1.I think that vegetables are good food because they contain lots of vitamins.
我以為蔬菜是很好的食物,因?yàn)樗鼈兒胸S富的維生素。
contain vt. vi 包含,包括,能容納；忍住， 抑制。不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。
Beer contains alcohol.
啤酒含有酒精。
The speech contained some interesting ideas.
這個(gè)講演包括一些有趣的思想。
At the sight of this cruelty , he could hardly contain his anger.
見此殘暴情形， 他無(wú)法克制自己的憤怒。
5.Take this medicine three times a day.
服這種藥每天三次。
1) medicine藥, 醫(yī)學(xué), 內(nèi)科學(xué), 內(nèi)服藥
take medicine 服藥
A person who wants to become a doctor has to study medicine.
一個(gè)想當(dāng)醫(yī)生的人得學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)。
A good medicine tastes bitter.
良藥苦口(忠言逆耳)。
2）time n. “次”,“度”。 一次 once 兩次 twice
three times a month 每月三次。
four times a year 每年四次。
twice a week 每周兩次。
He has been to London three times .
他曾去過(guò)倫敦三次。
How many times did you see movie？
那部電影你看了幾遍？
6.And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in the future.
我建議你今后不要吃不成熟的水果。
advise vt. Vi. 勸告,建議。后跟動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
跟從句時(shí)，從句中用should + 動(dòng)詞原形。
I shall act as you advise.
我將按你的忠告去做。
The doctor advised me to take more exercise.
醫(yī)生囑咐我多加鍛煉。
They advised that we should ripe fruit.
他們建議我們吃成熟的水果。
Reading
6. Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.
1) No longer = not … any longer
指時(shí)間和狀態(tài)不再延續(xù)，常與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。
No more = not… any more
指強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量，次數(shù)不再增加和動(dòng)作終止的結(jié)果，常與名詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞連用。
China is no longer what it used to be .
= china is not what it used be any longer.
He wanted no more money from his parents.
= he didn’t want any more money from his parents.
2) what to eat 是疑問(wèn)句+ 不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作賓語(yǔ)，另外這一結(jié)構(gòu)也可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。
What to do next hasn’t been decided yet.(主語(yǔ))
I don’t know whether to answer it.（賓語(yǔ)）
The question is how to put it into practice.（表語(yǔ)）
They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.（介詞賓語(yǔ)）
The key with which to open the door has been lost.（定語(yǔ)）
注： 這種結(jié)構(gòu)含有情態(tài)意義，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶should 的從句。
I can’t decided which sweater to buy
= I can’t decide which sweater I should buy.
3) once 用法回顧
adv. 曾經(jīng)、昔日 ( at some time in the past)
he once knew her, but they are no longer friends.
Adv. 一次 （one time ）
We have been there only once.
Conj. 一旦 （if ever）
Once you begin, you must continue.
注： once 引導(dǎo)的從句經(jīng)常可以采用省略形式。
Once ( he is )there ,he is lost.
Once opened, the food must be eaten up within three days.
7.Our eating habits have changed ,as has our way of life.
我們的飲食習(xí)慣改變了，正如我們的生活方式。
as此處用作代詞,“如......一樣" 承接前句內(nèi)容。
As的用法較多，常見如下：
1）。當(dāng)連詞用，指“象, 按照, 如同；當(dāng)..., 的時(shí)候 , 一邊...一邊, 隨著；因?yàn)? 既然；以致于, 以便；雖然, 盡管”等。
Leave it as it is.
保持原狀, 不要?jiǎng)铀?/p>
She sang as she worked.
她一邊工作一邊唱歌。
I saw him as he was getting off the bus.
正當(dāng)他下公共汽車時(shí), 我看見了他。
As a child, he lived in America.
他小時(shí)候住在美國(guó)。
You will grow wiser as you grow older.
隨著你年齡的增長(zhǎng), 你會(huì)變得更聰明。
As you are tired, you had better rest.
(既然)你累了, 最好休息一下。
Be so good s to come and join us.
務(wù)請(qǐng)來(lái)參加我們的活動(dòng)。
Try As he would, he could not lift the rock.
他雖然盡了最大努力, 仍不能搬動(dòng)那塊石頭。
2）。 用作代詞，指“這一點(diǎn)”，也用在 such...as; the same... as 結(jié)構(gòu)中罷，表示“象...一樣”。
as is well known 眾所周知
The statement reads in full As follows:
聲明全文如下:
3） 用作介詞，指“作為, 當(dāng)作, 擔(dān)任”
He worked as a teacher.
他當(dāng)教師。
As a work of art it is very poor.
作為藝術(shù)品這是十分拙劣的。
8. Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st-century person..
1) diet 既可作可數(shù)名詞，又可以作不可數(shù)名詞，
8.If we want to keep up with the high pace of modern life,we had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat.
如果我們想要跟上現(xiàn)代生活的步伐，我們最好學(xué)會(huì)正確選擇吃什么以及怎樣吃 1)keep up with 跟上, 不落在......后面。
Don't run - I can't keep up with you.
別跑了，我趕不上你了。
Are wages keeping up with inflation?
工資跟得上通貨膨脹嗎？
2）pace n . 步速 ，步調(diào)；一步；步幅;（工作等的）速度
go at a good /fast/slow pace 快速/慢步前進(jìn)
keep pace（常與with連用）跟上，與…同步；并駕齊驅(qū)
I stepped back a pace or two .
我向后退一兩步 。
The fence is only ten paces from the house.
圍墻離屋子只有十步遠(yuǎn)。
A policeman with plain clothes stood a dozen paces behind me watching me.
"一個(gè)穿便衣的警察站在我后面十幾步遠(yuǎn)的地方,監(jiān)視著我。"
pace 還可以用作動(dòng)詞，指“慢慢地走；踱步”。例如：
The lion paced the floor of its cage.
獅子在籠里踱來(lái)踱去。
He paced the room.
他在房間里踱來(lái)踱去。
9.Many people today make choices about their eating habits based on what they believe .
如今許多做出的選擇是建立在他們所相信的飲食習(xí)慣基礎(chǔ)上的。
1) choice n.挑選；選擇；抉擇; 入選者；被選中的人或物
make a choice = take a choice 做出選擇
have no choice but[后跟動(dòng)詞不定式]非...不可, 除...之外別無(wú)他法
She had to make a choice between the two dresses.
她得在兩件衣服中選擇一件。
She is the people's choice for Prime Minister.
她是人民選出來(lái)的首相。
Which is your choice?
你選哪一個(gè)?
2)base 可以當(dāng)名詞使用，指“底；基礎(chǔ); 基地；本部”。例如：
A bottle has a flat base.
瓶子有一個(gè)平的底。
That company has offices all over the world, but their base is in Paris.
這個(gè)公司的辦事處遍布全世界，但本部在巴黎。
base也用作動(dòng)詞 ，（與on, upon連用）表示“以...為基礎(chǔ),把...基礎(chǔ)放在... ”。
Advertisements based on these facts have been printed in newspapers and magazines but have not helped much.
根據(jù)這些情況擬定的廣告詞登載在報(bào)紙和雜志上,但是效果不大。
One should always base one's opinions on facts.
意見應(yīng)以事實(shí)為根據(jù)。
10.Eating habits become part of who we are; people become vegetarians either because they believe it is healthier not to eat meat or because they do not think we should kill animals for food.
飲食習(xí)慣已成為我們的一部分；人們成為素食者部分因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈挪怀匀飧】担蛘咭驗(yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為我們不應(yīng)該獵殺動(dòng)物做食物。
1)part與of連用時(shí),指全體中不特定的部分,通常不加冠詞. 用part of...作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后面的名詞,名詞是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；否則用復(fù)數(shù)。
Part of the city was destroyed in the earthquake.
這座城市有一部分在地震中被毀。
Parts of the books have been given out to students.
有部分書籍已發(fā)到學(xué)生手中。
2）either...or... 或者...或者 ;并列連詞,類似的有: neither...nor...; not only...but also ; both...and .可以引導(dǎo)并列的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等等。
You can either do it by yourself ,or ask someone else to do it.
你可以(或者)親自做,或者叫其它人做。
Either you or I am to blame.
要么是你受責(zé)備，要么是我受責(zé)備。
Neither you nor he is wrong.
你不錯(cuò)，他也不錯(cuò)。
They can both read English and speak it well.
他們不但會(huì)讀英語(yǔ)而且說(shuō)得也很好。
11.Organic vegetables are vegetables that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings and the environment.
綠色蔬菜指的是不含化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的蔬菜，而那些化學(xué)藥物對(duì)人類及環(huán)境是有害的。
此句中含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞vegetables。
第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞chemicals。
be harmful to 對(duì)...有害
Your smoking can be harmful to the health of your children.
你吸煙會(huì)危害到你小孩的健康。
harm既是動(dòng)詞又是名詞，指“傷害；損害；危害；對(duì)...有害處”。例如：
do sb/sth harm=do harm to sb/sth傷害...危害...
Did the storm do any harm to the corn?
風(fēng)暴損害莊稼了沒(méi)有？
The child fell over but came to no harm.
小孩跌倒了，可是沒(méi)傷著。
I mean no harm to her.
我對(duì)她并無(wú)惡意。
I have never harmed anybody.
我從未傷害過(guò)任何人。 12.Instead of eating expensive diet foods or going on unhealthy diet, we can simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercises more.
我們可以少吃脂肪和糖，堅(jiān)持多鍛煉，而不要吃昂貴的減肥食品或繼續(xù)不健康的飲食。
Exercise 指“運(yùn)動(dòng), 訓(xùn)練, 鍛煉；練習(xí)；”，可用作動(dòng)詞或名詞。
morning exercise 早操 eye exercise 眼保健操
The exercises are mostly translation exercises.
練習(xí)大部分是翻譯練習(xí)。
Here is a special set of exercises which will strengthen your back muscles.
"這是一套專用體操,會(huì)使你的背部肌肉更強(qiáng)壯。"
Your weight is increasing, you should exercise more.
你越來(lái)越發(fā)胖, 應(yīng)該多運(yùn)動(dòng)。
13.We ought to learn more about our body and the fuel it needs so that we can make sure that we're well prepared for the challenges and opportunities in life.
對(duì)于我們的身體以及身體所需的燃料,我們應(yīng)該了解更多.這樣我們充分做好準(zhǔn)備,迎接生活中的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。
此句構(gòu)成復(fù)雜。so that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)，前面三句中it needs 是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the fuel。在后面的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。
1）make sure “確定，查明”或“確定，“務(wù)必...”，后跟of短語(yǔ)或that從句。
Go to the train station and make sure that every one of us will get a ticket.
你到火車站去一下，確保給我們每人都買到票。
2）prepare vt.vi 指“準(zhǔn)備，配制；調(diào)制；配藥 ；使有備；制訂；布置”等。
I prepared the ground for the seeds.
我整理好土地準(zhǔn)備播種。
Working on a part-time basis can prepare them for a future career.
打工為大學(xué)生將來(lái)的工作作好準(zhǔn)備。
Will you help me prepare for the get-together of the old classmates?
你能否幫我為這次老同學(xué)聚會(huì)做好準(zhǔn)備工作?
We must be prepared for all contingencies.
"我們要作好各種準(zhǔn)備,以防意外。"
The team prepared themselves for defeat / to accept defeat.
這個(gè)隊(duì)心理上做好了接受失敗的準(zhǔn)備。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（-）
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could ),may(might),must, have to, shall (should), will(would), need, dare(dared), ought to, had better等。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化，不能獨(dú)立使用；它與后面的動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。下面主要講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 had better ,should ，ought to的用法。
1）had better 意為“最好”，后接不帶to的不定式。
----- We’d better go now .
----- Yes, we'd better.
我們最好現(xiàn)在走。
是的，我們最好現(xiàn)在走。
Hadn’t we better stop now？
難道我們現(xiàn)在還不最好停下來(lái)嗎？
You’d better have done that. 你最好已經(jīng)做了那件事。（用于完成態(tài)，表示完成動(dòng)作）。
You’d better...,用于同輩或晚輩,一般不可用于對(duì)長(zhǎng)輩。
2）should 表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問(wèn)句中，通常用should代替 ought to。
Should I open the window ？
我們把窗戶打開嗎？
You should go to school right away.你應(yīng)該馬上上學(xué)。
（1）should用于第一人稱時(shí),可以表示說(shuō)話人的委婉,客氣的語(yǔ)氣。
I should say you’re mistaken.
依我看，你是搞錯(cuò)了。
（2）should用于if引導(dǎo)的條件句中,表示某件事可能性很小,但也不是完全沒(méi)可能,相當(dāng)于“萬(wàn)一”。
If I should be free tomorrow, I will come.
萬(wàn)一我明天有時(shí)間,我就來(lái)。
（3）why /how+ should 表示談話人對(duì)某事不能理解，感到意外等。意為“竟會(huì)”。
Why should you be so late today ？
你今天怎么來(lái)得這么晚？
（4）should+ have + 過(guò)去分詞。表示應(yīng)該做而事實(shí)上沒(méi)有做到。
shouldn't + have + 過(guò)去分詞,表示不應(yīng)該做某事而事實(shí)上已經(jīng)做了。
You should have started earlier.
你應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)出發(fā)。
3）ought to的用法
（1）表示“應(yīng)該”
You ought to listen to the teacher carefully.
你應(yīng)該仔細(xì)聽老師講。
（2）表示“推測(cè)”往往比較含蓄，不十分肯定。must則比較肯定直率。
He ought to be home by now.
他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該到家了。
He must be home by now.
他現(xiàn)在一定到家了。
（3）ought to + have+ 過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際沒(méi)做。
You ought to have help him
= You should have helped him .
你本應(yīng)該幫助他的。
注：在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,ought to 用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句時(shí),to可以省略。
Ought you (to)smoke so much ?
你該抽這么多煙嗎？
You oughtn’t（to）smoke so much.你不該抽這么多煙。