comes from a reliable source. 這條消息來源可靠。
40. change one's mind: alter one's opinion or purpose改變主意;改變宗旨
She was going to drive but then change her mine and took the bus.
41. current
⑴ of the present time; happening now現(xiàn)時的；當(dāng)今的；時下的
current English 當(dāng)代英語 current situation
⑵ (often in compounds)generally accepted; in common use
流通的；通用的；流行的
current money 通用的貨幣
42. affair
⑴ an event or set of connected events 事情；事件
the Watergate affair
The meeting was a noisy affair / a stormy affair.
⑵ something needing action or attention; matter 事情，事物；時局
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Department of Asian Affairs
The minister is busy with important affaires of state.
I am not prepared to discuss my financial affairs.
⑶ a sexual relationship between two people not married to each other,
although at least one of them is married, esp. one that lasts for some
time (非配偶間的)曖昧關(guān)系；私通
She is having an affair with her husband's best friend.
43. concern
⑴ to affect or be of importance to sb影響；關(guān)系
This concerns us deeply.
This concerns the healthy growth of the children deeply.
⑵to give your attention to sth（常與with, about, in連用）關(guān)心；關(guān)照
to concern oneself with public work
We're rather concerned about father's health.
⑶ to worry sb 困擾
What concerns you experts most is the increasing level of pollution in
our city.
⑷(idm) to be concerned in sth: to have a connection with or be involved
in sth涉及；牽涉
She was concerned in a drugs case some years ago.
⑸(idm) to be concerned with sth; to be about sth 關(guān)于；有關(guān)
Tonight's programme is concerned with the effects of the law on
ordinary people.
⑹ n worry 擔(dān)心；憂慮
Following the accident there is growing concern over the safety of rail
travel.
⑺ something that affects you or is of importance to you對某人有影響的事
He showed great concern for the poor.
⑻ a company or business 公司；企業(yè)
a large industrial concern
44. neutral
⑴ adj not supporting or belonging to either side in an argument, war
中立的,公平的
Switzerland remained neutral during the war.
⑵ having or showing no strong qualities, feelings or colour
沒有明確或強烈特性；顏色不鮮明
a blouse of a neutral colour that will go with anything
⑶ n the position that the gears of a car are in when no power is sent空檔 45. telegram & telegraph
㈠ telegram: (a piece of paper with a message sent by telegraph電報
by telegram 用電報 send an express telegram 發(fā)急電
㈡ telegraph
⑴ a method of sending messages either by using radio signals or electrical
signals along wire電報; 電信; 電訊
⑵ an apparatus that receives or sends messages in this way
電報機; 通信器
⑶ v to send a message or inform a person by telegraph
打電報, 電告, 電匯
46. locate
⑴(often passive) to put, build sth in a particular place使...坐落于, 位于
The new hospital is to be located near your college.
Their factory is located at the foot of the mountain.
⑵ to find the exact position of sb or sth找到…位置
I cannot locate the shop.
We located the shops and the post office as soon as we moved into the
town.
47. retire
⑴ to (cause to) stop working at one's job, profession, etc. because of
age 退休
He retired from the business when he was 60.
⑵ to go away to a quiet or less central place , 引退
The football player retired hurt.
He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad.
他現(xiàn)在正在退出政治生活,并已出國。
⑶ to go to bed 就寢上床睡覺
He retired to bed but he did not sleep.
⑷ (esp. of an army) to move back intentionally, without being forced to
撤退
Our armies have retired to form themselves into new groups before
attacking again.
48. complete
⑴ having or including all parts; lacking nothing missing
完整的；全部的； 完全的
The book explains the complete history of the place.
⑵ (not before a noun) finished; ended 完成了的； 結(jié)束的
This year is now complete.
⑶ (only before a noun) total; thorough 絕對的； 徹底的；十足的
It was a complete waste of time.
⑷ v to make sth whole使完成
We need two more players to complete the team.
⑸ to finish sth; to bring sth to an end完成；結(jié)束
He completed his teacher training course in June 1991.
⑹ to fill in sth 填寫
Please complete the following in capital letters.
49.overseas
⑴adv. in, to or from another country that you have to across the sea to
get to; beyond the sea; abroad 在或向海外；在或向國外
My brother lives overseas.
⑵ adj. (only before a noun) of, relating to, originating in, or situated in
countries across the sea 海外的
overseas trade 對外貿(mào)易 overseas news
50. look up to
⑴direct one's eyes in an upward direction towards sb or sth向上看
The girl was so short that she had to look up to her younger sister.
⑵ respect; admire sb敬仰, 尊重
She is looked up to by everybody here.
51. bore, bored & boring
⑴ bore: to make sb tired and uninterested 令人厭煩
⑵ bored: feeling uninterested and tired because sth is not exciting or
because you do not have anything to do 厭倦，感到乏味，無聊
⑶ boring: uninteresting; dull 令人厭倦；沉悶乏味
52. fall in love with & be in love with
㈠fall in love with: to start to feel a strong affection and attraction for sb;
to begin to love sb. or like sth. very much 開始愛上某人或喜歡某物
Tom fell in love with Mary at first sight.
We fell in love with the garden as soon as we saw it.
They fell in love and were married within two months.
I've fallen in love with the sculpture. 雕刻
㈡ be in love with: to have a strong feeling of affection and sexual
attraction for sb; to have love and desire for 與...戀愛, 迷戀,熱戀著
Peter and Jane were in love with each other at the time.
Tom has been in love with Mary for two years.
They're very much in love with each other.
I am in love with the weather here.
She was in love with the paintings he had painted.
53. attitude
⑴ (to, towards) a way of feeling or thinking about someone or something,
esp as this influence one's behaviour 態(tài)度，心態(tài)； 感覺，想法
I don't like her unhelpful attitude.
What is your attitude towards this question?
What is the company's attitude to this idea?
⑵ a position of the body, posture （正式）姿勢，姿態(tài)
He adopted a threatening attitude. 威脅的姿態(tài)
54. disappoint: make you sad because the things you hoped for do not
happen
⑴ to fail to fulfil the hopes of a person 使失望；使掃興
The book disappointed me.
I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I can't come after all.
I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I can't agree with you there after all.
⑵ to prevent the fulfilment of a plan or hope
使(計劃等)落空, 打亂(計劃), 使受挫折
to disappoint someone's hope 使破滅
55. troublemaker: as person who often causes trouble; one that stirs
up trouble or strife 鬧事者
56. guard
⑴ n a person esp a soldier, policeman or prison officer, who watches over
a person or place to prevent escape, danger, attack, etc
衛(wèi)兵;警衛(wèi)員;看守
the guard company 警衛(wèi)連
⑵ v to watch over in order to protect from harm or danger or to prevent
from escaping; keep safe 警衛(wèi), 保衛(wèi), 守衛(wèi)
Guard the secret with your life; tell it to no one!
⑶ to keep under control 管制；控制
You should wash your hands when preparing food to guard against
spreading infection.
57. responsible
⑴ having the job or duty of doing or looking after sb or sth so that you are
blames is sth goes wrong（常與to, for連用）有責(zé)任的；應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任的
The bus driver is responsible for the passengers safety.
The manager is responsible for making sure the shop is running
properly.
⑵being the cause of or to blame for sth作為根源或原因的
Who was responsible for the accident?
⑶ having to report to sb or sth with authority or in a higher position about
what you have been doing向某人或某物負(fù)責(zé)
She is responsible for her sister until she gets a job.
⑷ (used about a person) that you can trust to behave well and sensibly
負(fù)責(zé)任的；可靠; 可信賴的
You can leave the children with him----he is very responsible.
58. caring: providing care and support to people who need to be looked
after 關(guān)心照顧人的
59. citizen
⑴a person who is legally accepted as a member of a particular country
國民；公民
law-abiding citizens 守法的公民 peace-loving citizens愛好和平的國民
a plain citizen 普通公民 fellow citizens 同胞
a citizen of the world (=a world citizen)世界公民（指以四海為家的人）
second-class citizen 次等公民 senior citizen年老人
As a citizen, you must obey the law or you will be punished.
She's an American citizen but lives in Canada.
⑵ a person who lives in a town or city; a person who lives in a particular
city or town, esp. one who has voting or other rights there; a resident of
a city or town, especially one entitled to vote and enjoy other privileges
there 城鎮(zhèn)居民 市民
Many of the citizens of Paris leave the town for the seaside during the
summer.
60. demonstrate
⑴to show clearly that sth exists or is true; to prove表明，論證, 證明
How do you demonstrate that the earth is round? 證明
The prison escape demonstrates the need for greater security.
⑵ to show and explain to sb how to do sth or how sth works示范
The salesman demonstrated (how to use) the washing-machine. 表演
⑶ to take part in a public protest or march in which a crowd of people
express their opposition or support of sb or sth 示威
Enormous crowds have been demonstrating for human rights.
61. polluter 污染者， 污染原， 污染物質(zhì)
62. arm
⑴ the limb at each side of the human body from the shoulder to the hand
臂
There must be something wrong with my left arm, which is asleep.
左臂發(fā)麻
⑵(pl) weapons, especially those that are used in war (常用復(fù))武器, 軍械
They took up arms to defence their country.
⑶ v to prepare sb or yourself to fight by supplying weapons武裝起來
The country is beginning to arm itself for war.
63. comparison: an act of comparing; a statement in which people or
things are compared 比較；對照（指行為）
My shoes are small in comparison with my sister's.
64. update
⑴ to make sth more modern更新，使跟上時代，使現(xiàn)代化
update a textbook 更新課本; update the files 更新檔案
⑵to put the latest information into sth; to give sb the latest information
提供新信息
Our database of addresses is updated regularly.
65. checklist: a complete list, of checks to be made, things to be done
清單；檢查單；名單，名冊
The crew of the aircraft went through the safety checklist before take-off.
II Language Points
1. rob & steal, break into, pick
㈠ rob
⑴ to take sth (money), property from a person or place illegally
搶劫 /盜取(金錢,財物)
He robbed the bank of a lot of money.
He robbed her of her watch.
⑵ to take sth away from sb or sth that they should have 強取,奪取
His illness robbed him of the changce ot paly for his country.
㈡ steal
⑴ to take sth that belongs to another person secretly and without
permission偷盜；竊取
He stole a lot of money from the bank.
The man stole the watch from her.
⑵ to move somewhere secretly and quietly
（常與in, out, away, up連用）偷偷移動；潛行
He stole into the classroom.
㈢ break into: force one's way into, force an entry into 闖入
The thieves broke into the office and stole some money.
㈣ break in: enter a building by force 闖入；強行進入
The burglar broke in and stole my money while we were away on
holiday. （夜賊）
㈤ pick: steal or take from esp. in small amounts竊取
pick a pocket 扒竊
It is easy to have your pocket picked in a big crowd.
2. burn down & burn up
㈠burn up
⑴ burn completely, destroy or be destroyed by fire 燒光，燒掉
She burned up all the old letters.
The house burned up before the firemen got there.
When climbing mountains, your body is burning up a lot of heat.
⑵ burst into flames again (火爐) 旺盛起來
Put some wood on the fire to make it burn up.
If you put more coal, the fire will burn up.
⑶cause sb to be very angry 使某人很生氣
She was getting burned up about something.
These boys' laziness and rudeness burned up their teacher.
⑷ scold sb責(zé)備, 斥責(zé)
The teacher burned Tom up for being late again.
⑸ catch fire and be destroyed as it enters the earth's atmosphere
進入大氣層時就著火焚毀
The spacecraft burned up as it re-entered the earth's atmosphere.
㈡ burn down
⑴ (of a fire) burn lower, less strongly; also burn low
(燃料燒盡而)火勢減弱
Let's leave the fire to burn down and go into our tents.
The fire is burning down, get some more coal, please.
⑵ (cause to) be destroyed by fire (被)燒毀， （被）燒光
The old house burned down last night in the big fire.
The building was burnt down and only ashes were left.
3. beat & win
㈠ beat: to reach a place or succeed in doing something before someone
else; to defeat or subdue, as in a contest.
比別人先到；勝在比賽中戰(zhàn)勝，壓倒
We left early to beat the rush-hour traffic.
We played the top class at football but we couldn't beat them.
㈡ win: to be the best or first in (a battle, competition, race, etc); to defeat
one's opinion獲勝，贏得
Who won the race? I won but David came second.
4. make sure & make certain
make sure (certain) of: to find out sth so that you are certain
⑴ to know the truth of sth without doubt 弄清出，弄確實
Have you made sure that the train has not already left?
There's just one or two details I want to make sure about.
⑵ ensure that sth happens 確保， 使有確實把握
Father makes sure that all lights are off before he goes tod bed.
Make sure ot turn off the radio before you go out.
⑶ feel no doubt about sth確信， 有把握
I made sure he would be here.
5. switch roloes for once switch
⑴ n a small button or sth similar that you press up or down in order to turn
on electricity開關(guān), 電閘, 電鍵
There is a switch on the wall for turning on the lights.
⑵ a sudden chagne突然改變
a switch of policy
⑶v to change or be chenged from one thing to another 改變，變化
He switched the conversation from one subject to another.轉(zhuǎn)變話題
⑷ to exchange positions, activities交換位置或活動
This week you can have the car and I'll go on the bus, and next week
we'll switch over.
6. interviewee & interviewer
employer employee payer 付款人 payee 收款人
examiner （supervisor） examinee （supervise） tutor tutee
trainer trainee devotee trustee refugee goatee absentee
grantee
Two of the employees who have been frequent absentees are
trainees and one is a refugee who is a grantee of the fund administered
by the trustees.
7. rather than: which is better than; instead of
是... 而不是; 與其說... 倒不如說
The job will take months rather than weeks.
I'l stay at home rather than go out.
The colour seems green rather than blue.
He ran rather than walked.
It was what he meant rather than what he said.
8. keep
㈠keep
⑴ continue to be in a particular state or position; remain or stay
使保持(某種狀態(tài))
⑵ to make sb or sth remain in a particular state, place or condition
使某人保持某種狀態(tài)或位置
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
⑶ to continue to have sth , permanently or for a period of time 保留
I'll keep his address in case I need it.
⑷ to support sb financially 撫養(yǎng)
⑸ to own and manage a shop or a restaurant 經(jīng)營
⑹ to have and look after animals 飼養(yǎng)
⑺ do what you promised or arranged 履行諾言
⑻ to stay fresh 保鮮
⑼ write down sth that you want to remember 把...記錄下來
⑽ to known a secret without telling it 保密
⑾ to hold back; delay or prevent 阻止；拖延；防止
⑿ to take care of or look after 培育
㈡keep:
⑴ keep + n.: keep a diary, keep a secret,
Keep the world record for high jump.
You can depend on her, she always keeps her words.
⑵ keep + adj.: Keep fit, study well and work hard.
The soldier kept calm even when his wife was in danger.
⑶ keep + complex object
Keep it secret, please.
Keep the classroom clean and tidy.
You must keep the sick child in bed at least for a week.
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
⑷ keep + prep. / adv.
Keep off the door! It's wet painted.
Keep on practising and you'll master it.
⑸ keep up: remain the same, continue unchanged, go on, maintain
Keep up your English. You'll find it helpful.
They promised each other they would keep up their friendship forever.
Well done! Keep up the good work!
You boys have done some very good work. I hope you can keep it up.
⑹ keep...out: cause not to enter, prevent from entering
Warm clothing helps to keep out the cold.
Shut the windows and keep the cold out.
The trees keep out the wind.
⑺ keep on: continue doing sth
In the years that followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it.
Keep on trying. You'll make even greater progress.
Why do you keep on making the same mistakes.
He kept on telling us the same story over and over.
Tom was tired but he kept on working.
㈢ keep + 0 + 0c
(通常是分詞或形容詞) 譯為："使…處于(保持)某種狀態(tài)"
They kept me waiting for a long time .
I 'm sorry to have kept you waiting for so long .
We'd better keep the fire burning.
You must keep the container filled with oil.
Keep your clothes clean .
The experiment kept us busy for three months.
9. one & ones; that & those; it & they
⑴ one and ones
I am looking for a house. I really like one with a garden.
This dictionary is more useful than the old one.
I like to have some big apples instead of small ones.
The new designs are much better than the old ones.
⑵ that and those
The book I bought today is more useful than the one I bought yesterday.
The colour of your bike is more beautiful than that of mine.
The system of China is different from that of Japan.
The climate of Beijing is different from that of Hangzhou
The population of China is much greater a than that of Japan.
The girls of Class I are more active than those of Class II.
Modern schools are far better than those a century ago.
⑶ it and they
I lost my key. I am looking for it.
I bought a dictionary. It is very useful to me.
Our machines won't start. They should be repaired
I bought a dictionary and grammar yesterday.
They are very useful for writing.
10. bring back
⑴ take usu sth back ; bring sb or sth with one as one returns 帶回來；歸還
You must bring these library books back next week.
Bring me back ;some coffee.
⑵ recall; bring to mind things of the past使回憶起； 使想起
The smell of ;these flowers bring back memories.
⑶ help sb to gain sth使某人恢復(fù)
We must bring him back to health.
⑷ cause an idea or practice to return or exist again; use a former method
again恢復(fù)想法或做法；重新使用過去的方法
Few people these days are in favour of bringing back the old
punishment by death.
11. field
⑴ an enclosed area of land, usu. part of a farm used for animals or crops
terraced fields 梯田
⑵ an open area where the stated game is played 露天運動場
⑶ an open area where the stated substance is mine 露天礦場；油田
a coal field 煤田, 煤礦區(qū) a gas field 天然氣田
⑷ an open area where the stated activity is practised 露天場地
a flying field 飛機場 magnet field 磁場
⑸ a branch of knowledge or area of activity 領(lǐng)域，范圍
the field of politics 政治領(lǐng)域
⑹ a battleground.戰(zhàn)場，戰(zhàn)地
be in the field 從軍; 參戰(zhàn); 參加競賽
⑺ a battle.戰(zhàn)斗，戰(zhàn)役
lose the field [battle, the day]戰(zhàn)敗 win the field [古]取得勝利, 獲勝
12. adapt to: modify, rearrange, make fit for 改裝，使適應(yīng)
Generally speaking, the species that are able to adapt to the change of
the environment will survive, while the others will die out.
When you are abroad, you must find ways to adapt yourself to the
culture and custom there.
13. for the first time & the first time
㈠ for the first (second, etc.) time: as a first (second, etc.) instance
“第一次 ”是介詞短語，作狀語
I saw Chairman Mao at Xibaipo for the first time.
Lincoln was elected President of the United States for the second
time in 1865.
I saw him for the first time last Friday. = I first saw him last Friday.
㈡ the first time: 是名詞短語，作賓語，表語，作表語時其主語常是This,
That 或 It。
It's the first time that I have been here.
This is the first time that I have heard her sing.
That was the first time that I had ever visited the Great Wall.
14. addicted to
⑴be dependent on; having increasing need of 以來于...;越來越需要...
Don't encourage him in his laziness; otherwise, he will addict to you.
助長
⑵ like sth very much 非常喜歡某物
She is addicted to drawing.
15. draw attention to: invite, or lead to the act of attending or heeding
引起注意
Your incidental remark has drawn my attention to that matter.
無意中說的話
16. lead to
⑴ to guide sth, sb or an animal to a place 把...領(lǐng)到某地
The girl led her little brother to school.
She led us to a room upstairs.
⑵ be a path, way, or road to (道路)通往
Where does this road lead to?
The road under repair lead to our university.
All roads lead to Rome.
⑶ end in a result; have as a result, cause; result in; bring about
導(dǎo)致；造成某種結(jié)果
Hard work leads to (results in) to success.
Success lies in (results from) hard work.
Laziness leads to (results in) failure.
The heavy rain lead to serious floods.
The students in our university are all taking courses leading to a degree.
This will lead to endless trouble.
An ordinary cold can soon lead to a fever.
17. the rude and noisy group
Two ajectives coming before a noun are not usually separated by "
and "unless: ⑴ They are both colours: a red & green umbrella, ⑵ they
are both meterials: an iron & steel works, ⑶ they describe similar or
related(相似或有關(guān)聯(lián)的)qualities: a cold (and) windy day.
a red and blue umbrella, an iron and steel plant, a cold and windy day
a wide and busy street
18. more than
⑴ more than = not only
He is more than our teacher; he is our friend as well.
Marx was more than a scientist; he was a revolutionary.
Bamboo is used more than building.
⑵ more than + 數(shù)詞
He has worked at our school for more than 20 years.
There are more than two thousand students in our school.
⑶ no more than = only not more than = at most
They have read no more than three novels this year
They have bought not more than three thousand copies of books.
⑷ more than + verb (adj , adv) = very or much
His answer more than satisfied me.
I am more than glad to meet you here.
While reading passages , you must be more than careful with key
words and the key sentences in them.
She was dressed more than simply.
⑸ more than + clause which includes "can"
= can not, the negative meaning
This is more than I can tell you.
The people in the square are more than I can count.
⑹ more...than more = adv. 與其說...不如說
He is more diligent than clever.
She was more frightened than hurt.
This elephant is more like a spear than anything else.
⑺ no more...than = not...not not more...than = not as...as
He can no more swim than I can fly.
= He cannot swim just like I cannot fly.
This tool is no more useful than that one.
=Neither of the two tools is useful.
This tool is not more useful than that one.
= This tool is not as useful as that one.
19. stay on
⑴ continue to be in position on top of sth or sb 呆在...上;留在...上面
How did you learn to stay on a horse?
⑵ continue travelling in a certain direction 沿著某個方向繼續(xù)走；繼續(xù)前進
Stay on the way you're going, and you'll soon come to my hotel.
⑶ continue taking medicine ofr following a course繼續(xù)用藥，繼續(xù)某個療程
Will you stay on this course or exercises until you are thinner?
20. viewer & audience, spectator, listenership
㈠viewer
⑴one that views, especially an onlooker or spectator觀察者
⑵ a person who watches or is watching esp television電視觀眾
This programme is for our younger viewers.
⑶an apparatus for looking at transparent colour photographs
取景器, 指示器, 觀測儀
a slide viewer 看片器
㈡audience: the group of people who are watching or listening to a play,
concert, speech, the television觀眾；聽眾
Three thousand audience crowded the concert hall.擠滿了音樂大廳
The audience is/are always very excited by a wonderful goal.
㈢spectator: a person who watches a show, game, sport ; an observer of
an event.觀眾(指比賽或表演)
Many spectators stood round the football field to watch the game.
㈣listenership: the people who listen to a radio program or station 聽眾
21.make up one's mind: decide; come to a decision 下定決心；拿定主意
They made up their minds to sell the car.
She can't make up her mind whether to go or stay.
22. small black and white TV 形容詞的排列順序
⑴ subjective opinion before objective fact
subjective opinion: good, bad, nice, beautiful, lovely, horrible, impolite
objective fact: big, red, round, young, plastic, America
She lives in a nice big house.
He is a naughty little boy.
The girl is wearing a beautiful pink dress.
She is a hardworking young woman.
⑵ objective facts are in a certain order:
size, age, shape, colour, nationality, material
We made friends with some young American girls.
She has large blue eyes.
There was a huge round wooden table in the room.
The woman was carrying a small black plastic handbag.
They drove in a new red American car.
She put it in a small square wooden box.
They discovered some valuable ancient Chinese manuscripts.
A beautiful small old round table stood on the green Chinese woolen
hall carpet.
⑶ comparative degree and superlative degree adjectives are before
positive adjectives
This is the best American film I've ever seen.
Do you have any better English novels that I can borrow?
That's the oldest folk song I have ever heard.
She is one of the greatest pop singers of time.
Computers are one of the most fantastic scientific achievements.
⑷ adjective is before noun
They sat in an old leather armchair.
They visited a modern Hollywood film studio.
He works in a large tractor factory.
The boy found a square metal box in the old concrete（混凝土）
building.
She bought me a very nice birthday present.
⑸ When two adjectives are used as predicative, they should be joined
by "and", "but", "neither...nor...", "either...or...". If more than two
adjectives, we should use camma to separate the first ones.
The weather was cold and dry.
The boy is clever but lazy.
The woman is either a teacher or a doctor.
The man is neither hardworking nor intelligent.
The house is worm , bright but dirty.
They began to feel cold , hungry and tired.
⑹ Two ajectives coming before a noun are not usually separated by "and "
unless: ⑴ They are both colours: a red & green umbrella, ⑵ they are
both meterials: an iron & steel works, ⑶ they describe similar or related
(相似或有關(guān)聯(lián)的)qualities: a cold (and) windy day.
23. despite & in spite of
㈠despite: to show that sth happened although you would not expect it
不管, 盡管, 不論, 縱使
He remains modest despite his achievements.
Despite the bad weather we enjoyed our holiday.
㈡in spite of: not stopped (prevented) by; regardless of:
notwithstanding 不因…而停止；不顧…：
They kept going in spite of their fears. 他們不顧害怕繼續(xù)前進
I went out in spite of the rain. 盡管下雨我還是出去了。
In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through.
In spite of all the difficulties, we fulfilled our task ahead of schedule.
24. deal with & deal
㈠ deal
⑴ a quantity or degree, usu. large 量；數(shù)額
a great deal of support a good deal of trouble
⑵ an agreement or arrangement, esp in business or politics
協(xié)議, 交易, 安排
The car company has done a deal with a Japanese firm to supply
engines in exchange for wheels.
⑶ a particular type of treatment that is given or received 待遇
They promised to give the nurses a better deal (=more money) if they
were elected.
㈡ deal with
⑴ to be a customer of sb or a business 是...的顧客
He has dealt with our shop for years.
⑵ take action about （sth or sb usu troublesome）
處理（某人或某物，常指棘手之人或物）
You can't deal with naughty children this way.
⑶ to be concerned with; treat a subject 關(guān)于；涉及（某問題）
This book deals with modern teaching methods.
⑷ have a relation with sb; have talks with sb 與某人交往；與某人交談
She does not deal with anyone of us.
⑸ punish sb 處罰某人；懲罰某人
All those who cut school have now been dealt with. 曠課的