一． 非謂語動詞功能比較表
主語 表語 賓語 賓補 定語 狀語
動名詞 V V V X V X
不定式 V V V V V V
現在分詞 X V X V V V
過去分詞 X V X V V V
二． 非謂語動詞的否定式、復合結構
1、謂語動詞的否定式為：not+非謂語動詞（not +不定式， not + 動名詞， not + 現在分not +過去分詞）
2.不定式的復合結構為：of/for+to do注：若其前的形容詞為情感形容詞當nice,kind,wrong,wise,clever,stupid,foolish,brave,naughty,careless,careful,nice,good,natural,strange,honest,polite,impolite,rude,thoughtful,cruel等；介詞宜用of；若其前的形容詞為hard,necessary,impossible,possible,expensive,useful,dangerous,bad,interesting,exciting,important,easy等非情感形容詞時，介詞宜用for。動名詞的復合結構為：形容詞性物主代詞sb/sb’s+doing(若該結構不位于句首作主語也可用“名詞或賓語+doing”來表示。例如：
His not coming to school on time made his teacher angry.
在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式，動名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)。
不定式 時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
動名詞 時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
分詞 時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
二、 非謂語動詞用法比較
（一）作主語比較：
1、位于句首常用動名詞作主語。例如:Learning English well is a must for middle school student.
2、It作形式主語時，非情感形容詞或名詞作表語時常用不定式作真正主語；若useless, nouse, no good作表語時，常用動名詞短語作真正主語。例如：It’s no usee crying like a child for you.
3、不定式短語或動名詞短語用語俚語、成語中作主語時，要遵循上下文的一致性原則。例如：To do is better than to say.=Doing is better than saying.
To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.
(二)作表語比較：
1． 動名詞作表語時，說明主語的性質，回答What的問題。例如：
-What is his job? -His job is teaching.
2． 不定式作表語時，說明主語尚未發生的動作，常表示將來的動作。例如：
When Einstein was still quite young, his wish was to become a physicist.
3.分詞作表語時，說明主語的狀態，回答How的問題。現在分詞作表語表示“令人。。。。。。的”的意思；過去分詞作標語，或表示“感到。。。。。。的”的意思，或表示一個已經發生了的動作。例如：The news is exciting. We are excited at the exciting news.The water is polluted.
(三)作賓語比較：
1、只跟不定式作賓語的及物動詞：pretend,hope,expect,desire,agree,demand,hesitate,afford,fail,set out,beg,bother,long,plan,decide,determine,manage,intend,promise,refuse,wish,hate,offer,learn,
2.appreciate,avoid,admit,advise,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,mind,miss,permit,practise,pardon,recall,forbid,stop,suggest,risk,resist,imagine,understand等之后只能跟動名詞作賓語。
3.后跟動名詞作賓語的動詞詞組：give up,keep on,succeed in,look forward to,feel like,insist on,set about,oppose to,hear be fond of,be engaged in,be afraid of,thank sb for…,prefer…to…,prevent/stop/keep /save…from…,leave off,put off,can’t stand,be(get)used to,be worth,be busy,be successful in,devote …to, stick to,spend/waste…(in) …,have trouble/difficulty (in),think of,dream of,object to,How/Whaat about…?,It’s no use/good/need…,There’s no good/need…,get down to admit to, prefer…to, be used to, lead to, devote oneself to, object to, stick to, be busy look forward to (to為介詞), no good, no use, It's worth…, can't help, It's no use /good, be capable of, be proud of, think of / about, hold off, put off, keep on, insist on, count on / upon, set about, be successful in, good at, take up, give up, burst out, prevent … from… 等。
4.1)remember/forget/regret +to do sth/doing(having done)sth 2).mean to do sth/doing
3).try to do sth/doing sth.4).go on to do sth/doing sth.
5).stop to do sth/doing sth6).can’t help doing sth/to do sth
5.need,require,want等動詞表示“需要”時，后跟不定式的被動形式或動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義。
（四）作賓補比較：
1、ask/tell/want/help/would like/allow/permit/advise/persuade/encourage/wish/expect sb (not) to do sth.
2、let/make/have/hear/listen to/notice/watch/see sb do sth
be made/heard/listened to/noticed/watched/seen to do sth.
3.keep sb doing sth./get the car/bus starting/send sb /sth. doing
4.have sb do sth,have sb. doing sth./have sb. done
5.see/hear sb doing sth./do sth
6.make oneself done(understood/heard/noticed/recognized)
7.find the door/windows open/closed/locked
8.find sb. seated/dressed;find stp. changed/polluted.
9.have sth（活）. doing/have sth（死）. done/ get sth（死）. done
10. get sb to do sth./get sth.(活) doing. /get sth.（死） done
11．Sb have sb/sth. left. There be sb/sth left.
(五)作狀語比較
1、不定式在句中只能作條件或結果狀語（只能和…enough,too…,heavy,light,difficult,hard,easy等形容詞或副詞連用。）
2、分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語系句子的主語。如果邏輯主語與分詞呈邏輯上的主謂關系，須用現在分詞作狀語；若邏輯主語與分詞呈邏輯上的動賓關系，須用過去分詞。分詞在句中可作條件、時間、方式、伴隨、讓步、（自然而然的）結果、原因、比較等狀語。
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
3、如果句子的主語不是分詞的邏輯主語時，則不能用分詞作狀語，而用獨立主格結構（主語+分詞；主語+介詞短語；with+賓語+介詞短語）試比較：
Book in hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
A book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
With a book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
There being no bus left at night, they had to walk home.(Because there was no bus left at night,….)
4、分詞作插入語 其結構是固定的，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。
generally speaking 一般說來 talking of (speaking of) 說道
strictly speaking 嚴格的說 judging from 從…判斷
all things considered 從整體來看 taking all things into consideration 全面看來
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. (speaking 并不是dogs 的動作)
5、邏輯主語問：分詞作狀語的邏輯主語是句子的主語；分詞作定語的邏輯主語是被修飾的名詞；分詞作賓補的邏輯主語是其賓語。
（六）作定語比較
1、動名詞作前置定語，說明所修飾的名詞的功能或用途。（a sleeping car,a swimming pool,, a writing paper）
2、不定式作后置定語，說明所修飾的名詞的動作的未來性，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。
A plan/law/way to do sth.
3、單個分詞作前置定語，分詞短語作后置定語，說明所修飾的名詞的狀態。表示正在進行或主動的動作或“令人。。。。。。的”意思，常用現在分詞；表示已經發生或被動的動作或“感到。。。。。。的”意思，常用過去分詞作定語。注意:polluted,enjuried,dressed,seated,broken,killed等只有過去分詞，而沒有現在分詞。
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written (=which is written )
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A.speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
試比較：
The big building _________(build) over there recently will be the highest one in our city.
The big building _________(build) last year is the highest one in our city.
歷年高考非謂語動詞真題再現
(86)26. Tell him_____ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
(86)27. Only one of these books is__________.
A. worth to read B. worth being read C. wroth of reading D. worth reading
(86)28. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
(86)29. I can't imagine_____ that with them.
A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing
(87) 30. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
(87)31. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _____.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
(87)32. Though he had often made his little sister_____, today he was made_____ by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
(87)33. They would not allow him_____ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
(88)34. She didn't remember_____ him before.
A. having met B. have met C. to meet D. to having met
(88)35. They knew her very well. They had seen her_____ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
(89)36. Do you know the boy_____ under the big tree?
A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying
(89)37. Go on_____ the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing
(89)38.There was terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
(89)39. "What do you think of the book?""Oh, excellent. It's worth_____ a second time."
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
(89)40. She pretended_____ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
(89)41. "Good morning. Can I help you?""I'd like to have this package_____, madam."
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
(89)42. _____ your coat at once. We must hurry.
A. Wear B. Wearing C. Put on D. Putting on
(90)43. Most of the artists_____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
(90)44. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
(90)45. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
(90)46. Last summer I took a course on___________.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
(91)47. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
(91)48. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
(91)49. I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed
(91)50. --The light in the office is still on. --Oh, I forgot_____
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
(91)51. John was made_____ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing
(92)52. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
(92)53. --I usually go there by train. --Why not_____ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
(92)54. I would appreciate______ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling
(92)55. There're so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind_____ to buy.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
(92)56._____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
(93)57, "Can't you read?" Mary said_____ to the notice,
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C .angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
(93)58.How about the two of us_____ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
(93)59. The computer centre, _____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
(93) 60. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
(94)61. --I must apologize for_____ ahead of time. --That's all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
(94)62, The missing boys were last seen_____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
(94)63.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
(94)64. The first textbooks_____for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
65.--You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting: --Well, now I regret_____ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
(95)66. Paul doesn't have to be made_____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
(95)67. We agreed_____ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
(96)68. The patient was warned______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
(96)69. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
(97)70. I would love______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
(97) 71. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
(97)72. -- Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?-- I______, but I had an unexpected, visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
(97)73. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
(98)74. _____ it with me and I'll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C.If you leave D. Leave
(98)75. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
(98)76. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
(99)77. Robert is said_____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
(99)78. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. DO not make
(99)79. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door___ "Sorry to miss you; will call later."
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
(2000)80. I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
(2000)81. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see______ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
(2001)82. ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
(2002)83. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
(2002)84. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
(2002上海)85. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving______ their products more competitive.
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
(2002上海)86. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_____ if a mirror was broken.
A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struck
B. C. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike
(2002上海)87. Though______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
(02上)88. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases_______ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
(2002上海)89. ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
(2002春招)90. Prices of daily goods______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
(2002上海春招)91. In some parts of London, missing a bus means______ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
(2002上海春招)92. When_____, the museum will he open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
(2002北京)93--How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
--The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
(2002廣東)94. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
(2002廣東)95. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
(2002廣東)96. The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
(2003全國)97. The teacher asked us______ so much noise.
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
(2003全國)98. ______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
(2003上海)99. The discovery of new evidence led to______.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
(2003上海)100. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
(2003上海)101. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_______ clear warnings before firing any shots.
A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
(2003上海)102. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_______ road conditions need______.
A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving
(2003北京春招)103. --Why did you go back to the shop? --I left my friend______ there.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits
(2003北京春招)104. The manager,______ his factory's products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.
A. knowing B. known C. to know D. being known
(2003北京春招)105. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
106. Don't be discouraged. ______ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.
A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Taken
(2003上海春招)107. Friendship is like money: easier made than ____.
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
(2003上海春招)108. ______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president's attending
(2003上海春招)109. Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
(2003上海春招)110. Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
(2004廣東) 111.________ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
(2004天津) 112.Don't leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
(2004浙江) 113.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
(04全國III) 114.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
(04全國II) 115. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
(04全國II) 116."We can't go out in this weather," said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
(04全國IV) 117.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
(04全國IV) 118.Alice returned from the manager's office, ________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
(04遼寧) 119.I don't know whether you happen ________ , but I'm going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
(04江蘇) 120.The old man, ________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked
(04北京)121.________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
(04福建)122.Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ________ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
(04遼寧)123.________ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
(04上海)124.The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused
(04上海) 125.The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
(04上海) 126.The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
(04上海)127.Having been attacked by terrorists, ________ .
A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists
(04全國III)128.Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
歷年高考非謂語動詞真題再現KEYS:
1. CBBDA 6.ACDCB 11. A/D CBAB 16. ABCCB 21. DABCA 26. BDBDA
3l. CA AAA 36. DABCA 41. DCAAC 46. ADBCC 51. AADCB 56. CACDC
61. BACDC/D 66. BCCCB 71.CCDDC 76.AABDB 81.CABCA 86.DCDCB
91.AABBC 96.DDDCB 101. AAAAD 106.CADAB 111C B B C B
116 A C D DD 121. C. D. B. C B 126 A. B D