Learning about language
直接引語和間接引語Direct Speech & Indirect Speech
直接引語和間接引語是人教版高中英語必修1第一、二單元的語法， 本課將兩個單元的語法進行了整合，系統講解了直接引語和間接引語這一語法項目，條理清楚，簡潔明了，學生易懂，易記，并附有相應練習供學生自我檢測。通過對語法規則進行全面、系統的梳理并設計與學生互動環節，學生邊理解，邊寫答案，不知不覺中掌握這一語法項目。
Unit 1 book 1 Friendship
Period 4 Learning about language（grammar)
Learning aims: 學習目標：
Master the grammar of this unit. ------直接引語和間接引語Direct Speech & Indirect Speech
Teaching procedures: 學習過程
一、 自主學習(self-study)
Step 1 了解學習背景
直接引語和間接引語是人教版高中必修1第一單元的語法，也是學生升入高中后需要掌握的第一個完整、系統的語法項目，它與高中重要的語法項目之一------賓語從句有著緊密聯系，因此學、學透這一語法對于高一新生來說有著至關重要的作。學生在初中接觸過它，因此也是初、高中銜接的一個總要內容。
Step 2. 什么是直接引語和間接引語
我們轉述別人的話有兩種方式：
1. 引用別人的原話，被引用的部分叫直接引語，直接引語放在引號內，不用連詞連接；
2. 用自己的話轉述別人的話，叫間接引語，不用引號，但通常用連詞與主句連接。
這兩種引語都是賓語從句。
例如：Mr. Black said, “I am busy.” --------( ) 引語
Mr. Black said that he was busy. -------( ) 引語
二、合作探究（Co-exploration ）
學習小組共同探究以下內容
直接引語變間接引語的3種情況 （陳述句，疑問句，祈使句）
溫馨提示：遇到直接引語變間接引語時，我們首先考慮是以下那種句式：陳述句，疑問句，祈使句，然后根據相應的規則來變，或套用相應的句型。
1. 陳述句
直接引語如果是陳述句，變間接引語時，謂語動詞后常用連詞that 引導（that在口語中常省略），主句的謂語動詞可直接用引語中的said, 也可用told來代替。可以說sb. said that或 sb. said to sb. that,或sb. told sb. that，不可直接說sb. told that
比如：
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”
→ He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
→He said that he had been to the Great Wall.
→He told me that he had been to the Great Wall.
另外從句中的人稱、時態、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等也要做相應的變化。這方面漢語和英語有許多相似之處，因此在做直接引語和間接引語的轉化練習時要注意句子的意思。
1） 人稱的變化
He said, “I like it very much .” -------He said that he liked it very much.
He said to me, “I’ve left your book in my room.”------He told me that he had left my book in his room.
（學生自我檢測： 你能找出哪些人稱發生了變化了嗎？）
2）時態的變化 (牢記下列規則)
時態的變化 例句（直接引語→間接引語）
一般現在時 → 一般過去時 She said, “I need a pen.” → She said that she needed a pen.
現在進行時 → 過去進行時 He said, “I am expecting a call.” → He said that he was expecting a call.
現在完成時→ 過去完成時
Tom said, “Our team has won the game.” →Tom said that his team had won the game.
一般過去時→ 過去完成時
Mary said, “I took it home with me.” →Mary said that she had taken it home with her.
過去完成時→過去完成時 He said, “I had finished my work before supper.” → He said that he had finished his work before supper.
一般將來時→過去將來時 Paul said, “I will call again later.” →Paul said that he would call again later.
拓展延伸：直接引語變間接引語時態不變化的情況
1. 直接引語表述的是客觀真理，變為間接引語時，時態不變
The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” →
The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
2. 主句謂語動詞的時態是現在時態或將來時態，在引述時，時態不變。
She says, “I’ll never forget the days in the country.” →She says that she’ll never forget the days in the country.
He will say, “The boy was lazy.” → He will tell you that the boy was lazy.
3. 直接引語是一般過去時，并且和具體的過去時間連用，時態不變。
She said, “I was born in 1983.” → She said that she was born in 1983.
（學生自我檢測： 你發現上述時態發生了變化了嗎？試試你記住這些規定了嗎？）
1 一般現在時 →（ ） 2 現在進行時 → （ ）
3 現在完成時→ （ ） 4 一般過去時→ （ ）
5 過去完成時→ （ ） 6 一般將來時→ （ ）
3）指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語等的變化
（學生自我檢測：根據現有知識積累，你能填出下列直接引語變間接引語時詞的變化嗎？試試看！）
指示代詞： 1 this → 2 these →
時間狀語： 3 now → 4 ago → 5 four years ago →
6 today → 7 tomorrow → 8 yesterday →
9 this week → 10 last week → 11 next month →
12 the day after tomorrow →
13 the day before yesterday →
地點狀語： 14 here →
趨向性動詞的變化：15 come → 16 bring →
2. 疑問句 （一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句）
一般疑問句變為由if /whether引導的賓語從句，其他方面變化同陳述句的變化，
即句型：sb. asked (sb.) if/ whether +陳述句
特殊疑問句變為由特殊疑問引導的賓語從句，其他方面變化同陳述句的變化，
即句型：sb. asked (sb.) what/when/who +陳述句
選擇疑問句 變成whether…or句型來表達，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…
例如： He asked, “Do you speak English or French?” →He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?” → I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
He said, “Are you interested in English?” →He asked whether I was interested in English.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”
→He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
3. 祈使句
轉述祈使句時，將祈使句的動詞原型變為動詞不定式，并在不定時to 前根據句子的意思加上tell, ask, order 等動詞，形成3 種句型
（1） 表示邀請、請求某人做某事時用ask sb. to do sth.
(2) 表示叫、吩咐某人做某事時用tell sb. to do sth
(3) 表示命令某人做某事時用order sb. to do sth .
表示否定時，在不定式前加not，構成句型ask sb. not to do sth., tell sb. not to do sth, order sb. not to do sth
例如： The old man said, “Don’t smoke in the hall.” → The old man told us not to smoke in the hall.
The officer said, “Go away.” → The officer ordered us to go away.
She said to us, “Please have a seat,” → she asked us to have a seat.
注意： 1. 當祈使句的直接引語變間接引語時，因為祈使句表示請求、命令等語氣，所以不存在時態的變化，但是人稱、指示代詞、時間、地點狀語等還要做相應的變化。
2. 祈使句中的please 在間接引語中必須省去，用句型ask sb. to do sth.
拓展： 1. 如果直接引語是表示“建議”的祈使句或疑問句，通常變為suggested that sb. should do sth或suggested doing sth
例如：He said, “ Let’s go to the park.” → He suggested (our) going to the park.
→ He suggested that we should go to the park.
2. 直接引語是感嘆句時，間接引語可以用what或 how引導，也可以用 that引導
She said, “What a lovely day it is !” → She said what a lovely day it was!
→ She said that it was a lovely day.
三、拓展提高（Improvement）
直接引語變間接引語的練習
I. Change the Direct Speech into Indirect Speech (解題技巧：先判斷句子類型，再套相應句型)
1. “Shut up. ”she said to him.
_____________________________________
2. “Speak louder, please,” he said to her.
________________________________________
3. “Can you speak louder?” he asked her.
___________________________________________
4. “Don’t wait for me,” he said to them.
_________________________________________
5. “Use your knife to cut the boots open,” the officer said to the guard.
___________________________________________
6. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”
___________________________________________
7. She said, “Did you see him last night?”
___________________________________________
8. “What do you call your diary?” Anne’s sister asked her.
___________________________________________
9. “When did you go to bed last night?” Father said to Lucy.
___________________________________________
10. He said, “These books are mine.”
___________________________________________
II. 單項填空 ABCD四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
1. He asked ________for the computer.
A did I pay how much B I paid how much
C how much did I pay D how much I paid
2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. → He asked me__________.
A had I seen the film B have I seen the film
C if I have seen the film D whether I had seen the film
3. “ I am a teacher,” Jack said. → He said_____________.
A that I am a teacher B I was a teacher
C that he is a teacher D he was a teacher
4. “You have already got well, haven’t you?” she asked. → She asked___________.
A if I have already got well, hadn’t you B whether I had already got well
C have I already got well D had I already got well
5. He asked, “Are you a Party member or a League member?” → He asked me ____________.
A am I a Party member or a League member
B was I a Party member or a League member
C whether I was a Party member or a League member
D whether was I a Party member or a League member
6. He asked, “How are you getting along?” →He asked____________.
A how am I getting along B how are you getting along
C how I was getting along D how was I getting along
7. He asked me _______with me.
A what the matter is B what the matter was
C what’s the matter D what was the matter
8. The mother asked her daughter__________.
A what did she do the day before B where did she find her lost watch
C when she got up that morning D that if she had finished her homework
9. Mary said, “I went to China in 1998.” →Mary said she _______to China in 1998.
A went B had gone C have gone D go
10. He said, “ Mother, the boy is very naughty.” → He ________very naughty.
A said his mother that the boy was B said to his mother that the boy is
C told his mother that the boy was D spoke to his mother that the boy was
11. Mr. Smith warned her daughter ________after drinking. (2013年浙江高一檢測)
A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drives
12. A famous website was making an online survey asking us ________the film Jaws.
A how do we like B how we liked C how did we like D how we like
13. The teacher asked us ________so much noise.
A don’t make B not make C not making D not to make
14. -----Please don’t stamp the grass.
------Pardon?
-------I ___________stamp the grass. (2013年山東高一檢測)
A tell you don’t B tell you not to C told you didn’t D told you not to
15. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _______and see him.
A you will come B will you come C you come D do you come
四. 反思感悟（Reflection）
I have learned a lot about the grammar----direct speech and indirect speech.
I know___________________________________________________
五、作業 （ homework）
Key 1: 直接 , 間接
Key 2: 1一般過去時 2過去進行時 3過去完成時 4過去完成時 5過去完成時 6過去將來時
Key 3: 1 that 2 those 3 then 4 before / earlier 5 four years before / earlier 6 that day 7 the next /following day 8 the day before 9 that week 10 the week before 11 the next month 12 in 2 days’ time 13 2 days before / earlier 14 there 15 go 16 take
Key 4
1. 祈使句 She told him to shut up. 2. 祈使句 He asked her to speak louder.
3. 一般疑問句 He asked her if she could speak louder.
4. 祈使句的否定句He told them not to wait for him.
5. 祈使句 The officer ordered the guard to use his knife to cut the boots open.
6. 陳述句 He said that light travels much faster than sound.
7. 一般疑問句 She asked (me) if /whether I had seen him the night before.
8. 特殊疑問句Anne’s sister asked her what she called her diary.
9. 特殊疑問句 Father asked Lucy when she went to bed the night before.
10. 陳述句 He said that those books were his.
Key 5 1----5 DDDBC 6----10 CDCAC 7 What’s the matter? 做賓語時語序不變
Key 6 11---15 ABDDA