Ⅰ.Words and Phrases
valley,beyond,fix up L.9 Four
skills
rather than L.10
camp,ash,dirt,cave,thirst L.9
Three
skills
faith,elder,curiously,starve,thus L.10
birth,give birth to,precious,fence,task,outdoors,shave,
argue L.11
ashtray,Bonny,kangaroo,sunburnt L.9
Two
skills
aborigines,Kooris,system,spiritual,hand down,
underground,percentage L.10
koala,Alaska,dingo,round up L.11
Italy,Italian L.12
Ⅱ.Everyday English
Be careful!
Don't throw your cigarette out of the window.
You mustn't smoke while you are walking around in the bush either.
Look out!
Don't tie it to that old branch.
Take care.
Ⅲ.Grammar
Learn the usages of the v.-ing Form as Object Complement and Adverbial.
Ⅳ.Language Use
Using the learned language, teachers and students should complete the tasks of listening, speaking and writing in the textbook and the workbook. Reading texts “The Discovery of Australia” and “Australia” should be exactly understood. Students should understand the discovery of Australia, the history, geography and local customs in Australia.
Ⅴ.Teaching Time: Five periods
Background Information
Something about Australia
Australia, officially called Commonwealth of Australia, is the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Southern Hemisphere(半球). It has an area of 7.7 million square km and a population of nearly 19 million. The principal religion is Christianity, with Roman Catholics and Anglicans(英國國教) predominating (占主要地位). The capital is Canberra, a beautiful gardened city.
Australia is separated from Indonesia to the northwest by the Timor and the Arafura seas; from Papua New Guinea to the northeast by the Torres Strait; from the Coral Sea Islands Territory (in the Coral Sea), also to the northeast, by the Great Barrier Reef; from New Zealand to the southeast by the Tasman Sea; and from Antarctica to the south by the Indian Ocean.
Until the late 20th century the Australian population was remarkably homogeneous (同種族的) , as a result of a previous policy of restricting non-European immigration. The restrictive policies were gradually abandoned in the 1960s and 1970s,and there has been much immigration from areas outside of Europe, particularly from Asia.
Australia has been inhabited（居�。゜y Aborigines（土著）for at least 40 000-and perhaps as many as 60 000 years. They immigrated from Southeast Asia, and estimates of the size of the Aboriginal population at the time of European settlement in 1788 range from 300 000 to more than 1 000 000. There is some evidence of a Chinese Landing at the site of Darwin in 1432, and Makasarese seamen(印尼望加錫漁民) began to fish the waters off Arnhem Land sometime before the 18th century. Widespread European know the knowledge of Australia, however, began only with the explorations of the 17th century.
The Dutch landed in Australia in 1616 and, under such notable seamen as Abel Tasman continued their explorations until 1644, when Australia became known as New Holland. The British arrived in 1688 under William Dampier, but they did not launch a large-scale expedition until James Cook's historic voyage of 1770 that resulted in Britain's claim to Australia and formal possession of New South Wales with the establishment of the small colony of Sydney Cove within Port Jackson(1788).From the outset, British immigrants（移民）were transported to the colony.
Tasmania, the next settlement, received settlers, from Sydney as early as 1803, and colonists arrived in Western Australia in 1827. By 1859 the colonial nuclei（核心）of all of Australia's six states had been formed.
Since World War Ⅱ Australia has assumed a leading role in Asian and Pacific affairs. Although it experienced some setbacks, the Aboriginal movement grew in strength from the 1960s, and Aborigines succeeded in obtaining rights to some tribal lands. Environmentalists also began to exercise considerable political influence.
Because it's millions of years since Australia was separated from the other continents of the world-as a result of crustal movement（地殼運動）, of course, many of the wild living things in this country are quite different from those in other parts across the globe. For example, it's the home of pouched mammals（有袋目哺乳動物）such as kangaroos and koalas. The koala, an animal looks like the bear but much smaller, lives on the leaves of eucalyptuses, also unique of Australia. There are many other living things characterists of（……特有的）Australia or Oceania- platpuses（鴨嘴獸）, echidnas（針鼴），casuarinas（木麻黃樹），etc.
異域風情
Sydney
悉尼位于澳大利亞東南沿海，風光旖旎，氣候宜人。它以悉尼歌劇院獨特的建筑而聞名于世。在這里你會看到許多古典歐式建筑與設計新穎的現代建筑融為一體。
Sydney, the capital of New South Wales（新南威爾士州）, has a population of more than three million. It is not only Australia's oldest and largest city but also its chief manufacturing(生產) centre and business port（港口）as well as the largest centre for selling wool in the world.
Besides, Sydney is also a city with 30 golden beaches nearby. In sydney if you say you are going skiing, it often means water-skiing. If you are going to Kosciusko（科修斯科山）, you are probably going snow-skiing.
The harbour of Sydney is spanned（跨越）by the famous arch bridge and over looked by dramatic new Sydney Opera House. The Opera House has great white curving（弧形的）roofs and is described as one of the great buildings in the 20th century.
There are old classic buildings in Sydney as well, such as James Church（圣詹姆斯教堂）, Hyde Park Barracks（海得公園營房）and Parliament House（國會大廈）.Of course there are also modern skyscrapers.
It is estimated（估計）that by the end of the 20th century there will be five million people living in the metropolition（大城市）complex along the coastline north and south of Sydney.
1.派生法：通過在詞根上加前綴(prefixes)或后綴(suffixes)構成新詞。
建議：圍繞單詞詞根進行詞性轉換，擴大詞匯量，奠定英語閱讀詞匯基礎。
(1)dirt(n.)臟物
［派生］dirty(adj.)骯臟的［規則］后綴-y接于名詞后構成“……的”。如：
cloud(n.)-cloudy(adj.) wind(n.)-windy(adj.)
snow(n.)-snowy(adj.) rain(n.)-rainy(adj.)
(2)precious寶貴的
［規則］后綴-ous構成表示“……的”。如：
danger-dangerous(危險的) humor-humorous(幽默的)
mountain-mountainous(多山的) poison-poisonous(有毒的)
(3)Italy(n.)意大利
［派生］Italian(adj./n.)［規則］后綴-ian構成表“……的人”。如：
Christ-Christian(基督教徒) music-musician(音樂家)
politics-politician(政治家) India-Indian(印度人)
(4)percent(n.)百分
［派生］percentage 百分率［規則］后綴-age構成“集合”“狀態”的名詞。如：
bag-baggage(行李) short-shortage(短缺)
2.發散思維法：輻射一詞多義，掌握詞中詞，提高閱讀能力。
建議：先學習語言結構，后結合例句加以應用，再回到劃線部分加以領悟，即運用意群記憶法。
(場所)在……那邊
(1) beyond (prep./adv.) (時間)超出
(程度)超出，為……所不及
如：The house is beyond the bridge.房子在橋的那一邊。
Don't stay out beyond 10 o'clock at night.晚上10點后不要在外面逗留。
Your works are beyond all praise.你的作品叫人贊揚不盡。
你來試試：
［填空］What he has done is ____________(出乎意料). (beyond expectation)
修理、安裝
(2) fix up
安排(住宿)，提供
如：They fixed up a simple operation table on one end of the room.
他們在房間的一頭搭起了一個簡單的手術臺。
They are fixing up the light.他們正忙著裝燈。
Can you fix up a meeting in a hotel? 你能在飯店安排一次會議嗎？
You can ask your father to fix you up with a good bike.
你可以請求你爸爸給你提供一輛好的自行車。
intend…for 打算給……
(3) intend to do 打算做
intend sb.to do 打算讓某人做
如：He intends to study abroad next year. 他打算明年到國外留學。
He intends his son to manage the company. 他打算讓兒子經營公司。
The dictionary is intended for the children. 字典是給孩子用的。
熄滅，關燈
(4) put out 發布新聞
生產
伸出
如：You can put out cigarette in the ashtray.你可以在煙灰缸把香煙捏掉。
Be sure to put the light out before you go away.你離開前務必將燈關掉。
The publishing house put out 80 new books last year.那家出版社去年出版了80本新書。
From then on the Romans began to put out a great variety of coins.
從那時起，羅馬人就發行種類更多的硬幣了。
He put out his hands to take mine.他伸出手來拉我的手。
The government will put out a new statement next week.政府將在下周宣布一項新聲明。
depend on/upon 依靠、取決于
(5)
That(all)depends/It(all)depends 視情況而定
如：You can never depend on your parents.你不能永遠依靠父母。
I may help you,but that depends.我也許會幫你，但得視情況而定。
3.辨析法：辨別相近易混結構，學會他們的區別。
建議：先學習辨析結構，后回到例句中加以分析應用，再領悟劃線部分，破解難點。即運用意群記憶法。并運用觀察分析法對比記憶。
如：I found a place suitable for the party.我找到了一個適于聚會的地方。
Do you think this style suits me?你覺得這種款式適合我嗎？
These shoes don't fit me.這鞋我穿不合適。
The new manager isn't fit for his position.新經理不勝任這項工作。
切記：(sth.)fit sb.某人穿……合適
你來試試：
［改錯］His great height fited him for team games last year.(fited→fitted)
outdoor(adj.)戶外的，反義詞indoor
(2)
outdoors(adv./n.)戶外，反義詞indoors
如：After class, the students prefer outdoor sports.下課后，學生們喜歡戶外運動。
Children usually prefer playing outdoors.孩子通常喜歡在戶外玩。
give birth to 生產、生下
(3)
be born 出生
如：His wife gave birth to a son.
The town gave birth to great men.
She was born on May 2nd.
He was borne by Eve.
小結：give birth to 其主語為雌性，其賓語一般為牲畜或嬰兒。也可用比喻意義。
be born其主語是人或動物。也可用引申義。如跟有by短語則用borne。
你來試試：
［改錯］On a rainy day,she was born by her poor mother.(born→borne)
如：His elder brother is a PLA man.他哥哥是解放軍戰士。
He is my elder by several years.他大我幾歲。
The elders handed down the customs.長輩們把風俗傳了下來。
你來試試：
［填空］She is three years ____________ than my _____________ sister. (older, elder)
4.聯想歸納法：用已知語言結構進行廣義聯想，歸納總結。再回到意群中加以領悟。
(1)go camping 去露營
聯想go+v.-ing，得到：
go boating 去劃船
go cycling 去騎自行車
go hunting 去打獵
go farming 去務農
go soldiering 從軍
go nursing 當護士
go climbing 去爬山
go riding 去騎自行車
go teaching 從教
go dancing 去跳舞
注意：go+v.-ing結構多指從事體育娛樂活動;也表示從事某職業。
(2)hand down傳下來
聯想動詞hand有關詞組：
hand in(上交)
hand out(分發)
in hand(手里的)
by hand(用手做)
hand over(移交)
hand back(交還)
on the other hand(另一方面)
at hand(在手邊的，即將到來的)
如：I always keep a dictionary at hand.我常把字典放在手邊。
Her sweater is knitted by hand.她的毛衣是用手打的。
Money in hand is not enough,so you can't buy the computer.
手頭的錢不夠，所以你不能買計算機。
(3)curiously 好奇地
聯想curiously 得到：
如：Children are naturally curious about everything around them.
孩子們對周圍的每件事好奇是自然的。
I'm curious to know what is written in his letter.我極想知道他信中寫了什么。
It's curious that he should have failed to win the race.他沒贏得比賽真奇怪。
Curiously enough,he seems to have known what we should do next.
說來奇怪，他幾乎已經知道我們下一步做什么。
注意：It is curious that…從句用虛擬語氣。
公式為：should do(should可以省略)
(4) catch sb.doing 碰上某人做某事
be/get caught in 被……圍困
catch up with 趕上
聯想動詞catch,得到：
catch hold of 抓住
catch one's attention 吸引某人的注意
如：The girl was caught stealing the apples.這個小女孩在偷蘋果時被當場抓住。
He was caught in the storm on his way to school.他在上學的路上遇上了暴風雨。
(5)keep out 不讓……進來
聯想動詞keep搭配的詞組：
keep up 維持、保持
keep off 避開
keep in mind 記住
keep on doing 反復不斷做
keep pets 養寵物
keep back 抑制(情感)
keep away from 遠離
keep up with 趕上
如：The trees keep out the wind.這些樹可以擋風。
Keep off the grass.勿踏入草地。
The heavy rain kept them from going out.因為下大雨，他們沒能出去。
I'm glad you're keeping up your studies.我很高興你在堅持學習。
你來試試：
They try to keep ________________ the same speed.
A.out B.up
答案：B
the remaining language 相當于the language left
(6) 不及物動詞，剩余、留下
remain
系動詞，仍然、依然
如：The children ate and ate until no food remained on the table.
孩子們吃個不停，直到桌子上的東西吃個精光才肯罷休。
The problem remained unsettled.這個問題仍舊未解決。
用作不及物動詞時譯為“剩余、留下”
小結：remain 用作系動詞時譯為“仍然”
作定語時用remaining形式
rather than的幾種用法
1) rather than此處是介詞短語，意思是"與其"、"不是"，相當于instead of。如：
I think you, rather than Mary, is to be punished.我認為該受懲罰的是你，而不是瑪麗。
Rather than fish, we'll have fried eggs and meat for lunch.
今天午餐吃煎蛋和肉，而沒有魚。
The colour seems green rather than blue.這顏色看上去是綠的，而不是藍的。
I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.
任何事情我總是喜歡早點做，不要到最后。
I'll have a cold drink rather than coffee. 我要喝冷飲，不想喝咖啡。
2)rather than可以和would連用，如would rather…than…或would…rather than…這時要注意"平?quot;問題，即其前后必須用相同的語法單位。如：
I'd rather have the red one than(have)the green one. 我寧愿要紅的，不愿要綠的。
I'd take the slowest train rather than go there by air.
我寧可乘坐最慢的火車也不愿坐飛機去那兒。
He would rather walk than drive. 他寧愿步行不愿開車。
I'd prefer to go in August rather than in July. 我愿八月去，不愿七月去。
I'd call her hair chestnut rather than brown. 我寧愿說她的頭發是栗色，而不是棕色。
【注意】I'd rather +動詞原形，通常意為"我寧愿……"，相當于"I'd prefer to…"，具有選擇意義，即"寧愿做……不愿做"。但是，當后接動詞like, enjoy, appreciate時，rather是一個程度副詞，象quite和fairly一樣無選擇意義，所以I'd rather like不是"我寧愿喜歡"，而是"我相當（很）喜歡"。試比較下列句子：
①"I'd rather like a cup of coffee." "Oh, would you? I'd rather have a beer. "
"我很想來杯咖啡。""噢，是嗎？我寧愿喝杯啤酒。"
�、赪e would rather appreciate your help. 我們非常感謝你的幫助。
③Which would you rather have, tea or coffee? 你更愿意喝什么，茶還是咖啡？
�、蹾e would rather enjoy seeing a film on Sundays. 他很喜歡在星期天看場電影。
3）在would rather前后可用不同的主語來表示某人寧愿讓另一個人做某事，這時，一般用過去時來表示現在或將來要做的事。如：
"Shall I open a window? ""I'd rather you didn't."
"我開一扇窗好嗎""你最好別開。"
Don't come tomorrow. I'd rather you came next weekend.
明天別來，我希望你下周末來。
I'd rather you told me the truth. 我寧愿你給我講實話。
I'd rather you went home now. 我愿意讓你現在就回家。
4）談到過去的動作，用過去完成時。如：
I'd rather you hadn't done that.我真希望你沒做過那件事。
I'd wish you had answered the question. 我真希望你回答了這個問題。
I'd rather you hadn't done that. 我希望你沒做過那件事。
二、知識歸納
（一）catch 高考�？紕釉~之一，其主要用法如下：
1.(出其不意地)碰上，撞上（某人做某事，多指不好的事），作及物動詞用。
（1）后接帶現在分詞的復合賓語：catch sb.doing sth.
e.g.She caught him smoking.ニ撞上他抽煙。
He caught some boys stealing flowers from the garden.ニ發現幾個男孩在花園里偷花。
（2）后接名詞/代詞+介詞短語
e.g.I caught the boy at it again.ノ矣腫采險夂⒆釉詬燒饈�。�
We shall catch them in the middle of their supper.ノ頤僑セ崤鏨纖們吃晚飯。
2.撞上、碰上（多用于被動結構）：be/get caught in…
e.g.The ship was caught in a hurricane.ツ撬掖遇上了颶風。
On my way home yesterday,I was caught in the rain.プ蛺煳以諢丶業耐局杏鏨嫌炅恕＊
3.趕上，抓-
e.g.They caught us before we reached town.ノ頤腔姑揮械醬锍搶錚他們就趕上我們了。
I want to catch the one-thirty train.ノ蟻肴ジ弦壞惆氳幕鴣怠＊
I caught him by the arm.ノ易プ×慫的胳臂。
What?I didn't catch that(what you said).ナ裁矗課頤惶清楚。
（二）intend的主要用法歸納
1.intend用作及物動詞，打算，有……意圖
（1）接不定式
e.g.I can't do it,and don't intend to.ノ也荒苷庋做，也不打算這樣做。
Do you intend to make a long stay there?ツ憒蛩閽諛搶锎舫ぢ穡開
（2）接動名詞
e.g.We don't intend doing it this year.ノ頤墻衲瓴淮蛩閼庋做。
（3）接從句
e.g.He hadn't intended that we should all be there.ニ沒有意思讓我們都到那里。
（4）接復合賓語
e.g.Let's ask him what he intends us to do.ピ勖僑ノ飾仕打算讓我們怎么辦。
The building was intended to be a museum.フ庾建筑物本來是打算用作博物館的。
（5）接名詞或代詞
e.g.They intended no harm.ニ們沒有惡意。
2.intend…for… 打算給某人……，打算使……成為……
e.g.They intended the chair for you,but she took it away.
這把椅子他們是打算給你的，但是她搬走了。
This gift is intended for Xiao Hong.フ飫裎鍤親急父小紅的。
（三）fix up的用法歸納
1.安排
e.g.Please fix up time for an interview.デ氚才藕靡桓黽面的時間。
We'll fix him up in the hotel.ノ頤墻把他安排在那個賓館。
2.修理
e.g.He is fixing up the broken chair.ニ在修理那個破椅子。
3.搭起
e.g.That night we fixed up a bamboo bed for him in the front room.
那天晚上我們給他在前屋搭了一張竹床。
4.解決
e.g.We have fixed up the matter now.フ饈孿衷諼頤且丫解決了。
（四）round up的用法
round up 聚集、召集，相當于：gather together,可以用作及物動詞，也可以用作不及物動詞。
e.g.They rounded up at the school gate.ニ們在校門口集合。
I rounded up a lot of students to help me.ノ藝偌了好多學生來幫我的忙。
（五）rather than的用法
（1）是……而不是……，通常連接兩個名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、動名詞、介詞、謂語動詞，用來將前后兩種情況加以對比。
e.g.He is a doctor rather than a worker.ニ是醫生而不是一名工人。
She is honest rather than clever.ビ肫淥鄧聰明，還不如說她老實。
連接兩個主語時，謂語和前面的一個一致。
e.g.Tom,rather than you,is to blame.ジ檬茉鴇傅氖翹濫罰而不是你。
（2）would rather…than…/would…rather than…
e.g.I would take the train rather than go there by bus.
=I would rather take the train than go there by bus.我寧愿乘火車也不愿坐公共汽車去那兒.
（3）rather…than otherwise 不是別的，而是
e.g.It is rather cold than otherwise.ヌ旎故峭冷的。
三、詞語辨析
1.be born,give birth to
(1)sb.be born in/on/at/of/from… 出生于……
e.g.She was born in a city. 她出生在一個城市里。
The boy was born of/in/from/into a poor peasant family.
那個男孩出生于一個貧窮的農民家庭。
(2)be born+n. 生來就是，天生就是……
e.g.No one is born a teacher.ッ揮腥松來就是老師。
(3)give birth to 生，產生
e.g.She gave birth to a fine healthy baby.ニ生了一個漂亮健康的寶寶。
The Chinese nation has given birth to many heroes.ブ謝民族涌現了許多英雄。
2.older, elder
二者都是old的比較級，但用法不同。old用于人時指年齡更大，用于物時指更舊;elder只用于比較同輩人中的年齡大小，只用作定語。
e.g.My elder brother is five years older than I.ノ腋綹綾任掖5歲。
This table is much older than that one.フ庹拋雷穎饒欽啪傘＊
3.outdoor,outdoors
outdoor是形容詞“室外的”，多用作定語；outdoors是副詞“室外（地）”“戶外（地）”，在句中作狀語。它們的反義詞分別是：indoor（室內的）和indoors（室內地）。
e.g.He often sleeps outdoors in summer.ハ奶燜常在室外睡。
We need more outdoor exercise.ノ頤切枰更多的戶外活動。
Ⅰ.單項選擇
1.Good health depends,of course,________________a number of factors.
A.to B.upon C.for D.with
2.I'd like the red silk dress ________________ that black one if you let me choose.
A.and not B.rather than C.more than D.than
3.We put a fence ________________ the vegetable to keep the chickens ________________.
A.round;in B.around;out C.over;out D.on;in
4.-Do you regret paying so much money for the book?
-No,I would gladly pay ________________ for it.
A.three times as many B.three times so much
C.three times as much D.three as much time
5.-Did they receive you well?
-Yes,they ________________ in a good hotel.
A.fixed up us B.fixed us up C.gave us up D.put up us
6.-Is there any present for me?
-Of course.This book ________________ you.
A.is given for B.is to be given for C.is intended for D.is intended to
7.The cowboy________________ the cattle that ________________ eating the grass here and there.
A.drove up;was B.picked up;were C.rounded up;was D.rounded up;were
8.-Where shall we ________________ tonight?
-I think the clearing near the river is a good place.
A.camp B.stay C.live D.sleep
9.The ________________ diamond is ________________.
A.valuable;curious-shaped B.valuable,curious-shaping
C.precious;curiously-shaped D.precious;curiously-shaping
10.Australia ______ almost one third of the world's sheep.Cattle are also ____,fruit and vegetables are ______ in it.
A.produces;kept;grown B.keeps;grown;produced
C.grows;produced;kept D.produces;grown;kept
11.The peasants ________________ the majority of the population in China.
A.are make from B.make up C.make up of D.are make of
12.One strange animal ______eggs,yet feed its young ________ its milk.
A.lay;on B.lays;on C.laid;with D.laid;on
13.He would take the slowest train ________________ by air.
A.rather than going B.rather than go C.rather go D.prefer to go
14.The students in Class Two are planning ________________ in the summer holidays.
A.going camp B.going to camp C.to go camp D.to go camping
15.What is ________ price to one person ______ worthless to another.
A.behind;maybe B.behind;may be C.beyond;maybe D.beyond;may be
16.The soldier rushed into the railway station ________________.
A.with a gun in hand B.with gun in hand
C.gun in hands D.gun in hand
17.-I'd like to go to the cinema with you,Dad.
-Sorry,but the film is ________________ for adults.
A.admitted B.intended C.promised D.permitted
18.Twelve of the students gave performances,and the ______ ones served as the audience.
A.left B.rest C.remained D.remaining
19.No dictionary can _________ all the English idioms.
A.cover B.tell C.say D.show
20.The painting looks better if seen ________________ distance.
A.in a B.in the C.at a D.at the
1.B depend upon/on 取決于。 2.B rather than 而非。
3.B keep the chickens out 不讓雞進來。 4.C 省略句。 5.B fix up 安排住宿。
6.C be intended for 意指。 7.D round up 趕攏，cattle 是集合名詞。
8.A 9.C 10.A 11.B make up 構成 12.B
13.B go與take 構成平衡結構。 14.D plan to do 計劃做某事;go camping 去露營。
15.D 16.D gun in hand 相當于with a gun in his hand 17.B
18.D the remaining ones 相當于the ones left 19.A 20.C at a distance 隔有一段距離。
語法天地
復習歸納v.-ing(現在分詞)的用法。
(1)現在分詞的形式：見下表
以及物動詞ask,不及物動詞go為例。
(2)分詞的時間意義
①現在分詞的一般時表示的動作，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生或幾乎同時發生。如：
One day I found a boy playing on the track.
②現在分詞的完成時表示的動作，發生在謂語動詞動作之前。如：
Having cleaned the desk,we began reading.
(3)現在分詞的否定式：not+v.-ing
(4)現在分詞的作用
現在分詞在句中起形容詞和副詞的作用。
①作定語：單個分詞作定語常放在被修飾詞的前面。分詞詞組作定語放在被修飾詞的后面。如：
He was waiting for the sleeping boy.
Do you know the man sitting over there?
切記：having done 分詞的完成時永遠不能作定語。
［誤］Do you know anyone having told lies?
［正］Do you know anyone who has told lies?
②作表語
如：The story that I read yesterday is very touching.
③作補語
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
切記：分詞作補語與賓語或主語的關系：分詞作賓語補足語，分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的賓語;作主語補足語時，分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。
現在分詞與邏輯主語間是主謂關系。
分詞與不定式作賓補的區別：
現在分詞與賓語有邏輯上的主謂關系，并表示動作正在進行。
動詞不定式與賓語有邏輯主謂關系，表示動作全過程已經結束。如：
I feel my heart feeling fast.(強調動作正在進行)
Did you hear anyone come in?(強調動作的全過程)
④作狀語
A.分詞短語作時間、條件、原因、讓步狀語時，多位于句首，可轉換成狀語從句;作表示結果、方式、伴隨情況狀語時，通常置于句末。如：
Working in the factory, we learned a lot from the workers.(時間狀語)
Being too old, he couldn't walk that far.(原因狀語)
Standing on the building,you can see the whole city.(條件狀語)
Being young, he knows a lot.(讓步狀語)
Many trees had been blown down by the high winds, blocking roads.(結果狀語)
One woman was lying in bed, awake, listening to the rushing wind.(伴隨狀語)
B.分詞作狀語與謂語動詞的時間關系。
現在分詞表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時進行�，F在分詞的完成時先于謂語動詞的動作而發生。
注意：邏輯主語是分詞解題的鑰匙，一般說來，現在分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。即分詞與句子的主語存在邏輯上的主謂關系。
分詞與邏輯主語的關系如下表
但幾個常用的詞組不受這種語法限制。
generally speaking(一般的來說) strictly speaking(嚴格的來說)
roughly speaking(粗略的來說) judging from(由……來看)
如：Generally speaking,newspaper follows the American way.
Judging from his accent,he must be from Shanghai.
(5)分詞與從句/獨立主格結構的區別
①從句的結構為：關聯詞(after,before,since,as…)+主語+謂語。如：
After I had put down my newspaper,I walked over to the window and looked out.
②分詞是短語，無關聯詞(但可保留when,while,if,though…)如：
When leaving the airport,they waved again and again.
③獨立主格為短語，無連詞但有邏輯主語和邏輯謂語，邏輯謂語由非謂語動詞承擔。如：
Weather permitting,we'll go to the Great Wall.
(6)獨立主格結構
獨立主格結構在句中作狀語。一般說來，表示時間、原因、條件時常放于句首。表示方式或伴隨放于句末。
①表示時間 如：The work finished,they left the room.=After the work was finished,…
②表示原因
如：It being a rainy day,Kate wore her new raincoat=Because it was a rainy day,…
③表示條件 如：Weather permitting,we'll visit the Great Wall.=If weather permits,…
④表示方式或伴隨情況
如：The family started on their way,children running and jumping in front.
獨立主格結構的構成
①名詞(代詞)+不定式或分詞 如：The clock having struck 12, I went to bed.
注意：being\,having been的省略：being\,having been在名詞作邏輯主語的獨立結構中可以省略。如：Class(being)over, we began to have a break.
His work(having been)finished, he went home.
但代詞作邏輯主語時，being\,having been不可省略。如：
They being our friends,we should help them.
你來試試：
［改錯］He stood there with his eyes fixing on the ground.(fixing→fixed)
It fine, we went out for a walk.(fine前加being)
②名詞(代詞)+形容詞/副詞/介詞詞組 Summer over, students returned to school.
③with+名詞(代詞)+賓補。這種句型又叫with的復合結構。如：
With his mother out,he failed to do his homework.
注意：獨立結構中冠詞的省略。
在“名詞+介詞短語”的獨立結構中，如果邏輯主語與介詞短語中的名詞都是單數名詞，在這些名詞前習慣上不用冠詞。如：The teacher came in,with a book in his hand(book in hand.)
你來試試：
［改錯］The man was sitting over there,a pipe in mouth.(去掉a)
語法專項練習
1.The professor came into the lab,________________ by his assistant.
A.following B.followed C.being followed D.to follow
2.With trees,flowers and grass __________ everywhere my town has taken on a new look.
A.planting B.planted C.to plant D.to be planted
3.Weather ________________,we'll go fishing tomorrow morning.
A.is permitting B.permits C.permitting D.permitted
4.The key ________________,I couldn't enter the office.
A.was lost B.having been lost C.be lost D.being lost
5._______not enough money,I couldn't buy the dictionary.
A.It being B.It was C.There being D.There was
6.________________,the boy could't enter his house.
A.Since the key has lost B.The key was lost
C.Lost the key D.Having lost the key
7.If ________________ ill,I'll stay home ________________ a good rest.
A.to fall;taking B.fall;to taking C.falling;taking D.falling;take
8.A letter has been written to him,________________ him to the party.
A.invite B.to invite C.invited D.inviting
9.Not ________________ it right,he was encouraged to try again.
A.did B.done C.to do D.having done
10.________________ your head,and you'll see the sun ________________ now.
A.Raise;rising B.Raise;raising C.To raise;rising D.Lift;being risen
11.________________ from his clothes,he is not so poor.
A.Judged B.Judging C.To judge D.Having judged
12.________________ now pretty late,we took candles and went upstairs.
A.Being B.to be C.For being D.It being
13.European football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
14.________________ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
15.Mother ________________ the child had to live alone.
A.dying B.died C.having died D.dead
16.All the people,________________ the wounded,were brought to safty.
A.included B.including C.include D.to include
17.All the people,the wounded ________________ were brought to safety.
A.included B.including C.include D.to include
18.On my way home,I saw a thief ________________ money from a lady by police.
A.being caught B.having caught C.caught stealing D.have caught to steal
19.He stepped into his room,____ ______ a lot of things _______.
A.finding;robbed B.finding;stolen C.found;missed D.to find;robbed
20._____ ___ up at his father,he asked what was the matter with him?
A.Having looked B.Looking C.To look D.Look
1.B followed by his assistant 被助手跟隨。2.B planted 表示動作完成。
3.C 獨立主格結構。4.B 獨立主格結構。5.C 獨立主格結構。
6.D 現在分詞作狀語，the boy 是動作的執行者。
7.C 8.D 9.D 分詞作狀語。10.A 祈使句+and… 11.B judging from 是獨立結構。
12.D 句子意為：天已黑，我們拿著蠟燭上樓。 13.A
14.C receive 發生在decide之前，所以用完成時;not+doing 構成分詞的否定式。
15.B 16.B 17.A 18.C catch the thief stealing
19.B steal a lot of things，不可說rob sth., rob sb.of sth.是正確的。 20.B
（二）高考真題
1.(2000上海)__in 1636,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A.Being founded B.It was foundedC.Founded D.Founding
簡析：選C。founded既表示了Harvard的被動（被創建），又表示動作發生在過去（in 1636）。
2.(2000上海)The ________boy was last seen________near the East Lake.
A.missing;playing B.missing;playC.missed;played D.missed;to play
簡析：選A。missing是一個形容詞，丟失的，下落不明的。修飾boy，句子中出現了last這個副詞，表示當時的一個情景，故用分詞playing而不能用play。
3.(2001上海)The bell________the end of the period rang,________our heated discussion.
A.indicating;interrupting B.indicated;interrupting
C.indicating;interrupted D.indicated;interrupted
簡析：選A�！癷ndicate”和“interrupt”和bell的關系都是表示主動，都用現在分詞，indicating作定語，interrupting作狀語。
4.(2001高考題)___such heavy pollution already,it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A.Having suffered B.SufferingC.To suffer D.Suffered
簡析：選A。此題考查現在分詞的用法，suffer的邏輯主語是river，表主動，因此用現在分詞的完成時。