科目 英語
年級 高三
文件 high3 unit19.doc
標(biāo)題 New Zealand (新西蘭)
章節(jié) 第十九單元
關(guān)鍵詞 高三英語第十九單元
內(nèi)容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
同學(xué)們通過閱讀課文“The Maori of New Zealand”和“New Zealand”可以了解毛利人的歷史和新西蘭的史地及風(fēng)土人情。
單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
Ⅰ. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
rat , sweet potato , lamb , apart from , hot spring , rainfall , quality , hilly , seaside , flightless , New Zealander , Oceania , be related to
Ⅱ. 交際英語
Giving advice and making suggestions (表達(dá)建議)
1. You’d better not…
2. You need to do …
3. I think you should do … / You ought to do…
4. I suggest that you should do…
5. Let’s do…
6. Shall we … ?
7. What / How about … ?
8. Why not … ?
9. Why don’t you …?
10. I think it would be a great idea to do … .
11. May I suggest doing … ?
12. Would you like to do … ?
13. Have you considered doing … ?
Ⅲ. 語法學(xué)習(xí)
在本單元同學(xué)們要復(fù)習(xí)和歸納句子的成分 -- 賓語補足語的用法。另外，對測試中常見的從屬連詞的多義性進行歸納。如as可以從下面幾個角度測試：
1 . 表示時間，意思是“當(dāng)……的時候，隨著”。例如：
I met John as I was coming home .
As a young man , he joined the army .
2 . 表示原因，意思是“由于，因為”。例如：
As he was not well , I decided to go without him .
3 . 表示比較，意思是“象……一樣”。例如：
I'm as tall as you ( are ) .
The work is not so easy as you imagine .
4 . 表示方式，意思是“按照，如同”。例如：
Do as I do .
I have told this story just as it happened .
5 . 表示讓步。意思是“雖然，盡管”。注意，as 引導(dǎo)狀語從句表示讓步時，一定要
用倒裝語序。例如：
Sick as he was , he came to work .
Child as he is , he knows a lot .
Much as I like it , I will not buy it .
【指點迷津】
高考情態(tài)動詞考查特點透視
分析近幾年的高考英語試題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)情態(tài)動詞的考查難度逐年加大，主要體現(xiàn)在試題題干的設(shè)計具有隱蔽性，考查的角度向細(xì)微化和綜合化方向發(fā)展，下面僅結(jié)合近幾年的高考試題談一下情態(tài)動詞的考查特點：
一、題干設(shè)計巧，使答案具有隱蔽性。
試題的題干有時采用疑問句、祈使句等句式來進行命題，這樣的設(shè)計使答案更具有隱蔽性，增加考生的解題難度，題干設(shè)計的巧妙給解題造成的一定的障礙性。
- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
- Which _____ do yourself? ( MET92 )
A . do you rather B . would you rather C . will you rather D . should you rather
［ 釋疑 ］答案選B。該題旨在考查學(xué)生對情態(tài)動詞“would rather” 的掌握情況。若該題采用陳述句來進行設(shè)計，很容易就能選出正確答案，因為考生對“would rather”這一情態(tài)動詞都能掌握。但該題在設(shè)計時采用疑問句式，這樣就給考生增加了解題難度，如果考生不能循其結(jié)構(gòu)進行分析就會選錯答案。因為情態(tài)動詞中不存在 A、C 或 D 選項的結(jié)構(gòu)。
- Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow . ( NMET 94 )
- _____ .
A . I don't B . I won't C . I can't D . I haven't
［ 釋疑 ］答案選B。該題題干的設(shè)計為祈使句式，留給考生一定的思維空間，如果考生不能利用該題在設(shè)計過程中所留的思維空間就很難得出正確答案，我們可以把該題題干轉(zhuǎn)化成：“Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow , will you?”通過這樣的轉(zhuǎn)化，答案就一目了然了。
可見，在解題時必須要準(zhǔn)確地把握題干設(shè)計的隱蔽性，挖掘出題干留給我們的思維空間，擺脫題干設(shè)計過程中的干擾。
二、對某些情態(tài)動詞之間的細(xì)微差別進行考查，使考查向深層次方向發(fā)展。
情態(tài)動詞的考查向縱深的方向發(fā)展體現(xiàn)在對某些情態(tài)動詞之間的細(xì)微的區(qū)別進行考查，因此在復(fù)習(xí)中不僅要對考查的重點進行復(fù)習(xí)，同時要對某些情態(tài)動詞之間的細(xì)微差別進行比較分析，只有這樣才能在高考中做到得心應(yīng)手。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly , but everyone _____ get out .
A . had to B . would C . could D . was able to
［ 釋疑 ］選D。該題重點考查情態(tài)動詞之間的區(qū)別。“can”和“be able to”都可以表示能力，但當(dāng)表示“過去通過某種努力而實現(xiàn)某事的具體能力”時應(yīng)用“be able to”，這里的“was able to”相當(dāng)于“managed to do sth”或“succeeded in doing sth”。許多考生誤選 C 的原因就在于沒有掌握他們兩者之間的這個區(qū)別，因此要對有細(xì)微差別的情態(tài)動詞進行辨析，掌握他們之間的不同點。
三、將情態(tài)動詞、助動詞等結(jié)合在一起考查，使考查具有綜合性。
有的試題在設(shè)計過程中把情態(tài)動詞和助動詞等語法概念結(jié)合在一起進行命題，這樣的設(shè)計使命題具有很強的綜合性，也就要求考生在解題中必須要先把握題干的語義，然后再根據(jù)語境來判斷對其選項的選擇。
- Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it .
- It's 9568422 . ［ NMET95 ］
A . didn't B . couldn't C . don't D . can't
［ 釋疑 ］選A。該題的選項中既有情態(tài)動詞又有助動詞。考生在解題時必須要首先根據(jù)句義來確定應(yīng)用什么類型的動詞。從題干中的“剛才沒聽到您的電話號碼，請您再說一遍好嗎?”這一信息可得知該題的選項應(yīng)為助動詞而不是情態(tài)動詞，且這里的“沒聽到”是指過去時間，因此該題的答案為 A。
- Alice , why didn't you come yesterday?
- I _____ , but I had an unexpected visitor . ［ NMET97 ］
A . had B . would C . was going to D . did ［ 答案 ］C。
［ 釋疑 ］該題是一個綜合性極強的試題，如果考生不能很好地分析語境的意義以及結(jié)合所給的選項來綜合考慮是很難選出正確答案的。該題題意是“Alice，你昨天為什么沒來?”“我很想來，但沒想到來了位客人”。從題意可知“想來，但沒來”這是與過去事實相反的事實，根據(jù)語法規(guī)則應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，但答案中沒有虛擬語氣的正確形式，若用虛擬語氣，正確的形式應(yīng)為“would have”或“would have come yesterday”，那么該題如何選擇?“be going to”可表示“打算、計劃”這一概念，而且這里是指過去的打算，因此正確答案為 C。許多學(xué)生誤選 B 的原因就是對情態(tài)動詞對過去推測的這一用法沒有完全掌握所致。
綜上所述，高考情態(tài)動詞的考查的特點主要體現(xiàn)在試題題干的設(shè)計具有隱蔽性，試題的
考查點向細(xì)微方向發(fā)展以及考查的綜合性。因此在復(fù)習(xí)情態(tài)動詞時不僅要掌握情態(tài)動詞的基
本用法，同時又要把握高考命題的趨勢，以及把握高考命題設(shè)計的特點，做到有的放矢的復(fù)
習(xí)，只有這樣才能達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
單元重點詞匯點撥
1.relate有關(guān)；涉及
This paragraph related to the international situation .
What he has said doesn’t relate well with the facts .
〖點撥〗be related to和……有關(guān)系。relate的名詞是：relation關(guān)系；聯(lián)系。relative親戚。如：the friendly relations between the two countries 。
2. quality質(zhì)量；品質(zhì)；素質(zhì)
Without quantity there can be no quality .
For study , quality is more important than quantity .
〖點撥〗in quality從質(zhì)量上講。如：The price is different , depending on the quality .
3. rainfall一場雨；降雨量
the annual rainfall in Beijing北京的年降雨量
〖點撥〗表示“有大的雨量”用have a heavy rainfall 。如：This area has a heavy rainfall .
單元詞組思維運用
1. travel by sea = travel by ship
2. hand down = pass down傳下來
3. from generation to generation = from one generation to another
4. sign an argument with與……簽訂協(xié)議
5. in later years在以后的幾年里
6. take a degree獲得一個學(xué)位
7. share one’s memories of共同悼念
8. in size在面積方面
9. at festivals每逢節(jié)日
10. turn to keeping deer改養(yǎng)鹿
11. apart from除了……之外；此外
Apart from the cost , the hat doesn’t suit me .
Apart from that , all goes well .
12. be of high quality質(zhì)量很高。be of low quality質(zhì)量低。
13. separate the young from the old把年輕人和老年人分開
14. like … best of all最喜歡
15. make money out of keeping deer = make money by raising deer
16. go on an outing去郊游
17. plan a party for為……籌備一次聚會
單元難點疑點思路明晰
1.Following his discovery many islanders travelled 3500 kilometres by sea in their narrow boats to this new country between 1100 and 1350 . 隨著他的發(fā)現(xiàn),許多島民在1100年到1350年之間坐著窄窄的小船從海上旅行3500公里來到這個國家。
〖明晰〗(1) following his discovery 為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，分詞的一般式表達(dá)分詞的動作與主句謂語的動作基本同時發(fā)生。當(dāng)強調(diào)分詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語之前早已完成時，用分詞的完成式。如：
Hearing“Help! Help!”, he rushed out .
Not having heard from him for months, she decided to write again .
(2) by sea“從海路”， 注意該詞組中間不要加冠詞， 已學(xué)過的類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有：by water從水路，by air乘飛機，by land從陸路，by taxi 打的，by tube乘地鐵， by fax 通過電傳，by e-mail用電子郵件，by post/mail郵寄，by aeroplane坐飛機。
2.…and today they make up about 13% of the population ……現(xiàn)在他們（毛利人）的人口占新西蘭總?cè)丝诘?3%。
〖明晰〗make up組成構(gòu)成；彌補；編造。如：
Are all animal bodies made up of cells ?
I've to make up the test I missed last week .
He's making up a new railway guide .
而 make up to 接近；make up for 補償，彌補。如：
It was easy to make up to (= get along with)him .
By means of hardwork , he made up for his lack of experience .
3.The Maori have insisted on keeping their own customs and may of life . 毛利人一直堅持他們自己的習(xí)俗和生活方式。
〖明晰〗(1)insist on 常是對要求、看法、意見或主張的“堅持”，其后接名詞或動名詞。如：
She insisted on her opinion at the meeting .
She insisted on going with us .
stick to 常是對愿望、原則、決定、諾言、理論和思想的“堅持”， 其后接名詞或動名詞。如：
stick to the point 堅持那種觀點， stick to practising doing the experiment 堅持做這個實驗。
persist in 常是對某種活動堅持不懈或?qū)δ撤N信念固執(zhí)不改， 其后接名詞或動名詞。如：
If you persist in breaking the law , you'll go to prison .
在keep on 中，on是副詞，含continue to do之意，表克服困難，頑強奮斗，其后常用動名詞。如：
Keep on practising and you will speak English well .
(2) way of life生活方式；keep their way of life alive 使他們的生活方式有滋有味
4. The happier events are marked with speeches , singing and dancing . 比較愉快的事情都伴有演講、歌唱或舞蹈。
〖明晰〗be marked with 以……為標(biāo)志。如：
All these suitcases are marked with names and dates .
5. Some farmers have turned to keeping deer……有些牧場主已轉(zhuǎn)為養(yǎng)鹿了……
〖明晰〗turn to 轉(zhuǎn)向；變成；求教于，求助于。如：
She has turned to acting . 她已轉(zhuǎn)行當(dāng)演員了。
In the dark street there was no one to whom she could turn for help .
Who can I turn to in my hour of need ?
6. Apart from their milk , the wool from their coats is used in expensive clothing . 除了鹿奶，鹿身上的皮毛還用來制作豪華服裝。
〖明晰〗apart from和except for的相同點是“除了……外”，基不同點是apart from 還可作“除了……外還有”(=besides)。如：
It's a good article apart from (= except for)a few spelling mistakes .
Apart from her impoliteness , she is very careless .
7. be related to , relate to , relating to , in relation to , have some relation to , have sth to do with , be relative to
〖明晰〗以上都作“與……有關(guān)系”，但relating, in relation to 為介詞短語。另外，口語中常用have sth to do with。如：
Light industry is closely related to the people's life . 輕工業(yè)與人民生活有密切聯(lián)系。
I can't relate what he does to what he says . 我看他所做的和所說的完全是兩回事。
He made some remarks relative to what had happened . 他講了幾句和發(fā)生的事情有關(guān)的話。
Perhaps he has something to do with this case . 也許他與該案有些聯(lián)系。
8. apart from , except for , except , but for , besides
〖明晰〗(1) apart from在表“除……外”時相當(dāng)于except for , 但apart from表“除……之外還”之意。另外，apart from , except for , but for 都可用于句首， 但 except 不能。如：
Except for ( = Apart from)John , everyone was present . 除約翰外，所有的人都出席了。
In the air there is hydrogen apart from (= besides) oxygen . 空氣中除了氧，還有氫。
(2) except“除……”（含不包括其后的賓語），besides 除了……還（含包括其后的賓語）。另外，besides 還可作副詞“并且，而且”。如：
He answered all the questions except the last one . 除了最后一個問題外，所有的問題他都回答了。
(MET 89) Does John know any other foreign languages besides French ? 除了懂法語之外，約翰還懂其他外語嗎?
(3) but for 常用于“如果不是由于……”(= If it were not for……或If it had not been for…)。如：
But for you immediate help , I would not have finished the task . 如果不是你的及時幫助，我是不可能完成此項任務(wù)的。
9. tour , visit , journey , trip , travel , voyage
〖明晰〗(1)tour“參觀，觀光，周游，巡回旅行”，常是訪問一系列地方后又回到原出發(fā)地。visit作“參觀，訪問”時常是提前計劃好的，具有一定的正式性。journey 常指時間和距離都較長的陸路“旅行”，不含回到原出發(fā)地之意。trip常含短期短程的旅行，目的可以是公事或娛樂，常回到原出發(fā)地。travel常指到國外或某個遙遠(yuǎn)的地方去，不強調(diào)具體的目的地，指具體的旅行時常用復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)一般指“ 旅行”的抽象概念。journey 主要指不論路長短的水上或空中的“旅行”。試比較：
He came back home after years of foreign travel .
We seamen had pleasant weather at sea , the greater part of the voyage .
We will have a comfortable voyage to the Far East by air .
Travel is much cheaper than it used to be .
They'll make a journey through the continent .
These two young men have just completed a cycling tour of the USA .
10. thread , line , cord , rope
〖明晰〗thread ,（針）線，紗。line 線；索；繩；電線。cord 細(xì)繩；粗線。rope繩；索。 He tied his horse to a tree with a rope .
I sewed on the buttons with a piece of thread .
The storm blew the lines down .
He tied up the thief with a cord .
【妙文賞析】
名人論讀書
※ Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom .
好書乃積累智慧之長明燈。(寇第斯)
※ That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit .
好書使人開卷有所求，閉卷有所獲。（奧爾科特）
※ A good book is the best of friends , the same today and for ever .
好書如好友，友情永不渝。（塔珀）
※ The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries .
閱讀好書就好比是同過去多少世紀(jì)最杰出的人們交談。（笛卡爾）
※ Histories make men wise ; poems witty ; the mathematics subtile ; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend .
讀書使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人莊重，邏輯修辭學(xué)使人善辯。（培根）
【思維體操】
1. Which letter does not belong in the following series ?
B E H K M N Q T
2. Which of the five makes the best comparison ?
Sack is to sad as turn is to ：
TACK UP TURF BURN TOY
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
答案：1. 選M 。The series is made up of every fourth letter of the alphabet starting with B .
2. 選B。Sad can be combined with sack to make the word “sadsack”. Up can be combined with turn to make the word“Upturn”
【心中有數(shù)】
單元語法發(fā)散思維
一、 “賓語補足語”知多少 ?
英語中，常對賓語的狀態(tài)、特征、動作進行說明的稱之為賓語補足語，構(gòu)成“主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語”這一重要句型。能用作賓語補足語的詞或短語很多，下面是中學(xué)課體中出現(xiàn)過的：
【思維1】名詞作賓補
He called it Micky Mouse .
She found him a very clever boy .
注意：常用的動詞有 name , call , elect , choose , appoint 等。如果賓語補足語表示的是獨一無二的職務(wù)名詞時，該名詞前不用冠詞。
They elected him president of the USA .
【思維2】形容詞作賓補
He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting .
They found the book instructive .
We must keep the classroom clean every day .
【思維3】副詞作賓補
When you have finished your experiment , please tidy the lab and put everything back in the cupboards .
I followed him in .
Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister .
【思維4】介詞短語作賓補
To her surprise , she found herself in a different world .
I found everything in good order .
He thought himself above others .
【思維5】不定式作賓補，常有以下兩種形式
A . 不定式前帶 to
The villagers didn't allow them to do this .
He asked me to do some shopping for him .
注意：常用的動詞有 ask , tell , beg , force , allow , wish , want , expect , advise , permit , order , 等等。
B . 不定式前不帶 to
I saw all the glasses fall off onto the floor .
I made him change his mind at last .
注意：常用的動詞有使役動詞 have , let , make 和感官動詞 see , watch , notice , hear , 等等。
【思維6】現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補
We can see them flying along the river .
I saw him crossing the street .
注意：常用的動詞有 hear , watch , notice , find , smell , feel , keep , set , leave , get , 等等。
【思維7】過去分詞作賓語
I had my machine repaired .
I was thinking of this when I heard my name called .
注意以上三種非謂主事動詞用作賓補的區(qū)別
A . 從賓語與賓補的關(guān)系上看。動詞不定式與動詞的-ing形式與賓語在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，而過去分詞與賓語在邏輯上是動賓關(guān)系。
We found him cross the street . 我們看到他走過了街道。(= He crossed the street . )
We found him crossing the street . (= He was crossing the street . )
We had the topic discussed . (= The topic is discussed . )我們讓別人來談?wù)撨@個主題。
B . 從意義上看。動詞不定式表示動作的全過程；動詞的-ing形式表示動作處于進行狀態(tài)；而過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。
I heard him sing the song . 我聽見他唱了那首歌。(指動作的全過程)
I heard him singing the song . 我聽見他正在唱歌。(指動作正在發(fā)生)
I heard the song sung(by him) . 我聽見他唱過那首歌。(指動作已經(jīng)完成)
【思維8】to be短語用作賓補
The people had considered him (to be) a great leader , and a wise , kind and honest man .
I believe him (to be) an honest man .
注意有時 to be 可以省略。
【思維9】由 as 構(gòu)成的短語作賓補
We regard labour as a matter of honour .
You surely can't consider him as a selfish man .
【思維10】疑問代詞 / 副詞 + 不定式作賓補。
Could you please show me how to use the computer ?
He really didn't ask us what to do next .
【思維11】有時賓語是從句、不定式等后接形容詞(名詞等)作賓補，為了使句子平衡，須用 it 作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放在句尾。
They found it strange that no one took the money .
I felt it my duty to report it to the headmaster .
二、如何掌握部分從屬連詞的多義性
NMET’98單項填空第16小題：
Why do you want a new job ______ you've got such a good one already?
A . that B . where C . which D . when
正確答案是D。此題考查的是從屬連詞 when 的用法。但是通過題干意義可知，這里的 when 并不是我們平時常用的意義“當(dāng)……的時候”，而是“既然”的意思，相當(dāng)于“since”。其實從屬連詞中有不少象 when 這樣的詞，具有多義性。本文就這一問題作一歸納，供同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)參考。
一、when
1 . 表示時間，意思是“當(dāng)……的時候”。例如：
The fire was put out when they came . 他們來到的時候，大火已經(jīng)被撲滅了。
2 . 表示條件，意思是“如果……，要是……”例如：
When the weather is good , I usually go to the country .
Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine .
3 . 表示原因，意思是“既然”。例如：
How can he succeed when he won't work?
Why do we take the flag down at night , when we just have to put it up again
in the morning?
4 . 表示讓步，意思是“雖然，然而，可是”。例如：
He walks when he might ride .
We have only three chairs when we need five .
二、while
1 . 表示時間，意思是“當(dāng)……的時候”，“和……同時”。例如：
We waited while he dined .
Please be quiet while I am talking to you .
2 . 表示讓步，意思是“雖然，盡管”。例如：
While I understand what you say , I can't agree with you .
While he is respected , he is not liked .
3 . 表示對比，意思是“而，然而”。例如：
She is very diligent , while he is very lazy .
You like sports , while I'd rather read .
三、If
1 . 表示條件或假設(shè)，意思是“如果，假如”。例如：
We'll stay at home if it rains tomorrow .
If I were you , I would not go .
2 . 表示讓步，意思是“雖然，即使”。例如：
I will go if I die for it .
If I am wrong , you come wrong , too .
3 . 表示時間，意思是“無論何時，當(dāng)……”，相當(dāng)于 whenever。例如：
If I do not understand what he says , I always ask him .
If winter comes , can spring be far behind?
4 . 表示原因，意思是“既然”。例如：
If you don't like the job , why don't you change it?
四、as long as , so long as
1 . 表示時間，意思是“達(dá)……之久”。例如：
You can keep the book as long as you like .
During the holidays , I like to stay in the countryside as long as I can .
2 . 表示條件，意思是“只要”。例如：
As long as you tell truth , I'll try to help you .
You may take this book away so long as you return it on time .
3 . 表示原因，意思是“既然，由于，因為”。例如：
So long as the weather is changeable these days , we'd better get in wheat in time .
So long as you are going to town tomorrow , you can do something for me .
五、since
1 . 表示時間，意思是“自從……以來”。例如：
I haven't heard from him since he left .
It is ten years since he joined the army .
2 . 表示原因，意思是“既然”。例如：
Since this method doesn't work , let's try another .
七、so that
1 . 表示目的，意思是“以便，為了”。例如：
They started off early so that they could get there in time .
The student worked hard so that he might learn more .
2 . 表示結(jié)果，意思是“因此，結(jié)果是”。例如：
I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat .
He spoke clearly , so that everyone heard .
【動腦動手】
單元能力立體檢測
●賓語與高考題
一、 V-ing 作賓語：
1 . ('86) I can't imagine ____ that with them .
A . do B . to do C . being done D . doing
2 . ('92) - I usually go there by train .
- Why not ____ by boat for a change ?
A . to try going B . trying to go C . to try and go D . try going
3 . ('83) People can't help ____ the foolish emperor in the procession .
A . laugh at B . to laugh at C . laughing at D . laughing on
4 . ('83)We're looking forward ____ the photo exhibition .
A . to visiting B . to visit C . to having visited D . visiting
5 . - What are you going to do this morning ?
- I'm thinking of ____ to visit my aunt .
A . go B . going C . having gone D . my going
6 . ('85)I really enjoy ____ that kind of job .
A . do B . doing C . to do D . to be doing
7 . ('87)They wouldn't allow him ____ across the enemy line .
A . to risk going B . risking to go C . for risk to go D . risk going
8 . ('89) - What do you think of the book ?
- Oh , excelle