（一）
一.詞類(Parts of Speech)
名詞 英文名稱The Noun(縮寫為n.) 表示人或事物的名稱 例詞boy,clock,book等
冠詞 英文名稱The Article(縮寫為art.) 用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人和或事物。 例詞a(an),the
代詞 英文名稱The Pronoun(縮寫為pron) 用來代替名詞、形容詞或是數詞 例詞we,that,his,what
形容詞 英文名稱The Adjective(縮寫為adj.) 用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征
例詞 old,red,fine,good.
數詞 英文名稱The Numeral(縮寫為num.) 表示數量或是順序。例詞 one,thirteen
first
動詞 英文名稱The Verb(縮寫為v.) 表示動作或狀態。例詞sit,go,be(am,is,are)
副詞 英文名稱The Adverb(縮寫為adv.) 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞。例詞not
too,here,very
介詞 英文單詞The Preposition(縮寫為prep.) 表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的
關系。 例詞in,on,of,to,under.
連詞 英文單詞The Conjunction(縮寫為conj.) 用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句
與句。 例詞and,or,but.
感嘆詞 英文單詞The Interjection(縮寫為interj.) 表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等
情感。 例詞oh,hello,hi,er.
二.名詞(Nouns)
1.總的說來,名詞分專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。
專有名詞: 表示具體的人,事物,地點或機構的專有名稱。
Lucy China 中國 Asia 亞洲 Beijing 北京 。
專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫。
普通名詞: 表示某些人,某類事物,某種物質或抽象概念的名稱。例如:
teacher 老師 tea 茶 reform 改革
普通名詞又可進一步分為四類
1) 個體名稱: 表示單個的人和事物。
house 馬 car 汽車 room 房間 apple 蘋果 fun 風扇 picture 照片
2) 集體名稱: 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。
people 人們 family 家庭 army 軍隊 government 政府 group 集團
3) 物質名詞:表示物質或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的物質。
fire 火 steel 鋼 air 空氣 water 水 milk 牛奶
4)抽象名詞:表示動作,狀態,品質或其他抽象概念。
labour 勞動 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力
2.名詞按其所表現的事物的性質分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。
可數名詞(Countable Nouns)有復數形式,如:
an apple two apples a car some cars
不可數名詞(Uncountable Nouns)一般沒有復數形式.
抽象名詞, 物質名詞和專有名詞一般是不可數名詞。
sand 沙 sugar 糖
有少數名詞即可作可數名詞,也可作不可數名詞,但含義不同。
glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 紙 paper 報紙,文件
名詞的功能
名詞在句中作主語, 賓語,介詞賓語,賓語補助語,表語以及名詞短語作狀語。
The bag is in the desk. bag 作主語。
書包在桌子里邊。
I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作賓語。
昨天我洗了我的衣服。
This is a good book. book 作表語。
這是一本好書。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作賓語補助語。
我們選他為我們的班長。
Mary lives with her parents. parents作介詞賓語.
瑪麗和她的父母親住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定語.
他是一名黨員。
They study hard day and night. day and night作狀語。
他們白天黑夜地學習。
3.可數名詞有單數(the Singular Nunmber)和復數(the Plural Number)兩種形式。
名詞的復數形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分規則如下:
1) 一般情況下,在詞尾加 -s. 例如:
bags，maps，pens，desks，workers
2) 以s,sh,ch,x等結尾的詞加-es.例如:
buses watches boxes
3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結尾的詞加-s.例如:
licences blouses oranges
4) 以輔音字母+y結尾的詞變y為i再加-es.例如:
babies families
5) 名詞以 -f 或 -fe 結尾的,把 -f 或-fe 變成 -ves.
bookshelves， wives， knives
注:英語中有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的,需要一一記憶常見的有，
man - men woman - women foot - feet
tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen
sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish
英語中有些名詞總是以復數形式出現。
scissors 剪刀 goods 貨物 trousers 褲子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯
4.名詞的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
在英語中,名詞的格有三個,主格,賓格和所有格。
它們的形式及其變化表示與其他詞的關系。
實際上, 主格和賓格通過它在句中的作用和位置來確定。
The bird is in the tree. 鳥在樹上。 bird 作主語, 是主格。
I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一場電影。 film 作賓語,是賓格。
名詞的所有格: 名詞中表示所有關系的形式叫做名詞所有格。
Lu Xun's book is worth reading.
魯迅的書值得一讀。
This is my father's room.
這是我父親的房間。
名詞所有格的構成
單數名詞 加's 例詞:Mike's father
以s結尾的復數名詞 加' 例詞:the teachers' room
不以s結尾的復數名詞 加's 例詞:men's women's
三、代詞(Pronouns)
1.人稱代詞(Personal Pronouns)
第一人稱單數主格I(復數We) 單數賓格me(復數us)
第二人稱單數主格you(復數you) 單數賓格you(復數you)
第三人稱單數主格he,she,it(復數they) 單數賓格him,her,it(復數them)
2.物主代詞(Possessive Pronouns)
形容詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數my(復數our)
形容詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數your(復數your)
形容詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數his,her,its(復數their)
名詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數mine(復述ours)
名詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數yours(復數yours)
名詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數his,hers,its(復數theirs)
四、數詞(Numeral)
表示數目多少或順序多少的詞叫數詞，數詞分為基數詞和序數詞。
表示數目多少的數詞叫基數詞；表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。
基數詞(Cardinal Numbers)
1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six
11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty
21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred
五、動詞(Verb)
一般現在時(The Simple Present Tense)
一般現在時表示現在的狀態
如:He is twelve.She is at home.
表示經常的或是習慣性的動作.
如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.
表示主語具備的的性格和能力等
如:She like apple.They know English.
1.動詞be(Verb to be)
肯定式I am......否定I am not....
肯定式You are...否定式You are not....
肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....
疑問句和簡略答語
Am I ....?
Yes,you are./No,I you are not.
Are you....?
Yes,I am./No,I am not.
2.There be結構
"There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某時"這樣一種句型,大致相當于漢語
"某地/某時有某物/某人"的說法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名詞在數
方面必須是一致.
肯定式:There is(There's)a table in your room.
There are(There're)some pencils on the desk.
否定式:There is not(There isn't)any cats here.
There are not(aren't)any cats here.
疑問式和簡略答語
Is there a ruler in your bag?
Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).
Are there any people in that house?
Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).
How many kites are there in the sky?
There are thirteen.
六、介詞(Prepositions)
介詞一般用于名詞或代詞前,表示該詞與句子其他成分的關系.介詞后面的名詞
或代詞稱為介詞賓語.介詞和介詞賓語一起構成介詞短語.
本冊課本出現的介詞短語如下:
at: at home at school at six thirty
behind: behind the door/tree behind one's chair
beside: beside the door beside the house
from: from one to a hundred
in: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4
in one's school/grade/class/team/rom
in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom
in the picture in the same class in different classes
in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon
like: like this/that
near: near the window near the door
of: a picture of a classroom a map of China
the name of her cat the wall of their classroon
on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike
on the duty
to:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work
under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed
(1) 表示時間：
at: 表示某一時間點
如： at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
如： on Christmas
in: 表示一段不具體的時間
如： in the morning， in the Second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on
如： on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
during: 表示期間內的某個時期
如: during the night, during the Second World War
for: 其后接表示一段時間長度的詞
如： for three days
through: 表示在整個期間沒有間歇
例： It snowed through the night.
till/until: 表示動作持續的終點
例：I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示動作完成期限
例： I'll be back by five o'clock.
since: 表示某動作的起始點
例：I have studied English since １９９０．
(2) 表示地點：
at: 表示較小的地點
如： arrived at the school gate
in: 表示較大的地點
如： arrived in Shanghai
for: 表示目的地
例： I'll leave for Shanghai.
above: 表示上面，上方，其反意詞是below
over: 表示垂直上方，其反意詞是under
例： The dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿過
如： through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
例： I want to walk across the road.
七、句子的種類(Kinds of Sentences)
英語的句子按照用途可分為以下四類:
陳述句 用途是用來說明事實或說話人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.
I think it's his.
疑問句 用途是用來提出問題. 例句:Are you Mr Green?
Can you find it ? How old are you?
祈使句 用途是用來表示請求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.
Let's play games.
感嘆句 用途是用來表達強烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!
How beautiful the flowers are!
八、一般疑問句和 特殊疑問句
一般疑問句子和特殊疑問句
一般疑問句（General Question）一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑問句。
例如：Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.
Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't.
Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they don't.
特殊疑問句是以特殊疑問詞開頭的疑問句.
(二)
一.形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)
大多數形容詞和副詞有三個等級：
1)原級，即原形。
2)比較級，表示“較……”或“更……一些”的意思。
3)最高級，表示“最……”的意思。
1.形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的構成
(1)規則變化
單音節詞和少數雙音節詞
一般在詞尾加-er或-est
cold colder coldest
strong stronger strongest
fast faster fastest
slow slow slowest
以字母e結尾的形容詞，加-r或-st
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
重讀閉音節詞只有一個輔音字母時，應先雙寫輔音字母，再加-er或-est
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
hot hotter hottest
以“輔音字母+y”結尾的雙音節詞，先改“y”為“i”，再加-er或-est
easy esaier easiest
happy happier happiest
early earlier earliest
少數以-er，-ow 結尾的雙音節詞clever(聰明的)未尾加-er，-est
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
多音節詞和部分雙音節詞
在詞前加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interting
easily more easily most easily
carefully more carefully most carefully
(2)不規則變化
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
2.形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的用法
比較級：表示兩者（人或事物）的比較
Mr King is taller than Mr Read
This mooncakes is nicer than that one。
The tractor is going faster than the bike。
最高級：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比較，其中有一個在某一方面超過
其他幾個時，用最高級。最高級的前面一般要加定冠詞the。后面可帶of（in）
短語來說明比較的范圍。
Whose drawing is he best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
The taxi is going ghe fastest.
Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.
注：在形容詞和副詞的比較級前，有時可以用much，a little等來修飾，
如：much better a little taller
二。數詞（Numerals）（2）
序數詞（Ordinal Numbers）
序數詞表示事物的順序，往往與定冠詞the連用。
fist 1st twentieth 20th
second 2nd twenty-first 21th
third 3nd thirieth 30th
fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th
fifth 5nd fortieth 40th
sixth 6th fiftieth 50th
seventh 7th sixtieth 60th
eighth 8th seventieth 70th
nineth 9th ninetieth 80th
tenth 10th hundredth 100th
eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st
twelfth 12th
三、冠詞（Articles）
冠詞是一種虛詞，讓在名詞的前面，幫助說明名詞的含義，
冠詞分不定冠詞(The Indefinite Article)
和定冠詞（The Define Article）兩種，a（an）是不定冠詞。
a用在輔音之前，如：a road
a boy；an用在元音之前，如：an hour ；an old man等；the是定冠詞。
1.不定冠詞的用法
用于可數名詞的單數形式前，指人或事物的某一種類。
Susan is a scientist.
Pass me an orange,please.
指某人或某事，但不具體說明何人或何物。
A boy is looking for you。
We work five days a week。
表示“一”這個數量，但數的概念沒有one強烈。
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。
I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears。
用于某些固定的詞組中。
a few ，a little ，a lot of ，a moment ago
2.定冠詞的用法。
特指某些人或某些事物
Show me the photo of the boy。
The book on the desk is mine。
指雙方都知道的人或事物。
Where are the new books，Jim？
They are on the small table。
指上文提過的人或事物。
Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。
用在世界上獨一無二的事物前。
The sun is bigger than the moon。
用在序數詞和形容詞最高級前。
The first month of the year is January。
Walk along this road，and take the fourth turning on the left。
用在由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前。
the Great Wall
the Women's Hospital
用在一些習慣用語中。
in the morning（afternoon，evening），
on the left（right），at the back（front）of
the day befoer yesterday，all the same
3.不用冠詞的情況
在專有名詞和不可數名詞前，
China，Grade Two，Bill Smilk，milk
名詞前已有作定語用的this，that，my，your，some，any等代詞。
The letter is in her bag ,
Come this way,please .
I have some question.
復數名詞表示一類人或事物時，
My father and mother are teachers.
I like cakes.
在星期，月份，季節，節日前，
It is Sunday（Monday，Tuesday，etc。）today。
June 1st is Children's Day in China。
It is cold in winter。
在稱呼語或表示頭銜的名詞前。
Mr Mott is going on a trip。
What colour are Mrs Green's shoes？
在三餐飯和球類運動的名詞前。
He went to shool before breakfast this morning。
Can you play basketball？
四、動詞（Verbs）（2）
1.動詞的種類（Kinds of Verbs）
行為動詞Action Verbs：含有實在的意義，表示動作或狀態，在句中能獨立作謂語。
She has some bananas。
They often come back early。
I listen to the radio every day。
連系動詞Link Verbs：本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須與表語一起構成謂語。
His father is a teacher。
Twins usually look the same。
Trees turn green。
助動詞Auxiliary Verbs 本身沒有詞義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成
謂語動詞，表示否定，疑問，時態或其他語法形式。
He doesn't speak Englist。
We are playing basketball。
Do you have a brother？
情態動詞Modal Verbs
本身有一定的意義，但不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞，表示說話
人的語氣和情態，情態動詞沒有人稱和數的變化。
She can speak a little English。
May I speak to Ann,please？
We must go now。
2.一般過去時態（The Simple Past Tense）
一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態，常和過去的時間狀語連用，
如：yesterday，last night，in 1990，two days ago等，也表示過去經常或反復發生的
動作，常和often，always等表示頻度的時間狀語連用。例如：
I got up at 6：30 yesterday。
My father was at work yesterday afternoon。
He always went to work by bus last year。
一般過去時的構成
be
肯定句：I was……
He （she，it） was……
We（You，They）were……
否定句 I was not（wasn't）……
He（She，It）was not（wasn't）……
We（You，They）were not（weren't）……
work
肯定句 I（You，He，She，It，We，You，They）worked。
否定句 I（You，He，She，It，We，You，They）did not（didn't）worked。
there be
肯定句
There was……
There were……
否定句
There was not（wasn't）……
There were not （weren't）……
疑問句和簡略答語
be
第一人稱
Was I……？Yes，you were。No，you were not。
Were we……？Yes，we（you）were。No，we（you）were not。
第二人稱
Were you……？Yes,I was。No，I was not。
Were you……？Yes，we were。No，we were not。
第三人稱
Was he （she，it）……？Yes，he（she，it）was。No，he（she，it） was not。
Were they ……？Yes，they were。No，they were not。
work
第一人稱
Did I work？Yes，you did。No，you did not。
Did we work？Yes，we（you）did。No,we（you） did not。
第二人稱
Did you work？Yes，I did。No,I did not。
Did you work？Yes，we did。No,we did not。
第三人稱
Did he （she，it）work？Yes，he（she，it）did。No，he（she，it）did not。
Did they work？Yes，they did。No,they did not。
there be
Was there a/any……？Yes，there was。No，there was not。
Was there any……？Yes，there were。No，there were not。
規則動詞過去式地構成
一般在動詞原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,
結尾是e的動詞加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used
末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節詞,先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加-ed
例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped
結尾是"輔音字母+y"的動詞,先變y為i再加-ed. 例如:study studied
carry carried,worry worried.
常見的不規則動詞有:
am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got
come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took
3.一般將來時態(The Simple Future Tense)
一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發生的動作或存在的狀態,也表示將來將來經常
或反復發生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next
year等
例如:I will go to my hometown next week.
We will come to see you every Sunday.
1)一般將來時的構成 一般將來時由"助動詞"will+動詞原形"構成.在口語中,will
在名詞或代詞后常簡縮為'll,will not常簡縮為won't.在疑問句中,主語為第一人稱
(I和well)時,常用助動詞shall.
第一人稱肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑問式Shall/we go ?
第二人稱肯定式You not go.否定式You will not go.疑問句Will you go?
第三人稱肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.
疑問式Will he/she/it/they go?
注:(1)在書面語中,主語式第一人稱(I和we)時,常用助動詞shall+動詞原形.例如:
I shall write you a letter next month.
We shall be very please to see you.
(2)在表示"帶意愿色彩的將來"時,常用will.例如:
I will tell you all about it.
(3)在問對方是否愿意,或表示客氣的邀請或命令時,常用will.例如:
Will you go to the zoo with me?
Will you please open the window?
(4)在表示建議或者征求對方意見時,可用shall.例如:
Shall we go at the ten?
Shall we get some food?
2)用"be going to+動詞原形"表示將要發生的的事或打算,計劃,決定要作的事情.
例如:
What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么？
They're going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門口見面.
We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我們不上課.
五.句子的成分(Members of the sentence)
組成句子的各個部分叫做句子的成分,即:主語.謂語.表語.賓語.賓語補足語.定語和狀語.
主語和謂語是句子的主體部分.表語、賓語、賓語補足語都是謂語里的組成部分
主語(The Subject) 表示句子所說的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名詞 代詞或相當于
名詞的短語等充當.例句:Lucy is an American girl.
We study in No.1 Middle School.
謂語(The Predicate)說明主語"做什么","是什么"或者是怎么樣.謂語(謂語部分里
主要是詞)用動詞.謂語和主語在人稱和數兩方面必須一致.例如:We love China.
Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.
表語(The Predicative) 說明主語是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當于名詞
或形容詞的詞或短語等充當，和連系動詞一起構成謂語。例句:Her aunt is a driver.
賓語(The Object)表示動作或行為的對象,由名詞,代詞或相當于名詞的詞,短語等
充當,和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么.例句:He often helps me.
We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?
定語(The Attribute)用來休息名詞或代詞.做定語的除形容詞外,還有代詞,數詞,名詞
介詞短語或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等.例句:The black bike is mine.
We have four lessons in the morning.What's your name.please?
狀語(The Adverbial)用來修飾動詞,形容詞或副詞.一般表示行為發生的時間,地點
目的,方式,程度等意義,通常由副詞,介詞短語或相當于副詞的詞或短語等來表示
例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon.
六.句子的種類(Kings of Sentence)
1.四種疑問句(Four Kind of Question)
選擇疑問句(The Alternative Question)
提出兩種或兩種以上的情況,要求對方選擇一種,這種疑問句叫選擇疑問句.它的機構
是一般疑問句加or加一般疑問句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.說
是or前面部分用聲調,后面用降調.如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?
Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?
反意疑問句(The Tag Question)
反意疑問句表示提問者有一定的主見,但沒有把握,希望對方來證實.
反意疑問句由兩部分組成,前一部分是對事物的陳述,后一部分是簡單的提問.如果前一部分
用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式
兩部分的人稱和時態要一致.
反意疑問句陳述的部分用降調.后辦部分可升可降.提問者對陳述部分把握較大時,后半部分用
降調;把握不大時,用降調.The weather here is very cold,isn't it?
You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .
對反意疑問句的回答,不管問題的提法如何,若事實是肯定的,就要用Yes,事實是否定的,就要
用no.這和漢語不一樣,應該注意.如:
He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去參加會是嗎?
Yes,he is.不,他要去的.
No ,he isn't.對他不起.
2.感嘆句(The Exclamatory Sentence)
感嘆句多用how和what引起.how 和what與所修飾的詞放在句首,其他部分用陳訴語氣.在口語
中謂語常省略
(1)how作狀語,修飾形容詞,副詞和動詞.如:
How cold it is today!
How delicious they are!
How beautiful the flowers are!
How I miss you!
(2)what作定語,修飾名詞(名詞前可由其他定語),單數可數名詞前要加不定冠詞a(an).如:
What a good idear!
What a beautiful day!
What a happy woman!
感嘆句用來表示強烈的感情.句末要用感嘆號!,讀時要用降調.在口語中常用省略句.后面的
主語和謂語往往省略,由時候只用一個詞或者是詞組.如:How cold! Wonderful!
（三）
一、動詞(Verbs)
1.現在完成時(The Present Perfect Tense)
(1)現在完成時的構成
現在完成時由“助動詞have(has)+過去分詞”構成。現以動詞work為例，
將現在完成時的肯定式、否定式和疑問式
以及簡略答語列表如下：
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑問式和簡略回答
Have I/you worked？Yes，you/I have。No，you/I have not。
Has he/she/it worked？Yes，he/she/it has。No，he/she/it has not。
Have we/you/they worked？Yes，you/we/they have。No，you/we/they have not。
注：規則動詞的過去分詞的構成與動詞過去式相同
(2)現在完成時的用法
表示過去發生或已經完成的某一動作對現在造成的影響或結果。
Have you had your lunch yet？Yes，I have。I've just had it。
I have already posted the photos。
表示過去已經開始，持續到現在的動作或狀態，可以和表示從過去某一時刻延續到現在的一段
時間的狀語連用。表示持續動作或狀態的動詞多是延續性動詞。
I haven't seen her these days.
I've known LiLei for three years.
I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since 1996.
How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
現在完成時可以和already，never，just，before，yet 等狀語連用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的區別：
have(has) been 表示“曾經到過某地”，have(has)gone 表示“已經去過某地了”
Where has he been? 他剛才跑到哪去了？
Where has he gone？他到哪去了？
She has been to Shanghai。她到過上海。
She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注：非延續性動詞在否定結構中可用現在完成時，如：
I haven't bought anything for two months。
(3)現在完成時和一般過去時的區別
現在完成時表示過去發生的某一動作對現在造成的影響或結果，強調的是現在的情況，所以它不能和表示
過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday，last night，three weeks ago，in 1990等，而一般過去時只表示過去
動作或狀態，和現在不發生關系，它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：
I have seen the film。我看過這部電影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了這個電影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以來他一直住在這里。
He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在這里。
2.過去將來時(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)過去將來時由“助動詞would+動詞圓形”構成。would常縮略為‘d。
(2)過去將來時的用法
過去將來時表示過去的某一時間看來將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。過去將來時常用在賓語從句中。如：
I didn't know if she would come。
I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
過去將來時也可以用“was(were) going to +動詞原形”來表示。如：
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.過去完成時(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).過去完成時的構成
過去完成時由“助動詞had(用于各種人稱和數)+過去分詞”構成
(2).過去完成時的用法
過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了的動作，它表示動作發生的時間是“過去的過去”
表示過去某一時間可用by，before等構成的短語，也可用when，before等引導的從句或者通過上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.動詞不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)動詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動詞原形”，有時可以不帶to，動詞不定式(或不定式短語)沒有人稱和數的變化。
在句子中不能作謂語。動詞不定式仍保持動詞的特點。即可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動詞不定式同它的賓語或狀語
構成不定式短語。如：to read the newspaper，to speak at the meeting等
(2)動詞不定式具有名詞，形容詞和副詞的特征，因此在句中可以作主語，表語，賓語，賓語補足語、定語，狀語
作賓語
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作狀語
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作賓語補足語
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
She asked me to speak louder。
She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定語
Have you got anything to say？
I had something to eat this morning。
作主語
To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)動詞不定式的否定形式
由“not+動詞不定式”構成。如：
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)動詞不定式和疑問句連用
動詞不定式虧和疑問句what，which，how，where，when等連用，構成不定式短語。
如：The question is when to start。
I don't know where to go。
He showed me how to use a computer。
Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不帶to的情況
有一些動詞后用作賓語補足語的不定式通常不帶to，這種動詞有兩類；一類是感覺動詞，如see,
hear，watch，feel，notice等，如：
I saw him come。我看見他來了。
I heard him sing。我聽見他唱歌了。
另一類是某些使役動詞，如make，let，have等，如：
Let him go。讓他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
他們強迫孩子們一天干12小時。
動詞help后的不定式可帶to，也可不帶to。
5.被動語態。(The Passive Voice)
(1)主動語態和被動語態
英語動詞有兩種語態，即主動語態(The Active Voice)和被動語態(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主動語態)
English is spoken by many people。(被動語態)
(2)被動語態的構成
被動語態由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。助動詞be有人稱，數和時態的變化，其變化
規則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣。現以動詞ask為例子，將一般現在時和一般過去時被動語態的
肯定式，否定式及疑問式列表如下：
一般現在時
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑問式
Am I asked……？ Are you asked……？ Is he/She asked……？
Are we asked……？ Are you asked……？ Are they asked……？
一般過去時
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑問式
was I asked……？ were you asked……？ was he/She asked……？
were we asked……？ were you asked……？ were they asked……？
(3)含有情態動詞的被動語態
含有情態動詞的被動語態由“情態動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。如：
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被動語態的用法
當我們不知道誰是動作的執行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執行者時，或者只需強調動作的
承受者時，需要被動語態。如：
This jacket is made of cotton。
English is spoken in Canada。
二、賓語從句(The Object Clause)
賓語從句在復合句中作主語的賓語，賓語從句通常作主語的賓語，賓語從句通常由下面一些詞引導
1.由that引導(that在口語或非正式文體中常省略)，如：
He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
She said that she would leave a message on his desk .
He knew that he should work hard .
He said that he might fall behind the other students.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2.由連接代詞或連接副詞引導，如：
Do you know what he has said ?
I don't remember when we arrived ?
I asked him where I could get so much money?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
The children did not know who Father Christmas was.
3.由連詞whether或if引導( 口語中常用if)
Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag。
She asked me if she could borrow there books。
三、定語從句(The Attributive Clause)
在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句，如：
(1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman
(2)You must do everything that I do .
上面兩句中的man和everything 是定語從句所修飾的詞，叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。
引導定語從句的詞有關系代詞what，which，who，(賓格whom，所有格whose)和關系副詞
where，when，關系代詞或關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯系作用，同時又作定語從句的
一個成分。
由關系代詞引導的定語從句
that在從句中作主語或賓語
指物
A plane is a machine that can fly。(作主語)
The noodles that I cooked were delicious。(作賓語)
指人
Who is the man that is reading the book over there？(作主語)
The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister。(作賓語)
which在從句中作主語和賓語。
指物
The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well。(作主語)
The song which the Beatles sang were very popular。(作賓語)
who，whom在從句中分別作主語和賓語
指人
The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada。(作主語)
The boy who broke the window is called Roy。(作主語)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li。(作賓語)
Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write。(作賓語)
四、狀語從句(Adverbial clause)
在復合句中，修飾主句的動詞，形容詞或副詞等的從句叫做狀語從句，狀語從句根據它表達的意思可分為
時間，原因，條件，比較，目的，結果和讓步等類。
時間
由as，after，as soon as，before，since，until，when，whenever，while等連詞引導。
As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.
As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.
He has been in Shanghai since he was born.
Don't come in until you are called.
Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.
原因
由as，because，since，等連詞引導
I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.
As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .
Since he was busy ,he didn't come.
條件
由if，unless等連詞引導
If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.
I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.
比較
由as(so)……as，than等引導
Canoeing is not as(so) interesting as sailing (is).
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
結果
由so……that，等引導
He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.
目的
由so ，so that等引導
We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.
He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.
讓步
由although，even though等引導
Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time.
Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.