Unit 1 Good friends
1.What should a good friend be like?
What + be + sth / sb + like ?是用來詢問某事／某人的有關(guān)情況的句型，多譯為“...怎么樣？”；如果主語是人時(shí)，則針對人的相貌或品行提問，多譯為“...是...的一個(gè)人”。
What is the weather like today in Jinchang? It is windy here.
What was the American film like? Very interesting.
What is the new English teacher like?
What should your girl friend be like? She should be beautiful and honest.
2.I hate hiking and I'm not into classical music.
(1)hate=not like 不喜歡，不愿意，后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞。接不定式時(shí)表示一種具體的概念，指一時(shí)性的或特定的具體行動(dòng)。接動(dòng)名詞形式時(shí)，表示一種籠統(tǒng)概念，指經(jīng)常性的事，一般傾向，有時(shí)兩種形式可以混用無太大區(qū)別。如：
I hate speaking before a big audience. I hate to say so,but really I have no time to go with you.
(2)注意classical music前沒有冠詞。用可數(shù)n.泛指某一類事物時(shí)，名詞前不加冠詞，如：
He likes cars,houses,music and drink.
2.Rock music is OK,and so is skiing.
(1)so／nor ＋be(助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）＋主語，表示上下文敘述情形相同。若前面是否定句，就要用neither或者nor連接。如：I like playing basketball,so does he. I didn't go there,nor did Mary.
If you go to the cncert this evening, so will I and my parents. My father has never been to Britain, nor has my mother.
She is a student from that middle school. So am I.
(2)so＋主語＋be／助動(dòng)詞 ／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，主謂語不倒裝，用于對上文的進(jìn)一步的肯定或確認(rèn)。如：
--The students work hard.--So they do. I thought they should finish the work before nine o'clock and so they did.
--I thought yoou wre a scientist. --So I am. --John did well in this examination. --So he did.
(3) 主語＋be ／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋so 表示一人按照另一人的要求做了某事，譯為“照辦了”
My English teacher told me to hand out the papers he had marked,and I did so.
His mother wanted him to finish his homework right away but the boy didn't want to do so.
(4)So it is(或was)with. . . / It is / was the same with sb 表示上下文敘述內(nèi)容相同，主要用于上下是不同的謂語或有肯定也有否定的情況。如： He is a student and studies in No.1 Middle School.So it is with her.
--He is quite lazy and never works hard at his lessons. --So it is with his elder sister.
3.Chuch is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.
so that 和so...that (1)so that可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞通常和can、may、shall等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。另外，so that也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，意為“因此，結(jié)果”，其前通常有逗號。試比較：
①They set out early so that they might arrive on time.他們早早出發(fā)為的是按時(shí)到達(dá)。 （目的狀語從句）
②They closed the windows so that he shouldn't catch cold.他們關(guān)了窗，以便使他免受 鳳寒之苦。（目的狀語從句）
③He did not plan his time well,so that he didn't finish the work in time
④It was raining,so that we could not go out.當(dāng)時(shí)正下雨，所以我們沒能出去。（結(jié)果狀語從句）
(2)so…that分開用，通常引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，可翻譯為“如此…以致（因而）”。
＋形容詞或副詞
＋形容調(diào)十a(chǎn)（n）＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
so ＋ many／few＋復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 ＋ that…
＋ much／little ＋ 不可數(shù)名詞
①He ran so quickly that I couldn't catch up with him.他跑得很快，以致于我趕不上他。
②Jack is so smart a boy that he can work out difficult maths problems quickly. 杰克很聰明，因而他能很快的解出數(shù)學(xué)難題。
③l've had so many falls that I'm Hack and blue aU over.我跌了這么多跤，以致于渾身青一塊紫一塊。
④There is so much room in the hall that it can hold many people.大廳里有很大的空間，因此能容納很多人。
⑤So angry was Tom's mother at the news that she could hardly say a word.
聽到這個(gè)消息，湯姆的母親如此生氣，以致于幾乎說不出話來。
4.He realizes that he hasn't been a very good friend,because he has always been thinking about himself.
(1)has/have been doing是現(xiàn)在成進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，有肯恩給剛剛結(jié)束，也有可能繼續(xù)下去，它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性。而線在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束，強(qiáng)調(diào)兌現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果。如： I have been reading the book. I have read the book.
He has been writing the book recently. I don't know when he will finish it.
(2)句中的realize或realise是及物動(dòng)詞，意為“認(rèn)識，體會(huì)，領(lǐng)悟；使(計(jì)劃，希望等）變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)”。如
I have realized my mistake. Finally I realized what he meant. She realized her dream to be a doctor.
(3)"always"這個(gè)表示“經(jīng)常”的頻度時(shí)間狀語與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用，給現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或過去的動(dòng)作披上一層感情色彩，這個(gè)用法并不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，試比較：He came home late. She was always coming home late.
5.Even though Wilson is just a volleyball,he bcomes fond of Wilson.
(1)詞句中even though意為“即使......，盡管......”，用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，可置于主句前，也可置于主句后。如：
Even though you say so,I don't believe it.
He had to find ways that would make it possible for him to speak,read and write,even if/even though he could later only move the fingers of one hand.
(2)"becomes fond of"喜歡上，側(cè)重于“不喜歡”到“喜歡”之間的轉(zhuǎn)化。“be fond of"喜歡......，只是描寫存在的狀態(tài)。兩個(gè)短語都為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：When did you become fond of country music? I have been fond of country music for several years.
6.Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and suorrow,and that it is important to have someone to care about.He also learns that he should have cared more about his friends.查克懂得了我們需要朋友來分享快樂，分擔(dān)痛苦，并且能有一個(gè)自己關(guān)心的人是重要的。他也懂得以前應(yīng)該多關(guān)心一下朋友。
（1）第一句中，謂語動(dòng)詞learn后跟兩個(gè)that賓語從句，第二個(gè)賓語從句中，是由不定式作真正主語，it作形式主語的句型，即“It+be+adj.+(for /of sb.)to do sth."這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要是為了是句子保持平衡，以避免頭重腳輕。
It's difficult for us to pass CET4. It's important for us to learn English well. It' necessary for you to think carefully before you act.
It's kind of you to say so. It was foolish of him to give up the work. It's kind of you to help me.
(2) 在英語中，若構(gòu)成 S + be + adj + to do 這一形式時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
I have got a letter to write. I have many questions to answer. The books are difficult to read and heavy to carry.
此時(shí)若構(gòu)成不定式的動(dòng)詞不及物時(shí)，不定式后必須加上一適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。
She has several children to look after. Please give me a pen to write with.
（3）should have done 表示“本該做某事而沒做”，含有責(zé)備、惋惜的意思。
You should have finished your homework at five o'clock. Jerry should have kept her word; I wonder why she changed her mind.
We shouldn't have told him the bad news. You see, he now is very sad.
7.幾組同義詞
1．through和 across
through指從內(nèi)部穿過，與介詞in相關(guān)，常用在wood/forest/crowd/vaUey/street/diniculries等詞的前面。而across通常指從表面穿過，穿越，與介詞on有關(guān)，常用在field/street/road/square/river/bridge等詞的前面。如：
①Can you see it through the hole? 你能從這洞口看見它嗎？
②Go through the woods and you'll see a river.穿過這片樹林，你就能看見一條河。
③They swam across the river in the dark他們在黑暗中游過河。
2．a(chǎn)lone 和 lonely
alone用作形容詞，充當(dāng)表語或后置定語，意為“獨(dú)自的，單獨(dú)的”。用作副詞時(shí)修飾謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語用。但 alore偶而也作“孤獨(dú)”之意解。而 lonely只有形容詞詞性，可作前置定語也可作表語，作表語時(shí)指一種感覺，具有感情色彩，表示主觀上因缺少朋友或獨(dú)自一人而感到“孤獨(dú)寂寞”，“冷清’，作定語時(shí)常修飾地點(diǎn)詞，意為“偏僻的”，“荒涼阿’。如：
I am alone,but I never feel lonely. 我獨(dú)居但我并無冷清之感。
The old man lives alone in the lonely small mountain village.那老人獨(dú)自一人生活在荒涼的山村里。
3. one day, some day, the other day 和 another day
（l）one day= on a day past or future過去某一天；將來有一天；指幾天前的一天也可用the other day；將來有一天，還可以用 some day，但some day只用于將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：
One day / On the other day his teacher askal ban to the teacbe office for workbook.有一天老師叫他去辦公室取作業(yè)本。
Though we failed many times,we will succeed one day/some day.雖然我們失敗了許多次，但總有一天我們會(huì)成功的。
（2）anothar day意為“改日，改天”，在句中作狀語，指近期的某一天。I'll come to see you another day.我改日再來看你。
another day也可以表示過去某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)的“又一天”。 He stayed there for another day.他在那兒又呆了一天。
4.think of, think about和 think over
（l）作“考慮”或“想起”解時(shí)，think of和think about同義，可以互相替換。但作“對有...看法”或“評價(jià)”解時(shí)，只能用think of如：What do you think of the pop star?(認(rèn)為這位流行歌星如何？）作“仔細(xì)考慮”解時(shí)，只能用think over。
(2)前兩個(gè)短語是“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，不能拆開使用，賓語必須置于介詞后，而think over是“動(dòng)詞＋副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，可以拆開使用，作賓語的名詞置于副調(diào)over前后均可，但作賓語的人稱代詞必須置于over之前。如：
①I'm thinking of/about persuading Dad to stop smoking. 我在考慮說服爸爸戒煙。
②What do you think of(不用 about)our English teacher?你對我們的英語老師有何看法？
③Think the problem over. = Think over the problem.仔細(xì)考慮一下這個(gè)問題。
④Think it over,please.(不能寫成：Think over it.please. 請仔細(xì)考慮一下這件事。
⑤I'm thinking of/about going abroad,but I haven't decided yet. 我正考慮出國，但還沒作出決定。
5. loud, aloud, loudly由作副詞時(shí)的區(qū)別
這三個(gè)詞都有“大聲地”的意思，但有所不同。（l）aloud的意思是“出聲地”，有使聲音能被聽到的意味（而不只是在腦子里默默地“說”），往往與read,think連用。aloud修飾call，cry等動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可作“高聲地”、“大聲地”解。如：
①Please read the story aloud.請朗讀這個(gè)故事。
②--What did you say? --Oh, nothing, I was just thinking aloud. “你說什么？”“哦，沒說什么，我只是在自言自語。”
(2)loud的意思是“大聲地”、“高聲地”、“響亮地”。在動(dòng)詞后面，一般用loud，不用loudly，在非正式談話中尤其如此。常與 Ioud連用的動(dòng)詞有talk, speak, shout, laugh等。如：
①He then laughed loud.然后他放聲大笑。 ②Don't talk so loud.不要那么大聲講話。（此句中的loud可用loudly代替。）
（3）loudly的意思是“高聲地”；有時(shí)可與 loud通用，但更多地含有“喧鬧”的意味。
①Someone knocked loudly at the door.有人大聲地敲門。
②When they were arguing，they talked so loudly that the people in the next room could hear every word．
他們爭論的時(shí)候，說話聲音很大，隔壁的人都聽得清清楚楚。