本章教學目標
(1)提高交際能力，掌握表示對過去事物的推測的日常用語；
(2)學會使用本單元重點單詞、詞組和句型；
(3)學會動詞-ing形式作定語和狀語的用法，提高語言運用能力。
重點難點突破
【對話】
1．The guards couldn't have been watching very carefully.衛兵不可能一直進行嚴密地監視。
(1)couldn't have been watching是由could(can)+not +have +done構成，表示對過去發生的動作的否定推測。例如：
He can't(couldn't)have watched TV yesterday for he knew he would have an exam.昨天他不可能看電視，因為他知道快要考試了。
情態動詞的完成結構可歸納如下：
(2) must +have +done表示說話人對過去已經完成的動作或狀態合乎情理的邏輯推斷，是顯然或必然的結論，或確有把握的推測。例如：
It was wet on the road. It must have rained last night.路上很濕。昨天晚上一定下雨了。
(3)can +have +done表示過去的一種確定無疑的可能性，多用于疑問句和否定句。例如：
--Where can John have put the matches?約翰把火柴放哪了?
--He can't have thrown them away.他不可能把他扔掉的。
(4) could +have +done表示本有可能完成的動作，但是由某種原因而未完成。例如：
You could have been more careful.你本能夠更細心些的(事實上并不細心)。
(5)might／may +have +done表示說話人對過去可能已發生的動作或存在的狀態的一種懷疑或推測。例如：
He seems to know the city quite well. He may／might have been there before.他似乎對那個城市很熟悉。他以前可能去過那里。
(6) should／ought to +have +done表示過去應當做的事情，但是并沒有做到，常常帶有一種后悔、埋怨或責備的口氣。ought to比should的口氣更強。例如：
I should have told you my telephone number.我本應該把我的電話告訴你。
You oughtn't to／shouldn't have laughed at his mistake.你不該取笑他的錯誤。
(7)needn't +have +done表示過去不必干或不需做卻做了的事
You needn't have woken me up；I don't have to work today.你本來不必叫醒我，今天我可以不去上班。
2．So it was easy to stay hidden.容易躲藏。
hidden是過去分詞，作stay的表語。例如：
The little boy was hidden behind the door, eating the cake.(=He hid himself behind the door，eating the cake)這小男孩躲在門后吃蛋糕。
Hidden in the forests，the thief couldn't be found easily.小偷藏在樹林里，所以很難找到。
I'm sure that the murderer must be hidden on the mountain.我確信兇手一定藏在山上。
【課文】
1．One day he had been called out to attend a young peasant and his sister.有一天請他出診，給一個年輕的農民和他的姐姐看病。
(1)句中的attend作“治療／看護”(look after ,give medical care to)。
例如：
In his last illness he was attended by Dr.Carson.他上次生病時是由卡爾醫生治療的。
The patient has three nurses and doctors attending him.這位病人有三個護士和醫生照顧。
(2)attend to意為“注意”、“用心”。而attend on／upon譯為“伺候，照看”。
He was so ill that two nurses attended on him.他病得那樣重，有兩個護士照顧他。
Tom，could you attend to the customers，please?湯姆，照應一下顧客，好嗎?
You must attend carefully to these pieces of advice.你必須認真傾聽這些忠告。
2．fortune作名詞。
(1)fortune作名詞�？蓴得~或不可數名詞“機會，運氣，命運，成功，巨富”。
短語:
be in good fortune 運氣好 have fortune on one's side 走紅運
a man of fortune 富人 make one's fortune 發財,致富
try one's fortune 碰運氣 tell sb.his fortune為某人算命、看相
(2)fortunate作形容詞“幸運的，運氣好的，吉利的，帶來好運的”。
You were fortunate to escape being injured.你沒有受傷，真幸運。
He was fortunate enough to have a good income.他很幸運，有一筆好收入。
3．The peasants had to pay heavy taxes and suffered greatly from hunger．農民們要負擔重稅，還要忍饑挨餓。
(1)suffer from“受痛苦、受折磨、受損失”。例如：
I'm sure you have suffered from overwork.你肯定是勞累過度了。
For much of the time he suffered from bad health.在大部分時間里，他的身體都不好。
The old man is suffering from loss of memory.這老人苦于喪失了記憶力。
(2)另suffer作及物動詞時，其賓語常是pain，loss，defeat，punishment，hardship，injustice，discouragement等。
He suffered great pain／heavy loss.他受到痛苦煎熬/很大損失。
4．Come to達到，發生，合計，蘇醒，歸結為。
In a moment she carne to (herself).過了一會，她突然蘇醒過來。
He thought it over, but could come to no conclusion.他認真考慮過，但沒有得出結論。
This new term has come to end.這學期結束了。
Their scheme came to nothing.他們的計劃落空了。
His earnings come to$6000 a year.他年收入為六千美元。
5．On reading it，he found that a servant of the family in France had been putin prison，through no fault of his own 。 看了信，他得知他法國家中的一個仆人被無辜地關進了監獄。
On hearing the news，he burst into tears.(As soon as he heard the news，he...)一聽到這消息，他就哭了。
On his arrival in Paris，he was arrested.( As soon as he arrived in Paris，he was...)一到巴黎他就被捕了。
on+(V+ing)表示“一……就”，類似的表達法還有：as soon as, the moment ,immediately, no sooner...than, hardly...than, hardly...when, directly等。
On arriving there，they set about doing the experiment.一到那兒他們便開始做實驗了。
=The moment they got there，they set about the...=Immediately they got there，they set about...=No sooner had they got there than they set about...=Hardly had they got there when they set about...
6．Strangely ,they looked as if they were twins.說起來奇怪，這兩個人看上去像孿生兄弟。
strangely副詞，“奇怪地”，在句中作評注性狀語。
Personally I don't think he will interview you.(wrong)
(R:Personally，I don't think he will interview you.) 我個人認為他不會采訪你。
評注性狀語不與它所評論的句子在結構上緊密結合，通常位于句首(間或也可在句中或句末)，并常用逗號與句子隔開。
Honestly, I think you are wrong.說實在的，我認為你錯了。
strangely enough，the man didn't take the diamond away.真奇怪，那人沒有拿走這鉆石。
另外，評注性狀語也用介詞詞組、非限定動詞來表達。例如：
In my opinion，you'd better go home.我認為你最好回家。
Judging from his accent，he is from Britain.從他的口音判斷，他是英國人。
7．bring up①教育，養育；②嘔吐；③提出(話題)
All children should be brought up to respect their parents.應教育所有的孩子尊敬父母。
He was brought up by his grandparents in the small village.他是爺爺奶奶在這小村子里帶大的。
The patient brought up what he had eaten.這個病人把吃下的東西全吐出來了。
His new suggestion was brought up at the meeting.他的新建議在會議中被提出。
8．Under an English name以一個英國名字作掩護
under在此短語中的意思是“以……作掩護，偽裝，庇護，假借”。
The prisoner escaped under the cover of night.囚犯趁著夜色的掩護逃跑了。
You may take a two-day leave under the teacher's hand.經老師簽名，你可以休假兩天。
He cheated me under the mask of friendship.她借朋友之名欺騙了我。
【重點難點解析】
1. They had come from England, having heard the strange news that Dr Manette, Lucie's father, was alive and was living in Paris.
他們從英國來是因為聽說了一個驚人的消息--露西的父親莫奈特醫生仍然活著，而且還住在巴黎。
本句中的that從句為news的同位語從句。分詞短語作原因狀語。
2. The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles.
城市貧民和鄉村里的農民由于長期過著非常艱苦的生活，都拿起刀槍開始槍殺富有的貴族。
這里分詞短語作原因狀語。
3. Dr Manette had been put in prison for no good reason.
莫奈特大夫被關進監獄是沒有正當理由的。
①be put into/in prison(被關進監獄), be sent to prison(被送進監獄), be in prison (在坐牢)，上述詞組中的prison前皆不加冠詞，詞義不再指具體的“監獄的房子”了，而被抽象化指“被監禁”的狀態，類似的詞組有：
go to school/college/church/hospital
②for. . . reason 為了……緣故/原因，如：
for some reason, for a simple reason
for the reason of health, for no reason
for no good reason
4. The guards couldn't have been watching very carefully.
衛兵們不可能一直認真站崗。
can't/couldn't+have been doing sth. 表示“想必不可能一直做某事”又如：
It's very hot today. They can't have been working in the sun.
5. On reading it, he found that a servant of the family in France had been put in prison, though no fault of his own.
讀完信后，他得知他法國家中的仆人被關進了監獄，盡管他本人沒有任何罪過。
①On reading it=as soon as he read it.
on/upon doing(或+n. )當……，一……就
a. On hearing the news, the students burst into shout with joy.
b. On his arrival in Paris, he was recognized as a noble.
②through表示原因“由于”。如：
He failed to pass the exam through his carelessness.
We were lost in the forest through not knowing the way.
核心知識
【常用單詞積累】
let in in peace put. . . in prison for no good reason keep silent over fall in love with make sure of suffer from come to under an English name take up set fire to burn. . . to the ground or rather do wrong sentence. . . to death be eager to do a good deed
【基礎知識精講】
1. I spoke to her and persuaded her to let me in.
我同她談起話來，并說服她讓我進去了。
句中的let in意思是“讓……進入”。e. g.
①Open the window and let in some fresh air. 把窗戶打開，讓新鮮空氣進來。
②The baby is afraid of the dog. Don't let it in. 孩子怕狗，別讓它進來。
習慣搭配
動詞let的常見搭配形式：
let. . . out(of) 放出，發出，泄露；let. . . off 讓……上岸或下車；放過(不追究)； let. . . alone 不干涉，不管；let alone 更別說；let. . . be 聽任，不打擾； let. . . down 讓…… 失望
①Mother won't let us out when it rains. 天下雨時，媽媽不讓我們出去。
②Who let the air out of my tyre ? 誰把我的車胎氣給放了?
③Hearing the good news, the boy let out a cry of joy. 男孩聽到好消息，發出高興的叫聲。
④It was Tom who let out the secret. 是湯姆泄露的機密。
⑤I asked the captain to let me off at the next port. 我請船長在下一個港口讓我上岸。
⑥Let me alone. 別管我。(讓我一個人呆著)。
⑦Let her be; she has a headache. 別打擾她，她頭疼。
2. Dr Manette had been mentally disturbed by his long years alone in prison and his hair had turned white.
由于多年被單獨關在牢房里，曼奈特醫生精神失常了，頭發也變白了。
句中的mentally為副詞，作“精神上，智力上”解。disturb是及物動詞，意為“攪亂，弄亂”。mentally disturbed意為“精神錯亂”。另外，disturb還可作“打擾，干擾，使(某人)煩惱或不安”等解。e. g.
①Don't disturb the papers on my desk. 別把我桌子上的文件弄亂了。
②A light wind disturbed the surface of the water.
一陣輕風吹來，水面蕩起層層漣漪。
③She opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping child.
她輕輕地開門，以免驚擾了睡著的孩子。
④There was a sign on the door, saying “Don't disturb! ”
門上掛著個牌子，上面寫著“請勿打擾! ”
⑤She was disturbed to hear about her mother's sudden illness.
她獲悉母親得急病后感到心神不安。
3. One day he had been called out to attend a young peasant and his sister.
有一次他被叫去出診，給個年輕的農民和他的姐姐看病。
(1)call out常作“大聲叫喚”解，此處意為“請出”。e. g.
①She called out with pain. 她疼得叫了起來。
②Doctors are often called out in the middle of the night.
醫生常常在半夜被請去出診。
(2)句中的attend為及物詞，作“看護，照料，服侍”解，相當于look after。作這個意思解時，也可用作不及物動詞，與介詞on/upon連用，即attend on/upon sb. ，意為“照料、看護或服侍某人”。e. g.
①She had two nurses attending(on) her. 有兩位護士看護著她。
②If you go out, who will attend the baby? 你要是出去了，誰來照料孩子?
(3)attend作及物動詞時，常作“出席，到場，參加”解。attend a meeting/conference(出席會議)、attend school/classes(上學)，attend a lecture(聽報告)，attend a party(出席宴會)，等等。e. g.
①They attend school five days a week. 他們每周上學五天。
②The dance was well attended. 這次舞會參加的人很多。
(4)attend還可作不及物動詞表示“注意，專心，傾聽”的意思，常跟介詞to連用， 即attend to(專心于，傾聽)。e. g.
①You must attend to your work. 你必須專心于你的工作。
②Attend carefully to what she's saying. 注意聽她說。
習慣搭配
attend與join, join in和take part in的區別：這幾種表達都有“參加”之意。但attend指“參加(會議等)，出席，到場”；join指“參加(組織、集體，成為其中一員)”；join in 和take part in都指“參加(活動)”。e. g.
①Did you attend the meeting yesterday? 你出席昨天的會議了嗎?
②She intends to join that club. 她打算參加那個俱樂部。
③All the students joined in/took part in the discussion. 所有的學生都參加了討論。
④Won't you join us in the game? 不和我們一起玩游戲嗎?
4. After the return of Dr. Manette to England, two men fell in love with Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton.
在曼奈特醫生回到英國后，有兩位男士，一個叫查爾斯達尼，一個叫悉尼卡爾登，都愛上了露西曼奈特。
句中的fall in love with意為“愛上(某人)”。其中fall的意思是“變為，變成，(不知不覺地或突然地)進入……狀態”。e. g.
①They've fallen in love. 他們已墜入愛河。
②He fell in love with her at first sight. 他對她一見鐘情。
③I fell in love with the beautiful place. 我愛上了那個風景優美的地方。
習慣搭配
fall in love與be in love的區別：
be in love也可作“愛上”解，是指“在相愛”的狀態；fall in love是“愛上”的行為變化過程。e. g.
They fell in love with each other when they first met on a train. They've been in love for 5 years. 他們在火車上第一次遇見時就愛上了對方，至今已經相戀五年了。
聯想遷移
由fall構成的詞組常見的還有：
fall asleep 入睡；fall ill 生��；fall into the habit of 形成……習慣
5. In the country the revolutionaries set fire to the noble' s castles and burnt them to the ground.
在鄉村里革命者放火燒毀了貴族的城堡，把它們夷為平地。
(1)句中set fire to (sth. ) 是“放火”、“使……著火”的意思，也可以用set(sth. ) on fire來表示，其意義相同。e. g.
①Who set fire to the house? (或Who set the house on fire? )
是誰放火燒房子的?
②The waste paper should be set fire to.
這些廢紙應當燒掉。
(2)burn…to the ground意為“燒毀(房子等)”。e. g.
Their houses, too, were burnt to the ground.
他們的房子也被燒毀了。
語法講解
burn. . . to the ground中的介詞to意思是“到，直到(……狀態/程度)”。類似的用法常見的還有：
①burn/beat/starve. . . to death 燒/打/餓死
②She sang the baby to sleep. 她唱歌哄嬰兒入睡。
③He tore the letter to pieces. 他把信撕碎了。
④I was moved to tears. 我被感動得流淚。
6. When the people in the court heard this, there was no doubt in their minds that the St. Evremonde family had done much wrong.
法庭里的人們聽到這件事后，他們腦子里都認為埃弗雷蒙家庭實在是罪孽深重。
句中的do wrong是動詞詞組，作“做錯事，做壞事，做得不對”解。其中的wrong是名詞， 是“(使別人受損害/委屈的)錯事”，與此相應的詞組是do right，作“做得對”解。e. g.
①I hope you'll never do wrong. 我希望你永遠都不要做壞事。
②You did quite right to accept the invitation. 你接受邀請是對的。
語法講解
類似的動詞詞組還有：do good(做好事，有好處)，do harm(有害處)，do one's best(盡最大努力)等。e. g.
①You should do good all your life. 你應當一輩子都做好事。
②Any kind of pollution will do harm to health. 任何污染都會危害健康。
③We have done our best to help him. 我們已經盡了最大努力來幫助他。
【單元知識綱要】
類 別
語 言 項 目
詞 匯
disturb, noble, tax, deed, suffer, eager, light a fire, have a test , call for help, all day long, fall in love with, take up
日常交
際用語
The guards couldn't have been watching very carefully.
You must have been mad to speak to the servant.
She might have called for help.
語 法
動詞-ing形式作定語和狀語。
典型例題
【基礎題】
★例1 When I got back home I saw a massage pinned to the door_____“Sorry to miss you, will call later.”
A．Read B．reads C．to read D．reading
導析：“read”在本句中譯為“讀作，內容是”，充當前面名詞message的定語，它們之間有邏輯上的主謂關系，故應選現在分詞“reading”。答案：D
★例2 European football is played in 80 countries，_________it the most popular sport in the world.
A．making B．makes C．made D．to make
導析：本句譯為“80個國家的人們踢歐式足球，這使得它成為世界上最流行的運動”。從語法結構來看，后面的“使得”應該作前面句子的結果狀語，故答案應是現在分詞“making”。答案：A
【易錯題】
★★例1________，tears came into his eyes.
A．Moved by her words
B．moving by her words
C．He was moved by her words
D．Because he was moved by her words
導析：本句中的“感動”這個動作與主語“眼淚”沒有任何主謂和動賓關系，故不能用分詞作原因狀語，又因C項少了一個從屬連詞，只有加一個“because”才能使前面句子成為后面句子的原因狀語從句。答案：D
★★例2
--There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
--It________ a comfortable journey.
A．can't be B．shouldn't be
C．mustn't have been D．couldn't have been
導析：上句已表明動作發生在過去，只有D項正確。句意為“車上已經有5個人了，但是他們還是設法帶上我，想必一定不是一次舒適的旅行了”
答案：D
【創新題】
★★例
--Nancy is not coming tonight.
--But she_________!
A．promises B．promised
C．will promise D．had promised
導析：該題是通過情景對話來考查考生的運用動詞時態的能力。關鍵詞“But”，上句雖說“今晚將不來”，可是“她答應過要來呀!”只能用過去時來表示。答案：B
【高考題】
★★★例(1994年，全國)I told sally how to get here，but perhaps I________ for her.
A．had to write it out B．must have written it out
C．should have written it out D．ought to write it out.
導析：該題意思是“我告訴她怎么到這兒，可是我本該為她寫出這里的詳細地址�！北磉_了一種懊悔的心情。答案：C
【閱讀分析點撥】
‘As I stood in front of the grave(墓) of President Richard Nixon, I was thinking about the time 25 years ago when this president helped bring the United States and China closer together. Young people of our two countries should help this relationship grow. ’
This remark was made by a Shanghai student when speaking to his fellow students at the Nixon Library in California, USA. He was one of 80 middle school students from China attending a month long ‘Youth Summit’. The Summit was to mark the 25th anniversary(周年) of President Nixon' journey to China, which was the turning point in China US relations.
The Youth Summit was aimed at increasing understanding and friendship between young students of the two countries through visits and discussions. Seventy five American students were selected to visit China. They also visited the Nixon Library on July 21 before leaving for Beijing the next day. The head of the Library said he was pleased to see the American and Chinese students talking and laughing together.
One Chinese student said, ‘I didn't find it particularly difficult to talk with Americans. We have our differences, but we have a lot in common. Dialogue is good for us. ’
1. The words ‘Youth Summit’ refer to .
A. visits to the Nixon Library
B. the Chinese students' visit to the US
C. a meeting discussing relations between China and the U. S.
D. activities to strengthen the ties between the Chinese and American students
解析 為了紀念尼克松總統訪華二十五周年，中美中學生互訪，交流，故D為最佳答案。Youth Summit指的是旨在加強兩國學生聯系的一系列活動。而選項A與B都僅是其中的一個側面，故可以排除。
2. The student from Shanghai thought about the time 25 years ago because it was when Nixon .
A. died
B. visited China
C. became US president
D. started building the library in his name
解析 從文章第二段The Summit was to mark the 25th anniversary(周年) of Predident Nixon's journey to China, which was the turning point in China-U. S. relations一句中不難看出，二十五年前尼克松訪華，故B為最佳答案。
3. The text mainly about .
A. the China US relations B. the Nixon Library
C. President Nixon D. the Youth Summit
解析 文章中涉及了中美關系(選項A)、尼克松圖書館(選項B )和尼克松總統(選項C)，但主要談論的是中美兩國中學生交流的一系列活動，即the Youth Summit，故D為最佳答案。
【課本難題解答】
Lesson 85
2. Hiding; hidden; waited; came; fetch; spoke; persuaded; was; knew; was; was; helped; (to)light; could be seen
說明：She helped him(to) light a fire that…miles后面的復合賓語中，“to”可以省掉，也可以保留。
3. 1)D 2)A 3)E 4)B 5)C 6)F
Lesson 86
2. 1)B 2)C 3)D 4)A 5)C 6)B 7)B 8)A
說明：1) the owner of which是由“名詞+of+關系代詞”結構的非限制性定語從句，which代替先行詞shop。
2) having heard. . . 是現在分詞的完成式，在句中作時間狀語，它表示的時間發生在謂語動詞had come之前。
4) having been kept. . . 是現在分詞的完成被動式，在句中作定語，相當于一個定語從句。=who had been kept a prisoner. . .
Lesson 88
1. 1)revolutionary 2)mentally 3)fortunately; fortunate
4)arrival 5)prison 6)silence 7)death
2. a sleeping baby; a smiling face;
an interesting film; the rising sun;
the coming year; living things;
a developing country; a moving story;
boiling water; surprising; news;
a singing star; waving branches
說明：這個練習中的現在分詞，都用作定語，修飾名詞。它們與所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關系。例如：a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping
a developing country=a country that is developing
【有關"Unit 22 A tale of two cities" 的教學設計】
教學設計1. g2u22 A Tale of Two Cities 教案
學習目標：
本單元要求掌握
Lesson85
一、交際用語
1）You must have been mad to speak to the servant．
2）The guards couldn’t have been watching very carefully．
3）You might both have been caught and killed．
二、單詞和詞組
1）servant 2）stay hidden
3）let…in 4）call for help
5）light a fire 6）have a test
7）get a full mark
三、句型
1）It was the first time we had spoken togeth- er．
2）I took fifteen minutes to get home．
Lesson86－87
一、單詞和詞組
1）in peace 2）put…in prison
3）call…out 4）for no good reason
5）keep silent over… 6）make sure of
7）pay heavy taxes 8）suffer… from…
9）fall in love with… 10）in public
11）attend 12）take up one’s guns
13）burn…to the ground
14）set fire to… 15）address
16）or rather 17）on his arrival…
18）do wrong
19）sentence…to death
20）do a good deed
二、句型
1）Defarge was pleased at their arrival．
2）He hated the way they treated the peasant．
3）Dr．Manette had been kept a prisoner for many years．
4）On reading the letter，he found that a ser- vant of the farmily in France had been put in prison．
5）He would have his head cut off the next day．
三、語法
動詞ing形式用作定語和狀語。
1）They quickly moved the sleeping man out of the prison．
2）The poor of the city，having lived such a hard life，took up their guns．
Lesson88
一、單詞和詞組
1）the suffering peasants 2）for a start
3）date 4）oder a drink
二、聽力
掌握大意和查找細節。
三、寫作
1）連詞成句。
2）連句成篇，形成書信格式。
教案內容：
內容1：教學重點與難點
內容2：同步練習
【關于“Unit 22 A tale of two cities”的常見問題】
常見問題1: Unit 22 A tale of two cities
問題：
It is the first time I your country.
A. that; had visited B. 不填；have visited
C. when; visit D. that; will visit
解答:
分析 答案為B。在這一句型中引導詞用that(可省略)，不可用其它詞，且后用完成時態。
常見問題2: Unit 22 A tale of two cities
問題：
-This is Tom speaking.
-Hi, Tom, please stay at home, I'll you at 6∶30 and we'll go to see the film together.
A. call on B. wait for
C. drop in on D. call for
解答:
分析 答案為D。call for意為“邀某人同往某處；(親自)接；需要”，在此句中為第一含義。
常見問題3: Unit 22 A tale of two cities
問題：
-I have worked in Huanggang for twenty years.
-So you there for twenty years, you?
A. must live; didn't B. must have lived; haven't
C. can have lived; can't D. must have lived; mustn't
解答:
分析 答案為B。本句中must+have done是對過去到現在“20 年”的推測語氣，因此本身是現在完成時，所以反意問句還是由完成時的助動詞構成。