課題：動名詞做主語和賓語
The -ing form as the Subject and Object
課型：新授課（語法）
【學習目標】
1.認知目標：
了解動詞-ing形式做主語和賓語在具體語境中的應用。
2.能力目標：
（1）運用歸納或演繹等方法分析動詞-ing形式做主語和賓語的用法。
（2）學會在具體語境中使用動詞-ing形式做主語和賓語。
【學習重點】
（1）動詞-ing形式做主語
（2）動詞-ing形式做賓語
(3) 動詞-ing形式的否定形式
(4) 動詞-ing形式的復合結構
【學習難點】
（1）動詞-ing形式做主語 （2）動詞-ing形式做賓語
【學法指導】
運用歸納、演繹等方法分析主謂一致的用法。通過對學、群學、小組討論合作等形式分析和解決問題。通過小組學習競賽、積分，提高學習趣味性。
I 自主學習
Lead-in 語法導入
主謂一致是指英語中的謂語動詞必須在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致。
主謂一致一般都遵循以下三個原則：語法一致、意義一致、和就近一致。
1.語法一致是指句子的主語和謂語在語法形式上一致，即謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式依主語的單復數(shù)形式而定。主語為單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，主語為復數(shù)，謂語動詞也用復數(shù)。
例句： I often help him and he often helps me. 我經(jīng)常幫助他，他也經(jīng)常幫助我。
2.意義一致是指不依語法形式而側重于根據(jù)實際意義處理主謂關系，根據(jù)主語所表達的實際含義確定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)。主語意義為復數(shù)，謂語用復數(shù)；主語意義為單數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。
例句：①The police are searching for a thief. 警察正在搜尋一名賊。
②The cattle are eating grass on the hill. 牛兒正在山上吃草。
3.就近一致是指當主語有兩個或兩個以上時，謂語動詞依據(jù)靠近它的主語確定其人稱和數(shù)的形式。
例句：①Either you or he is wrong.要么是你錯，要么是他錯。
②Neither he nor you are required to overwork.你和他都不用加班。
II．合作探究及展示
主謂一致的具體用法：
一． 集合名詞作主語
1）表示整體概念，強調一致性，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，表示個體概念，強調每一個成員，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。
常見的集合名詞有：family, group, class, grade, team, army, nation, crowd, population, company, government, committee等。例如：
①他們全家要外出。 (表示整體概念，強調一致性，謂語動詞用單數(shù)）
His family （be) going out.
②他們全家人都是音樂愛好者。（表示個體概念，強調每一個成員）
His family (be) all music lovers.
2）有些有生命的集合名詞做主語時，謂語動詞只能用復數(shù)。常見的這類集合名詞有：people，police，cattle等。例如：
Chinese people (be) very friendly. 中國人很友好。
The cattle (be) eating grass on the hill. 那頭牛正在田地里吃草
二． 表示成雙成套的名詞，如trousers, shoes, glasses, socks, stockings, scissors單獨做主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)，但當它們和a pair of 或pairs of 連用時，謂語動詞與pair 的數(shù)保持一致。例如：
The pair of glasses （fit）you well. 你戴這副眼睛很適合。
Several pairs of new shoes have been sent to the old men.已經(jīng)給這位老人寄去好幾雙新鞋了。
三． 不定代詞做主語
（1）不定代詞anyone, somebody, something, no one, nobody, each, the other等做做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
①Someone wants to see you. 有人想見你。
②Nobody (know) the answer. 沒有人知道答案。
（2）不定代詞none和neither既可表單數(shù)也可表復數(shù)。其單復數(shù)含義要根據(jù)說話人的意思決定。例如：
None of them have/has a computer. 他們都沒有電腦/他們沒有一個人有電腦。
Neither of them know/knows the reason. 他們倆全都不知道答案/他們兩個誰也不知道答案。
（3）all 修飾不可數(shù)名詞表示單數(shù)概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果all修飾的是復數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。例如：
All of the water (be) polluted.所有的水都被污染了。（all 修飾不可數(shù)名詞表示單數(shù)概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
All of the apples ____（be) rotten. 所有的蘋果都爛了。(all修飾的是復數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復數(shù))
All of the apple ____ (be) rotten. 整個蘋果都爛了。 (all表示整個或整體的含義時，謂語用單數(shù)）
（4）不定代詞 each，every, no所修飾的名詞及each....and each, every....and every, no....and no. many a... and many a...結構作主語時，謂語動詞任然用單數(shù)形式。例如：
Every man and every woman is at work. 所有人都在工作
Many a desk and many a beach （be) be taken out of the hall. 許多課桌和凳子將被搬出大廳。
四．由either....or, neither...nor, not...but或not only...but also連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞常和鄰近的主語一致，即謂語動詞使用“就近一致”原則。例如：
1）Either Tom or I （be）going there. 要么是湯姆去要么是我去。
2）Not the students but the teacher is about to visit the place.不是學生而是老師將去參觀這個地方。
五．在there be句型中，當主語是兩個或多個名詞（短語）并列時，be的形式通常跟與之靠近的一個名詞（短語）保持一致，即使用“就近一致”原則。例如：
房間里有一張桌子和四把椅子。There （be)a desk and four chairs in the room.
房間里有四把椅子和一張桌子。There (be ) four chairs and a desk in the room.
六．其他情況
（1）主語后有 as well as , with, rather than, but, like, except, besides, including等詞或短語時，謂語動詞的形式不受這些短語的影響。例如：
①Your father as well as you is very kind to me. 不僅你而且你的父親對我都很好。
②A lot of citizens as well as the major (have)come to greet us.不僅許多的市民而且市長也來迎接我們。
（2）many a 和more than one 后加單數(shù)名詞表示復數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
①Many a soldiers was killed in the battle.
②More than one students (like) playing badminton.
（3）表示單一概念的不定式、動名詞或從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
①Smoking is bad for your health.吸煙有害你的健康。
②To see (be) to believe.眼見為實。
*注意：what引導的主語從句，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式，但如果從句后面的表語是復數(shù)形式，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。例如：
What the students need most is diligence.
What the poor students need (be) foods and books.
(4)表示總量或總和的時間、距離、金錢、重量等的復數(shù)名詞做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
One hundred kilograms (be) too heavy.100公斤太重了。
Twenty years is a long time.二十年是很長一段時間。
（5）分數(shù)，百分數(shù)或half of /part of / the rest of + n./ pron.主語時，謂語動詞由后面的n/pron 決定，然而 one of + n/pron做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：
Three quarters（Three-fourths) of the surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海洋。
Eighty percent of the workers here (be) women.這里80%的工作者是女性。
（6）定語從句中，其謂語動的數(shù)和先行詞保持一致。例如：
Tom, who is your friend, should help you.你的朋友湯姆應該幫你。
Those who (enjoy) singing may join us.凡是喜歡唱歌的人都可以加入我們中來。
（7）并列結構充當主語表示整體概念時，指的是同一個人、同一件事或同一個概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。常見的并列結構表示整體的概念的有：butter and bread（黃有面包）， a watch and a chain(一塊帶鏈的表）、a cart and horse(馬車）、a knife and fork(一副刀叉）、the writer and poet(作家兼詩人）。例如：
The cart and horse （be) coming. 馬車來了。
III.當堂檢測
1．填出正確的謂語動詞形式
1)The public (be) the best judge because always (express) their thoughts correctly.
2) None of the books (be) easy enough for us.
3) Ten dollars (be ) what he wanted most at that moment.
4) The rich (be) not always happy.
5) Nine plus three (make) twelve.
2.單項選擇：
(1) _____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass.
A.Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
(2)E-mail, as well as telephone, _________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. Play
(3) He is the only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
(4)All but one _______ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were
(5)The teacher together with the students discussing Reading Skills that newly published in America.
A.are; were B.is ; were C.are; was D.is; was.
(6) The population of the city not large, but one- third of the population hight-educated citizens.
A. is; is B.are; are C.is; are D.are, is
(7) Most of what has been said about the Smiths also true of the Johnsons.
A. are B.is C. being D. to be
(8) When and where to build the new factory _________ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
(9) A group of _____ are eating _____ and ______ at the foot of the hill. (NMET'95)
A. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps; grasses; leaves
C. sheep; grass; leaf D. sheeps; grass; leafs
(10) As a result of destroying the forests, a large _____ of desert _____ covered the land.
A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have
(11) All that can be eaten eaten up.
A.have been B.had been C. has been D are being
(12) Half of the material away.
A.has been taken B. Are taken C.have been taken D.were taken
(13) What caused the accident and who was responsible for it a mystery for us.
A. Has been remained B.have been remained C.remain D. Remains
(14) Many a man seen the wonderful film. Many men seen the wonderful film.
A. has; has B. has; have C. have; has D. have; have
(15) A woman with two children coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents move to Paris. A. is, has B. is, have C. are, have D are, has
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