Teaching objectives and demands:
1. Words and expressions:
camp; ash; ashtray; dirt; valley; kangaroo; beyond; fix up; cave; thirst; sun burnt; aborigines; system; spiritual; faith; hand down; elder; curiously; underground; starve; rather than; thus; percentage; give birth to; precious; fence; dingo; task; found up; outdoors; shave; argue; Italian
2. Daily expressions in communication (warnings and suggestions):
Make sure you put out the fire properly.
Don’t walk around without a sun hat.
Don’t drive past cars that have stopped in the bush without stopping.
Pour water on the ashes.
Close the farm gates behind you.
3. Grammar: -ing form used as subject and object.
4. Language use: the students are supposed to learn something about the history of Australia and the evilness of colonialism.
Time arrangement: 5periods
Lesson 9
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
1) Check the homework exercises.
2) Find out how much the Ss know about Australia.
Where is Australia in relation to China? (South)
Is it a continent? (Yes)
Which language is spoken there? (English, and other languages.)
What is the name of the big rock in the center of the country? (Ayers Rock)
What’s the capital? (Canberra)
What’s the largest city? (Sydney)
What important event happened in Sydney? (27th Olympic Games)
Step 2. Presentation
SB Page 13, Part 1. Teach the new words camp, ash, ashtray, valley. Point out the structure go camping and ask for other examples of activities and sports which use this structure. go shopping/ swimming/sailing/riding on a horse/ boating/ climbing.
Step 3. Listening
Now listen to the dialog and find out the answers to these questions:
How many people are in the party? (Five)
Where do they decide to make their camp? (In the bush, near a river and some trees)
Step 4. Reading and explanations
Now get the students to read the dialogue in pairs and underline the difficulties and the key points that they think. Go through the key and difficult points with the students if any.
Notes:
a. dirt track: a rough track which you can drive on.
b. There is a kangaroo: Kangaroos grow to a large size and are big enough to damage a car badly. Many cars and trucks have bars fitted to the front of the vehicle to protect their headlights (called roo bars; roo is short for kangaroo).
Language points:
1.“go + doing”的含義
“go + doing”結構表示“去干某事”的意思，多指去從事與體育、娛樂有關的活動。
Why don't you go shopping tomorrow? 為什么你明天不去買東西？
She was always ready to go skating, walking.她隨時準備去滑冰，散步。
If you go eating those green apples you will make yourself ill. 如果你吃生蘋果，
Go nutting （去采堅果） / go shrimping（去捕蝦）
表示“從事某種職業(yè)”
After graduation from high school they went soldiering.中學畢業(yè)后他們去當兵。
When she grew up, she went nursing. 她長大后從事保育員工作。
Go farming / go nursing / go soldiering / go teaching
2.We can stop here on the right beyond the tree.
A．beyond在此處意為“在……之外”，“在……的那邊”。例如：
1)The road is beyond the hill.路在山那邊。
2)The house is beyond the bridge.房子在橋那邊。
B．beyond還可表示“超出(能力范圍)”、“無法……”的意思。例如：
1)It's beyond human power.那是人力所不及的。
2)They are beyond the government's control.他們超出了政府控制的范圍。
C．beyond用作副詞，可表示“再過去”、“再往前”、“那邊”的意思。例如：There's nothing beyond．那邊什么都沒有。
3. fix up的用法
1）短語動詞fix up意為搭起，安裝，收拾，修理。如：
That night they fixed up a bamboo bed for him in the front room在前屋搭竹床過夜。He fixed up the broken chair. 他修理破椅子。
They are busy fixing up the lights. 他們忙于安裝電燈。
2)fix up還作“安排住處”，“確定”，“解決”，“安排”解。如：
We fixed him up in a small hotel. 我們把他安排在一家小旅館里。
Let's fix up a time that suits everybody. 讓我們確定一個大家都適合的時間。
I've fixed up a visit to the theatre next Friday.我安排下周五去聽音樂會。
4. die of和 die from的用法
短語動詞die of和die from都表示“因……而死”，“死于……”，但die of常指由于疾病、情感等原因造成的死亡，die from一般指除疾病、情感之外的原因造成的死亡。如：
The old woman died of grief soon after her husband's death. 老太太在丈夫去世后不久因悲傷而死。
Her sister died of lung cancer.她姐姐死于肺癌。
What did this old man die of?這老人因何病而死？
The soldier died from a chest wound. 戰(zhàn)士因胸部受傷致死。
In a cold winter, many wild animals can die from lack of food. 在嚴寒的冬天，很多野生動物可能因缺乏食物而死去。
▲含有die的短語動詞還有die out（熄滅，絕種，不復存在），die down （平息，熄滅）等。如：
Many old customs are gradually dying out.許多舊風俗逐漸消亡。
This kind of bird is dying out. 這種鳥正在絕種。
The fire is dying down. Please get more coal. 火要熄滅了。請再加點煤。
When the cheering had died down, the Prime Minister began his speech.歡呼聲靜下來后，首相開始演說。
Step 5. Practice
SB P13, Part 2. Tell the students this part is compiled to practice the expressions of expressing warnings. Get the students to match the two parts in the boxes. Pick up students to yell out their sentences.
Step 6. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 9, Exx.2 and 3. Get the students to do the exercises individually and then check the answers with the students. Answers: See Wb P153.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 9 in the workbook.
(2) Preview the next lesson, and look up the item “Kooris” in an encyclopedia or in the web.
Lesson 10 The Discovery of Australia
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Revise the key points of Lesson 9.
Step 2. Pre-reading report
Pick out some students to report to the class their research in the encyclopedia or the web.
Step 3. Scanning
Now get the students to read the text and answer the following questions:
① Where did the first Australia come from?
② What did Kooris use for hunting?
③ How many languages were once spoken in Australia?
Step 4. Scanning
Tell the students to read the text more carefully to find out the specific information. Answer the questions in Exercise 1 on P153 in the workbook. Pick out some students to answer the questions.
Step 5. Language points
1. be known as…的用法及其它同類短語
be known as…意為“以……知名”，“被認為是……”。如：
Professor Wang is known as an authority on Shakespeare.
王教授被認為是研究莎士比亞的權威。
Jack's father is known as a successful architect.
杰克的父親被認為是一位成功的建筑師。
Lu Xun is known as a great writer as well as a great thinker.
魯迅不但被認為是一位偉大的思想家，而且是一位偉大的作家。
Is he known as a poet or novelist? 他被認為是詩人還是小說家？
【注意】請注意be known as與be known to的區(qū)別，前者作“被認為是”解，后者意為“為……所知”。如：
The use of gunpowder was known to the Chinese before the Europeans.
中國人懂得使用火藥在歐洲人之前。
The man is known to the police. 這個人的情況警察是了解的。
【注意】注意be known for與be known to的區(qū)別。to作“對……”解，to后面的人對主語的內容是了解的；for表示對主語之所以聞名的原因，故解釋為“因……而眾所周知。”如：
He is known for his readiness to help others. 大家都知道他樂于助人。（或：他以樂于助人而聞名）
Suzhou is known for its beautiful gardens.蘇州以美麗的園林而聞名。
2. Their spiritual faith and their gods were very important to them, and knowledge, customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race.
他的宗教信仰和他們所信奉的神對他們來說是非常重要的；他們的知識、風俗習慣以及他們所懷念的事情都是由他們種族的長輩傳下來的。
句中的短語動詞 hand down (= pass down) 作“相傳”、“傳給”解，意思是“（從上代）傳下來(給后代)”。例如：
The old house has been handed down for three generations.已經(jīng)傳了三代了。
This custom has been handed down since the 18th century. 從18世紀傳下來的。
In poor families, clothes may be handed down from one child to the next.
在窮苦人家，一個小孩穿過的衣服會傳給另一個年齡較小的穿。
含有hand的短語動詞還有 hand in（交來，交上去），hand back（交還），hand out（散發(fā)給大家）hand over（移交）等。如：
Each student has to hand in a composition once a week.每周得交一次作文。
The teacher handed out the books at the beginning of the lesson.
Please remember to hand back your room key before leaving the hotel.
離開旅館前請勿忘記交還房間鑰匙。
3. They invented different kinds of fishing nets, also a curiously shaped piece of wood for hunting which could be thrown and which would return to the thrower if it did not strike anything. 他們發(fā)明了各種各樣的漁網(wǎng)，還發(fā)明了一種用木頭制成的形狀奇特的捕獵器，這種捕獵器可以投擲出去，如果沒有擊中目標，它又會回到投擲者手中來。
在 a curiously shaped piece of wood （一塊形狀奇特的木頭） 這個短語中，shaped 是動詞 shape(使成......形狀)的過去分詞，作定語，修飾后面的 piece of wood。這種作定語的過去分詞前，還可以帶副詞作狀語，如這個短語中的 curiously。下面是幾個類似的例子：
a widely used language 一種廣泛使用的語言
a wrongly pronounced sound 一個發(fā)錯了的音
a newly discovered island 一個新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的島嶼
a hastily written letter 一封匆忙寫成的信
highly praised deeds 受到高度贊揚的行為
4. They live by hunting animals, birds and fish,…
live by意為“以……為生”， by后接動名詞，表示方式； live on也作“以……為生”解釋，但on后接名詞，表示主語主要吃什么，即主食是什么或表示主語的收入。如：
They lived by fishing and hunting. 他們靠漁獵為生。
The six Indian blind men lived by begging.這六個印度盲人靠乞討為生。
People in the south live on rice. 南方人以大米為主食。
Plants live on minerals from the earth.植物靠土壤里的礦物質維持生命。
I don't know what he lives on. 我不知道他靠什么過活。
They lived on a small income.他們靠微薄的收入維持生活。
5.They became experienced at finding underground springs.他們對尋找地下泉水逐漸有了經(jīng)驗。
be / become experienced at sth. / doing sth. 對某事/做某事有經(jīng)驗。短語中的 at 也可以用 in. 形容詞 experienced （有經(jīng)驗的）也可以作定語。例如：
She is an experienced teacher. 她是一位有經(jīng)驗的教師。
They were quite experienced at teaching beginners.他們教初學者很有經(jīng)驗。
He is very experienced at repairing cars.他修理汽車很有經(jīng)驗。
He is quite experienced in this kind of work.他干這類工作相當有經(jīng)驗。
6. Education was intended for white settlers only, and until very recently no school lessons were held in languages rather than English. 教育只是為白人殖民者而辦，而且直到最近以前，還沒有一所學校使用英語以外的語言進行教學。
A．rather than意為“而不是”、“與其……寧愿”。例如：
1)I think Tom, rather than you, is to blame.我認為應該責備的是湯姆，而不是你。
2)I think I'll have a cup of tea rather than coffee.我想我要喝一杯茶，而不是咖啡。
B． rather than可以和would連用，如would rather…than…或would…rather than…這時要注意“平衡”問題，即其前后必須用相同的語法單位。如：
I'd rather have the red one than(have)the green one.我寧愿要紅的，不愿要綠的。
I'd take the slowest train rather than go there by air.我寧可乘坐最慢的火車也不愿坐飛機去那兒。
He would rather walk than drive. 他寧愿步行不愿開車。
I'd prefer to go in August rather than in July.我愿八月去，不愿七月去。
【注意】I'd rather +動詞原形，通常意為“我寧愿……”，相當于“I'd prefer to…”，具有選擇意義，即“寧愿做……不愿做”。但是，當后接動詞like, enjoy, appreciate時，rather是一個程度副詞，象quite和fairly一樣無選擇意義，所以I'd rather like不是“我寧愿喜歡”，而是“我相當（很）喜歡”。試比較下列句子：
“I'd rather like a cup of coffee.”
“Oh, would you? I'd rather have a beer. ”
“我很想來杯咖啡。”“噢，是嗎？我寧愿喝杯啤酒。”
Which would you rather have, tea or coffee?你更愿意喝什么，茶還是咖啡？
He would rather enjoy seeing a film on Sundays.他很喜歡在星期天看場電影。
C在would rather前后可用不同的主語來表示某人寧愿讓另一個人做某事，這時，一般用過去時來表示現(xiàn)在或將來要做的事。如：
“Shall I open a window? ”“I'd rather you didn't.”“我開一扇窗好嗎”“你最好別開。”
Don't come tomorrow. I'd rather you came next weekend.明天別來, 希望你下周末來
I'd rather you told me the truth. 我寧愿你給我講實話。
I'd rather you went home now. 我愿意讓你現(xiàn)在就回家。
D. 談到過去的動作，用過去完成時。如：
I'd rather you hadn't done that.我真希望你沒做過那件事。
I'd wish you had answered the question.我真希望你回答了這個問題。
I'd rather you hadn't done that. 我希望你沒做過那件事。
E. or rather更準確地說。例如：
We got home late last night, or rather, early this morning.我們昨天深夜或者說今天凌晨到家。
Education was intended for white settlers only, and until very recently no school lessons were held in languages rather than English.
Step 6. Note making
SB P15, Part 3. Get the students to point out what the words referred to. Pick out some students to tell their answers to the rest of the class.
Step 7. Oral practice
SB P15, Part 4. Divide the students into groups of four and tell them to write down that you are going to interview the Kooris. You are suggested to use the points in Part 3.
Step 8. Workbook
Get the students to do the wb exercises individually and then check the answers with the class.
Homework
Finish off the exercises of Lesson 10 in the workbook.
Lesson 11 Australia
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Ask the Ss some questions about Australia based on the text in the previous lesson.
How did the first people get to Australia?
What kind of society did the Kooris develop?
What kind of country is Australia, geographically?
Why did so many Kooris die?
In what ways were Kooris not treated as well as other citizens?
Step 2. Presentation
Write these headings on the Bb: History/ Geography/ Food / Climate / Sports / TV/ Schools/ Animals / Population / Politics/ Music
You’re going to read another text about Australia. Read the passage quickly and find out which of these subjects are mentioned in the text. (Geography/ Climate / Sports / Animals / Population)
Step 3. Reading
Tell the students to read the text carefully and answer the questions on Wb P155.
Notes:
a. Australia is as old as time: an expression for saying that Australia was born when the earth was created ( at the beginning of time)
b. One strange animal lays eggs: the duckbilled platypus, the only mammal in the world to lay eggs. It is called duck-billed because its beak (bill) is shaped like a duck’s.
c. In area it is about the same size= Its area is about the same size as … Its area is 7.6 million sq km. compared with China’s area of 9.6 million sq km.
d. Six major cities: These are Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth and Darwin.
e. Dingo: The wild dog of Australia. It has a shoulder height of about 60cm, with large pointed ears, a head like a wolf’s, long legs, and yellowish red coloring. It usually hunts by night and kills small animals and sometimes farm animals.
f. Cook meat or fish on an open fire: called a barbecue (Barbie in Australia for short)
Step 4. Language points
1. Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. 由于同其它大陸分離已有數(shù)百萬年之久，所以澳大利亞有許多動植物是世界上任何其它地方所沒有的。
這個句子雖然長，卻是一個簡單句；主語是 Australia,謂語是 has many plants and animals.句子的前部 Having been separated ... for millions of years 是 -ing 形式的完成式被動語態(tài)短語，作狀語，表示原因；句子的后部 not found anywhere else in the world 是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾先行詞 plants and animals.
① -ing 短語的一般式作狀語，通常表示與句子中謂語同時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。
ⅰ. Arriving at the village, he could not find his home. (=When he arrived at the village, he could not find his home.) 當他到達村子的時候，他找不到他的家了。
ⅱ. Walking in the park, she saw an old friend. (= When she was walking in the park, she saw an old friend.) 當她在公園散步時，她看到她的一個老朋友。
ⅲ. Being blind, how could they see the elephant? (= As they were blind, how could they see the elephant?) 因為他們是瞎子，他們怎能看得見大象呢？
② -ing 短語的完成式 (having + 過去分詞)作狀語，表示在句中謂語之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。本句中having been separated ... for milions of years 就是這樣的用法。又如：
ⅳ. Having been there many times, he offered to introduce the history of the country. (= As he had been there many times, he offered to introduce the history of the country.) 由于他多次去過那個國家，他主動提出為我們介紹那個國家的歷史。
ⅴ. Having been rebuilt this way, these temples look even more beautiful. (= As / After they have been rebuilt this way, these temples look even more beautiful.) 這些寺廟經(jīng)過這樣重建以后，顯得更加美麗了。
ⅵ. Having put up the tent, they started to cook their supper. 搭好帳蓬以后，他們就開始做晚飯。
2. In area it is about the same size as the USA (without Alaska),which has more than thirteen times as many people.(= Its area is about the same size as the USA...) 從面積上講，它（澳大利亞）大體上相當于美國（阿拉斯加作除外），而美國的人口卻是澳利亞（人口）的13倍還多。
① 句中 area 作“面積”解。介詞 in在這里表示“在......方面”。例如。
The area of Australia is 7.6 million sq.km. 澳大利亞的面積是七百六十萬平方公里。
China is large in area and rich in resources.中國地大物博。
The TV tower is nearly 40 metres in height. 這座電視塔的高度將近40公尺。
They built a fence 30 metres in length.他們修了一個長30米的籬笆。
② 13 times as many people 是13 times as many people as Australia has 的省略。A is ... times as + adj./adv. + as B 意思是“A是B的幾倍（大小/多少/長短......）”。例如：
The number of people in that area is five times as many as that in ours.
那個地區(qū)的人口是我們這個地區(qū)（人口）的五倍。
He has worked twice as long as I have. 他干工作的時間是我的兩倍。
這種...times as ...as ...的結構，在有上下文的情況下，可以簡略為 ... times as large / many 。例如：
That room is 20 square metres. This room is three times as large.
那個房間是20平方米。這個房間是那個房間的三倍。
c.f. be…times as +adj./adv. (形容詞或副詞)+as…
be…times + adj./adv.(形容詞或副詞)+than…
be…times + the size of…
The newly-built reading-room is four times as big as the old one.
新建的閱覽室是舊閱覽室的四倍。
The newly-built reading-room is three times bigger than the old one.大三倍。
The newly-built reading-room is four times the size of the old one.四倍。
3. Two thirds of the country is dry or desert. 這個國家有三分之二的地方氣候干燥，或者是沙漠。
two thirds 三分之二。表示分數(shù)時，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞。分子大于一時，分母序數(shù)詞加 s;例如：
one third 三分之一 one sixth 六分之一 two fifths 五分之二
但“二分之一”要說 half / a half, 不說 one second;“四分之一”要說a quarter.以分數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)或復數(shù)，這取決于后面的名詞。若這個名詞是單數(shù)或是不可數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞則單數(shù)（如本句），否則用復數(shù)。例如：
More than two thirds of the earth's surface is covered by water.地球表面三分之二以上為水所覆蓋。
Two thirds of the money has been spent on necessary equipment.
三分之二的錢已用于必需的設備。
Two thirds of the students are from the north.三分之二的學生是北方人
4. The purpose of the fence is to keep out a type of wild dog called a "dingo". 這個柵欄是用來阻止一種叫"dingo"的野狗進來。
keep out 不使入內。例如：
Danger! keep out! 危險！ 切勿入內！
They closed all the windows to keep out the cold. 關上所有的窗子不讓冷氣進來。
We put a fence round the vegetable garden to keep the chickens out.
我們用籬笆把菜圍起來，不讓小雞進來。
5. Farms in the middle of Australia are so large that farmers use motor bikes or helicopters for the task of rounding up the sheep or cattle. (= ... farmers use motor bikes or helicopters to drive animals together.) 澳大利亞中部的農(nóng)場很大，農(nóng)場主得用摩托車或直升飛機趕羊或趕牛。
短語動詞 round up 作“使聚集”、“把......趕攏來”(to collect animals / people by driving them together)解。例如：
The sheepdog rounded up the sheep and drove them through the gate.
牧羊狗把羊群集中到一起，趕進柵門。
Round up the whole class; it's time to go back to the school. 把全班學生集中起來；
Round (vt.)意為使……成圓形，繞過，拐（彎）。如：
His shoulders are rounded from much study.他由于學習太用功肩膀都彎了。
6. If you are asked to an Australian home, you will probably eat outside and cook meat or fish on an open fire. 如果你被邀請去澳大利亞人的家里作客，你很可能會在戶外進餐， 并在火上烤肉或烤魚。
此句中的 outside 是副詞，相當于這段中的另一個副詞outdoors，作“在戶外”解。又如：
He seldom eats his meals inside. He often eats outside. 他很少在室內吃飯。他經(jīng)常在室外吃。
Don't always stay inside. Go outside into the sunshine.不要老是呆在屋里。到外面陽光下走走。
Step 5. Practice---- grammar revision
SB P17, Part 2~5,
Step 6. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 11, Ex. 2~3. Get the students to do the three exercises and then check the answers with the students if time permits. Answers: See P154.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 11 in the workbook.
(2) Revise the grammar of -ing form.
Lesson 12
Teaching procedures
Step 1. Revision
(1) Check the homework exercises.
(2) Revise the previous two lessons.
Step 2. Listening
(1) Pre-listening: Tell the students turn to Page 267 and read the instructions to get a gist of the listening passage.
(2) While-listening:
① Play the tape for the students to answer the questions.
② Check the answers with the students.
(3) Post listening activity: get the students to talk about the listening passage.
Step 3. Checkpoints
Go through Checkpoint 3 with the students. Get the students to make up sentences using the useful expressions if time permits.
Step 4. Writing
SB P18, Part 2.
Step 5. Writing
SB P18 Part 3.
Step 6. Workbook
Workbook Lesson 12. Ex. 1~3.
Homework
(1) Finish off the wb exercises of Lesson 12.
(2) Revise the key points of this unit.
(3) Writing: See Step 5.
語法基礎知識
1. The v-ing form as object complement（v-ing形式作賓語補足語）
在一些動詞如see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, feel, leave等后面可跟復合賓語，由一個名詞或代詞+v-ing形式構成v-ing形式為賓語補足語，例如：
Don't you see a girl running towards us?有個女孩向我們跑來，你沒看見嗎？
His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
他的話使我摸不清到底是什么意思。
When I entered the room, I found him reading aloud. 我進屋時，發(fā)現(xiàn)他在朗讀什么。
【比較】在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞后，既可用v-ing form作賓補，也可用bare infinitive（不帶to的動詞不定式）做賓語補足語，兩者中間有些差別，用v-ing form表示賓語動作正在發(fā)生，即動作發(fā)生的過程，還沒有結束；用動詞不定式表示賓語動作發(fā)生了，即動作過程結束了。如：
He saw a girl getting on the tractor. 他看見一個女孩子在往拖拉機上爬。
He saw a girl get on the tractor and drive off.他看見一個女孩爬上拖拉機把它開走了。
2．The v-ing form as adverbial（V-ing形式作狀語）
v-ing形式作狀語通常表示四種意思：
1）表示原因，相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句，多放句首，如：
Being so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to send the boy to hospital.(=As we were so poor…) 那時我們那樣窮，我們沒有力量送孩子上醫(yī)院。
Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.(=As we didn't know her address,…) 由于不知道她的地址，我們沒法和她聯(lián)系。
▲這時如果v-ing表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，就需要用完成形式。
Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them.
由于沒有接到回信，他決定給他們再寫一封信。
2）用作時間狀語，相當于一個時間狀語從句，多放在句子前部。如：
Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up.
她轉過身時，看見一輛救護車開了過來。(=When she turned around,…)
▲如果-ing表示的動作完成了以后，謂語動詞表示的動作才發(fā)生，需用完成形式。如：
Having watered(=After they had watered)the vegetables, they began to weed the sweet potatoes plots. 他們澆過來菜地之后，就到白薯地鋤草。
3）作伴隨狀語，表示主語正在進行的另一個動作，和謂語動作或狀態(tài)是同時發(fā)生的，一般放在句子后部。如：
They sat facing each other. 他們面對面地坐著。
They ran out, talking and laughing. 他們說著笑著跑出去。
4）表示結果狀語，通常放在句子后面。如：
The bus stopped suddenly, thus causing the delay. 汽車突然停開，造成耽擱。
Her husband died last year, leaving five children with her.
去年她丈夫死了，給她丟下五個孩子。
典型例題分析
例1 單項選擇：
______ this way, these temples look even more beautiful.
A．Being rebuilt B．Having rebuilt
C．Rebuilding D．Having been rebuilt
分析 此題中正確答案是 D(Having been rebuilt)，用的是動詞-ing形式的完成式的被動語態(tài)，表示句中謂語look之前發(fā)生的動作（重建寺廟），又因為句子主語是these temples，所以要用動詞-ing形式的被動語態(tài)。選項A用的是動詞-ing形式一般式被動語態(tài)，不能體現(xiàn)時間先后，選項B用的是完成式主動語態(tài)，選項C用的是一般式主動語態(tài)，均不合題意。如：
Having been asked to stay for dinner, I couldn't very well leave. 因為被邀請留下來吃晚飯，我不好離開。
例2 單項選擇：
Suddenly there appeared a young woman ______ in white.
A．to dress B．dressed C．wearing D．worn
分析 此題中正確答案是 B(dressed)，用的是過去分詞短語dressed in white作定語，修飾先行詞a young woman，表示被動意義。選項A用動詞不定式作定語，不合題意，選項C和D分別用wear的-ing形式和過去分詞，都不合題意，因為wear的賓語是衣物，而dress的賓語才是人。如：
English is the language most commonly used in the world. 英語是世界上使用最廣泛的語言。
例3 單項選擇：
The reading room is ______ the classroom.
A．two times as big as B．twice bigger as
C．twice as big than D．twice as big as
分析 此題中正確答案是 D(twice as big as)，表示“某物是某物的幾倍大”可用“…times as big as…”或者“…times bigger than…”結構，而“兩倍”要用twice而不用two times，所以其他選項均為錯誤。如：
He has worked twice as long as I have. 他工作的時間是我的兩倍。
例4 單句改錯：
Two-thirds of the money have been spent on necessary equipment.
分析 此題中助動詞have應改為has，分數(shù)詞或百分數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于介詞of后面的名詞，這里money是不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)，所以用has而不能用have。如：
Two-fifths of the machines on display were made in our factory. 展出機器的五分之二是我們工廠生產(chǎn)的。
例5 單句改錯：
Running after each other in the street, a bike knocked down two boys.
分析 此題中a bike knocked down the two boys應改為the two boys were knocked down by a bike，作狀語用的動詞-ing形式短語，其邏輯主語必須與句中主語為同一人或同一事。如：
Being very busy, I could not afford the time to go to the cinema. 我因太忙，抽不出時間看電影。（下句為錯句：Being very busy, the film tickets were given to others. 因為句中動詞-ing形式的邏輯主語和句中主語不是同一人或物）
高考真題選講
題1 The salesman scolded the girl caught ______ and let her off.
（92年高考題）
A．to have stolen B．to be stealing C．to steal D．stealing
分析 本題考查目標是看學生是否掌握catch sb. doing這一結構，caught在這里是過去分詞做后置定語，相當于the girl who was caught stealing。例：
The farmer caught a man stealing his apples. 或A man was caught stealing apples. 那個農(nóng)民發(fā)現(xiàn)一個人正在偷他的蘋果。
答案選D。
題2 Rather than ______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ______ a bicycle. （94年高考題）
A．ride, ride B．riding, to ride C．ride, to ride D．to ride, riding
分析 該題考查目標是看學生是否掌握了prefer to do A rather than do B．（寧愿做某事而不愿做…）盡管把主句放在后邊，答案仍是C。
答案選C。
題3 Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ______ known for his plays. （98年高考題）
A．the best B．more C．better D．the most
分析 本題考查分詞作形容詞時的比較。句中的Professor White既寫過short stories，又寫過plays，將他兩種體裁作品相比較，應用比較級，A項和D項顯然不可。known作形容詞表示某人或某物知名度或受歡迎程度，前面常有副詞修飾。其三級比較形式為well known, better known, best known。例如：
Today he is well known as a model leader.今天他是有名的模范領導人。
He was better known as a poet.作為詩人，他名望更大。
答案選C。