動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) --- 基本概念 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 基本概念: 指目前(一點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間) / 過去(一點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作. 例句 1. I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正確選項(xiàng) C, 指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, until 引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句,動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).) 2. --- When shall we leave? --- As soon as I ______ what I _______. A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正確選項(xiàng)B, as soon as 從句前省略了主句, 時(shí)間狀語從句中動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)將來的結(jié)果用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí); what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _____ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正確選項(xiàng)C, was working 指 at that time 正在發(fā)生的行為.) 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正確選項(xiàng)A, 句中went 是說話人給定的時(shí)間, work 和leave發(fā)生的時(shí)間都要看它們與went 的時(shí)間關(guān)系, work 與went動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, 強(qiáng)調(diào)正在做,用過去進(jìn)行時(shí); leave 在went之前發(fā)生, 應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí).) 5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. E. I didn’t notice. F. I won’t notice. (正確選項(xiàng)B, 對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情.) 6. 一般過去時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 比較下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信寫完了） * I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在寫信，但不一定寫完了） * I was writing a letter when he came in. (他進(jìn)來時(shí)，我正在寫) 從以上例句可以看出，一般過去時(shí)常常用來表示過去的一個(gè)有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作，而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生2）動(dòng)作在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生，無論哪一種情況都不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。再如： *He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 正確選項(xiàng)為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it. 推斷，他去年正在寫。 * Tom ________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正確選項(xiàng)為A. slip和notice 為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。 * As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell 正確選項(xiàng)為B(道理同上)。 * The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking 正確選項(xiàng)為D(道理同上)。 7. 過去完成時(shí) 基本概念: A) 表過去某一時(shí)間以前有結(jié)果的行為 * She said she had seen the film. 這里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是發(fā)生在said之前的行為，而不是之后。 再如： * The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正確選項(xiàng)為A, 因?yàn)閐ied是發(fā)生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行為；died 是站在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間角度看過去，是強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生了的事情，而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在如何，因此D錯(cuò)，B錯(cuò)（過去將來時(shí)是站在過去的時(shí)間角度看過去的將來）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正確選項(xiàng)為A(道理同上)。 B) 表延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)間的行為 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表過去某一時(shí)間以前未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算 * I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 正確選項(xiàng)為B。 * I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped 正確選項(xiàng)為C。 8. 過去將來時(shí) 基本概念: 表過去某一時(shí)間之后將要發(fā)生的行為（過去的將來）。 * We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left
正確選項(xiàng)為B。
* She said she ___(leave) the next morning.
答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave
由此可以看出, 我們?cè)谝话銓頃r(shí)中討論的將來時(shí)的多種形式均可靈活地運(yùn)用于過去將來時(shí)中。
9. 將來完成時(shí)
基本概念:
在討論了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)之后，我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到：完成時(shí)的概念其實(shí)就是兩條1）表結(jié)果 2）表延續(xù) ，站在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間角度看，就是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；時(shí)間移到過去就是過去完成是；時(shí)間移至將來就是將來完成時(shí)，因此，將來完成時(shí)
A) 表到將來某一時(shí)間前要完成的行為
* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.
* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.
B) 表延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)間的行為
* I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.
動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
以上我們討論了動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)，與主動(dòng)語態(tài)一樣，被動(dòng)語態(tài)也有相同的各種時(shí)態(tài)。因此，我們只要關(guān)注被動(dòng)語態(tài)的某些特殊用法就可以了。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的某些特殊用法
A. 有些及物動(dòng)詞有時(shí)形式上為主動(dòng), 表達(dá)主語的特性或特征
* The kind of cloth washes well.
* The book sells / writes well.
* Your hands feel cold.