2. While still a student, she played roles in many plays. 還在上小學(xué)時(shí)．她就在許多戲劇中扮演角色。
(1) While still a student & While she was still a student的省略形式。如果復(fù)合句中的狀語(yǔ)從句用了“主語(yǔ)十 be十名詞（形容詞，分詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)，且主從句主語(yǔ)一致（或從句主語(yǔ)是it）時(shí)，可省略從句主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞be，而只保留從句中的其他部分。又：
Water will boil when heated. 水加熱就會(huì)開(kāi)。（省略了 it is）
I'11 repeat it several times, if necessary. 如果有必要，我可以重復(fù)好幾遍。（省略了 it is）
(2) play roles/a role扮演角色，起作用。如：Keanu Reeves played leading roles in many films. 基努’里維斯在許多電影中扮演主角。
He played an important role in the research. 他在研究中起了重要作用。
3.During the 1980s and 1990s she won many more prizes在二十世紀(jì)八十年代和九十年代，他獲得了更多獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。
l）年代的表示法：the加上整十位數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式 ( twenties 20s/20's; thirties 30s/30' s; forties 40s/40' s; fifties 50s/50' s :
These books were written in the 1830s( 1830's) . 這些書(shū)寫(xiě)于十九世紀(jì)三十年代。
某人“幾十幾歲的表示法：物主代詞his，my，her，their等加上整十位數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
He went to America for further education in his twenties. '他二十幾歲時(shí)去美國(guó)深造。
2) many more和much more的區(qū)別
many more修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞much more修飾不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have many more books than you. 我的書(shū)比你的多得多。
much more用于修飾多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞，還可用于修飾不可數(shù)名詞。如：
This park is much more beautiful than that one. 這個(gè)公園比那個(gè)公園漂亮得多。
He has made much more progress this year than last year. 他今年的進(jìn)步比去年大得多。
4.marry, get married 和 be married表結(jié)婚
Dmarry可作及物動(dòng)詞，后面直接接賓語(yǔ)；也可作不及物動(dòng)詞，后面常跟副詞。如：
She/He is going to marry a doctor. 她／他將和一個(gè)醫(yī)生結(jié)婚。 He married late. 他結(jié)婚晚。 She married well. 她嫁給了一個(gè)有錢(qián)人。
get married 和 be married為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，后要加介詞 to才能跟賓語(yǔ)。如：She was married to an English man. 她同一個(gè)英國(guó)人結(jié)了婚。
He got married to a friend of mine last year. 去年他和我的一個(gè)朋友結(jié)了婚。
2)marry,get married均表瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作，不能與 for…／since等“段時(shí)間”連用。 be married表示狀態(tài)，可與“段時(shí)間”連用。
如：他們結(jié)婚三十年了。 誤: They have married (got married) for thirty years. 正: They have been married for thirty years.
5.This film quickly made him famous. 這部電影使他很快成名。
make在此為使役動(dòng)詞，意為“使（做某事）”；‘駛（成為）”。其賓語(yǔ)后要接補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可為：形容詞、過(guò)去分詞、名詞、省略to的不定式。
1)make十賓語(yǔ)十形容詞。如：We are doing our best to make our country even stronger. 我們?cè)谂κ刮覀儑?guó)家更加強(qiáng)大。
2)make十賓語(yǔ)十過(guò)去分詞。如：He spoke slowly in order to make himself understood. 他講得很慢，以便大家能夠聽(tīng)懂。
3)make 十賓語(yǔ)十名詞（短語(yǔ)）。如：They made him their team leader. 他們推選他當(dāng)了隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。
4)make十賓語(yǔ)十動(dòng)詞原形。如：They made me do it. 他們讓我做那件事。
注意：如本句型用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不定式前必須加to。如上句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為：I was made to do it.
6.reason后的定語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。That 's the reason why (that, for which ) she left home.
l）定語(yǔ)從句：引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用why，that或for which 引導(dǎo)；作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that或which引導(dǎo)。如：
That 's the reason that / ( which ) he explained to us. 那就是她離家出走的原因。（作狀語(yǔ)）
2)reason 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后的表語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)（不可錯(cuò)用成 because）。如：
His health is getting worse and wore. The reason is that he drinks too much. 他的健康越來(lái)越差，原因是他喝酒太多。
7.dream的用法
1）dream是可數(shù)名詞，意為“夢(mèng)”時(shí)，后跟about短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)；意為“夢(mèng)想，愿望”時(shí)，后跟of短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。如：
I had a dream about some elephants last night. 我昨晚夢(mèng)見(jiàn)了一些大象。
His dream of visiting Beijing has come true. 他去北京的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
2)dream 作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意為“做夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)見(jiàn)”，有以下三種用法:后跟同原名詞作賓語(yǔ);后跟of或about引起的介詞短語(yǔ);后跟that從句
He dreamed a bad dream last night. 他昨晚做了場(chǎng)惡夢(mèng)。 I often dreamed of (about ) you. 我常夢(mèng)見(jiàn)你。
I dreamed that I could fly. 我夢(mèng)見(jiàn)我能飛翔。
3) 表示“想到”、“向往；渴望”時(shí)，后跟of短語(yǔ)。如：I never dreamt of seeing you here. 我沒(méi)想到會(huì)在這兒見(jiàn)到你。
We dream of peace. 我們渴望和平。
8. “be十不定式”的用法
1）主語(yǔ)為 dream， wish， idea， job，work， duty ，plan等名詞時(shí)，“be to do”是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示主語(yǔ)是什么。不定式表示的動(dòng)作在渭語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生。如：His wish was to be a teacher．他的愿望是當(dāng)一名老師。
Their plan is to finish building the house within a week. 他們的計(jì)劃是在一周內(nèi)完成這房子。
2）主語(yǔ)是“人”時(shí)，“be to do”表示主語(yǔ)（計(jì)劃、安排）干什么。如：
I'm to meet him at the station. 我將到火車(chē)站接他。 They are to be married. 他們將要結(jié)婚。
9. by the sea 和 by sea的區(qū)別。
by the sea意為“在海邊”; by sea意為“乘船，走海路”。如：
Some children are playing by the sea. 一些孩子在海邊玩。 We went to Japan by sea. 我們乘船去日本。
10.take off“脫掉”；“起飛”；“很快上升”
John took off his hat as he entered the room. 約翰一邊進(jìn)屋子，一邊脫下帽子。
The plane took off at 9 a.m. this morning. 那架飛機(jī)今晨九時(shí)起飛。
Sales of home computers have taken off in recent years. 家庭電腦的銷(xiāo)售量近年來(lái)上升很快。
11.afraid的活用:
1)be afraid of +只作表語(yǔ)（一般不作定語(yǔ)），常用于以下句型：
be afraid of+名詞／動(dòng)名詞（常擔(dān)心不良后果，尤其是用于某事的發(fā)生是出乎以外的，或這事的發(fā)生不是我們所希望或樂(lè)意的，這時(shí)只能用 be afraid of doing）。如：I'm afraid of dogs. 我害怕狗。 He was afraid of failing in the exam. 他害怕考試不及格。
I'm afraid of making mistakes when I speak English. 我講英語(yǔ)時(shí)總是怕出錯(cuò)。
2)be afraid to do常指害怕而沒(méi)膽量去做 He was afraid to go back home alone in the evening. 晚上他害怕獨(dú)自回家。
3)be afraid for“為……擔(dān)心”。如：I'm afraid for your health. 我為你的健康擔(dān)心。
4)be afraid that意為“認(rèn)為，恐怕”等，用于有禮貌地表達(dá)可能令人不愉快的信息。如：I'm afraid that we can't come. 恐怕我們不能來(lái)。
12.way的幾種后置定語(yǔ)形式。
This is the best way to improve our English. 的后置定語(yǔ)有以下幾種形式：
l）以不定式作定語(yǔ)。如：There is only one way of doing the work well. 這是提高我們英語(yǔ)水平的最好方法。
He was pleased with the way she had accepted his gifts. 只有一種能把這件事做好的方法。
13.in the end和 at the end的區(qū)別
1) 表示“最終”、“終于”時(shí)，兩者之間沒(méi)有明顯區(qū)別，通�？梢曰Q。如：
In the end/At the end we find out the secret. 我們終于發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)秘密。
I hope everything will turn out all right in the end/at the end. 我希望最終一切都會(huì)順利。
2)at the end后面常接 of介詞短語(yǔ)，表示“在……的盡頭；在……的末端”。In the end 的后面不能跟 Of短語(yǔ)。如：
At the end of the road you will find the hospital.在這條路的盡頭，你會(huì)找到那家醫(yī)院的。
I went to Paris at the end of last year. 我去年年底去了巴黎。
8. owe的多重含義
1)owe既可作“欠錢(qián)”、“負(fù)債”解，又可作“感激”、“感謝”講，其后可跟雙賓語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)放后時(shí)要用to引導(dǎo)。如：
He owes his father 100 dollars(He owes 100 dollars to his father ) . 他欠他父親 100美元。
I owe my teachers a lot (I owe a lot to my teachers) . 我很感謝眾位老師。
2) 作“把……歸功于”時(shí)，用 owe sth to sb（sth）結(jié)構(gòu)。如： We owe this discovery to Newton. 我們把這一發(fā)現(xiàn)歸功于牛頓。
He owes his success to luck. 他把成功歸功于運(yùn)氣。
15.take one's place“代替”、“入座”
Take one’s place作“代替”講時(shí)，可用 take the place of替換。如：Who will take Mr. Smith's place? 誰(shuí)來(lái)代替史密斯先生呢？
Take one’s place作“代替”講時(shí),可用 take the place of替換。 We had no one to take the place of John. 我們沒(méi)有誰(shuí)能代替約翰的工作。
Shall we take our places at the table? 我們?nèi)胂桑?/p>
16.escape和run away的區(qū)別。
escape可作及物動(dòng)詞（后跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞）和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：They are trying to escape punishment. 他們?cè)诒M量逃脫懲罰。
The soldier managed to escape being caught. 那個(gè)士兵沒(méi)法逃脫了被抓獲。
Some people escaped from the burning building. 一些人從燃燒著的大樓中逃了出來(lái)。
run away是個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，表示“不辭而別，逃走”，在口語(yǔ)中�？膳c escape互換。如：
The boy often runs away from school. 那男孩經(jīng)常逃學(xué)。 As soon as the thief saw us, he ran away. 小偷一看見(jiàn)我們就逃跑了。
17. determine to do 和be determined to do的區(qū)別
1) 二者都表示“決定（干某事）”，稍有不同的是：determine to do強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；be determined to do說(shuō)明一種狀態(tài)，表示“已下定了堅(jiān)定不移的決心”。如：He determined to go abroad. 他決定出國(guó)。 He was determined to go abroad. 他下了決心要出國(guó)。
2)determine是非延續(xù)動(dòng)作，不能與表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)連用；be determined是一種延續(xù)狀態(tài)，可與時(shí)間段連用。如：他決定做此事已經(jīng)很久了。誤：He determined to do it for a long time.正：He was determined to do it for a long time.
【語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)評(píng)］一、淺談“介詞十關(guān)系代詞”所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
要掌握“介詞十關(guān)系代詞”所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，我們要注意以下三點(diǎn)：
一、關(guān)系代詞的選用 在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞一般只有which和whom。如先行詞是物，引導(dǎo)詞用which；如先行詞是人，則引導(dǎo)詞用whom。如：This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai. 這是我去上海所乘坐的船。
This is the student for whom I bought the book. 這是我給買(mǎi)書(shū)的那個(gè)學(xué)生。
二、介詞的選用 “介詞十關(guān)系代詞”中的介詞主要有以下三種確定方法：
1． 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或形容詞來(lái)選用介詞。如：
The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first. 我給說(shuō)話(huà)的那個(gè)人起先沒(méi)有回答。(speak to)
The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place. 西湖是個(gè)美麗的地方，杭州以此而聞名。(be famous for)
2．根據(jù)先行詞來(lái)確定介詞。如：In his room, we saw a big table on which there were all kinds of books. 在他的屋子里，我看見(jiàn)一張上面放著各種書(shū)的大桌子。(on the table)
Yesterday we had a meeting at which we discussed many problems. 昨天我們開(kāi)了一個(gè)會(huì)，會(huì)上我們討論了許多問(wèn)題。(at the meeting)