非謂語動詞總結
第一節 概述
英語中動詞有謂語和非謂語之分。謂語動詞在人稱和數上要與主語保持一致，而非謂語動詞沒有人稱和數的變化。非謂語動詞主要包括：動詞不定式，動詞的-ing形式和過去分詞三種。
學非謂語動詞必須要了解它們的形式和在句子中的功能，請看下面兩個表格：
1.非謂語動詞的時態和語態形式（以動詞do為例）：
動詞不定式 動詞的ing形式 過去分詞
一般式 主動 to do doing 動詞的過去分詞只有一種形式即done。及物動詞的過去分詞常表示被動和完成，而個別動詞（多數是不及物動詞）表示完成。
被動 to be done being done
完成式 主動 to have done having done
被動 to have been done having been done
進行式 to be doing
完成進行式 to have been doing
2. 非謂語動詞在：句子中的功能
主語 賓語 表語 定語 補語 狀語 同位語
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ ×
ing形式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
過去分詞 × × √ √ √ √ ×
第二節 非謂語動詞的時態和語態
一． 動詞不定式的時態：
不定式的一般式通常表示不定式動作發生在謂語動詞之后或與謂語動詞同時發生；不定式的進行式（通常用于動態延續性動詞）表示不定式動作與謂語動作同步發生；不定式的完成式通常表示不定式動作先于謂語動詞而發生或表示一個實際未發生的動作；不定式的完成進行式往往強調不定式動作在謂語動詞之前一直在進行。例如：
1. When I spoke to him, he pretended ___________(look) for something here and there.
2. He looked tired. He seemed ______________(work) all night.
3. Charles Babbage is generally considered ___________(invent) the first computer.
4. I would love _________ (go) to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
5. He ordered the man __________ (go) there at once.
二． 動詞不定式的語態：
一般情況下，在一個含有不定式的句子中，如果有不定式的邏輯主語（即不定式動作的執行者）該不定式常用主動形式；如果出現的是不定式的邏輯賓語（即不定式動作的承受者），該不定式常用被動形式。但是，下面幾種結構卻常用主動表示被動：
(1).在easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, fit, nice, comfortable等表示性質特征的形容詞之后的不定式或用這些詞修飾一個名詞后跟的不定式常用主動表示被動；
(2).少數動詞如blame(責備), let(出租)等的不定式作表語時常用主動表示被動。
6. This sentence is easy ___________ (understand).
7. I can’t go out with you today, as I have a lot of clothes_________ (wash).
8. “Have you any clothes __________ (wash) today?” asked the maid (女傭).
9.Our school is a nice place _________ (visit).
10. I found the chair comfortable _________ (sit) in.
11. I think the question difficult ________ (answer).
12. It’s I who am ________ (blame).
13. The officer ordered the soldiers ________ (fire) the guns.
14. The officer ordered the guns _________ (fire).
三._ing形式的時態:
_ing形式的一般式通常表示該動作與謂語動詞同時發生或發生在謂語之后；完成式則表示
動作先于謂語動詞而發生。如：
15. ________ (Walk) through the park, I saw some lovely flowers.
16. He was praised for __________ (teach) for 60 years.
17. I heard him __________ (sing) when I passed his room.
18. _________ (Finish) the work, he went home.
19. He insisted on _________ (join) the army.
四._ing形式的語態：
一般情況下，需要找準-ing動詞的邏輯主語，若它們之間是主謂關系，-ing動詞常用
主動；若它們之間是動賓關系，-ing動詞就要用被動。但在動詞need, want, require,及形容
詞worth之后的-ing必須用主動表示被動。如：
20. He won’t come without __________ (invite).
21. The flowers in the garden need _______ (water).
22. Thank you for _________ (give) us so much help.
23. The building ________ (build) now will be a hospital.
24. ________ (give) such a good chance, how could she let it slip?
25. The book is well worth ________ (read).
第三節 非謂語動詞的用法比較
一、作主語
動詞不定式和動詞的_ing形式都可以在句子中作主語。
（1）、一般來說，不定式作主語時，通常表示一次性的、特指的、具體的或將來的動作；而_ing形式作主語時，通常表示一個經常性的、泛指的、或不具體的動作。如：
26. ________ (refuse) him is not easy this time.
27. _________ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both the young and old.
28. ________ (teach) English is my job.
29. ________ (be) a teacher is her greatest wish in the future.
（2）、當句子的主語和表語都是非謂語動詞時，兩者在形式上一般保持一致；比較狀語從句中的主語形式通常也取決于主句里的主語形式。如：
30. ______ (see) is to believe.==________ (see) is believing.
31. ________ (say) is easier than to do.
32. ________ (speak) a foreign language is more difficult than reading it.
（3）、在日常英語中，為了句子結構的平衡，常用it作形式主語而將不定式或-ing放在句末
這時候要注意下面的習慣句型：
It + be + 形容詞或名詞+ (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
It + take + sb. +some time / sth. + to do sth.
It + be + no use / no good / useless / a waste of sth. / worth + doing sth.
There + be + no + doing sth. (做某事是不行或不可能的)
33. It was foolish of you _________ (give) up what you rightly owned.
34. There is no ________ (hold) back the wheel of history.
35. I think it’s no good _______ (argue) with your parents.
二、作賓語
動詞不定式和動詞的_ing形式都可以在句子中作賓語。
（1）、有些及物動詞后只能接動詞不定式作賓語，不能接-ing形式，常見的有：hope, wish, expect, decide, promise, offer, agree, manage, pretend, plan, refuse, fail 等等。
（2）、有些及物動詞后只能接動詞的_ing形式作賓語，不能接不定式，常見的有：enjoy, imagine, risk, appreciate, suggest, advise, admit, miss, practise, forbid, avoid, resist, escape, delay, finish, permit, allow, mind, keep, consider, excuse 等等。
（3）、有些動詞后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作賓語，意義相同，常見的有：begin, start, continue, intend, bear, attempt等等。但要注意，begin, start 如遇下面三種情況時接不定式為最佳：
A. 句子的主語是物而不是人時，如：The ice began to melt.
B. 當begin, start 用了進行時態時, 如：He’s beginning to understand it.
C. 當begin, start 后作賓語的動詞屬于心理活動、精神狀態類動詞（如realize, understand, love, like, know 等等）時，如：It began to rain and I began to realize I should go home.
（4）、有些動詞后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作賓語，意義有細微差別，常見的動詞有：like / love / prefer / hate to do sth.(表示一個特定的、一次性的、將來的動作)
like /love / prefer /hate doing sth. (表示一般的、習慣性的、或正在進行的動作)
36. I like _________ (swim) but I don’t like _______ (swim) today.
37. Would you love ________ (go) to the zoo with us?
38. I felt like _______ (cry) at the news.
（5）、有些動詞后既可以接不定式，也可以接-ing形式作賓語，意義完全不同，常見動詞有：
39. We must try ________ (finish) the work on time.
Let’s try _______ (work) out the maths problem in another way,
40. I remember ______ (see) her somewhere before.
You must remember _______ (post) the letter for me.
41. He forgot ______ (pay) and asked to be paid again.
Don’t forget _______ (turn) off the light when you leave.
42. I regret _______ (miss) such a good chance.
I regret _______ (say) that I can’t lend you so much money.
43. Doing like that means _________ (cheat).
I didn’t mean ________ (hurt) your feeling that day.
44. I can’t help ________ (do) housework today. I’m busy preparing a report.
I couldn’t help _________ (think) of my childhood while seeing the film.
45. When the teacher came in, the students stopped _______ (talk).
As he was very busy that day, he didn’t stop _______ (talk) with me.
46. Though it was raining, the peasants went on ________ (work) in the fields.
After listening to the text, we went on _______(read).
47. The baby needs ______ (look) after. =The baby needs ________ after.
You don’t need _______ (look) after the baby today.
48. Our school is well worth ________ (visit).
Our school is well worthy ________ (visit).= Our school is well worthy of _________.
（6）、介詞后的賓語一般用動詞的-ing形式，但要注意：but和except之后通常接不定式；介詞之后若有連接詞時也要接不定式。如：
49. I have no choice but _______ (wait).
50. He gave me some advice on how _______ (study) it well.
51. He has no idea of what _______ (do) next.
52. I was about ______ (go) out when it began to rain.
注意：A. 下面短語中的to是介詞，后面要接動詞的-ing形式而不接不定式。
devote---to---, look forward to, pay attention to, prefer---to---, lead to, be close to, refer to, belong to, as to, get down to, owing to, be / get /become used to(習慣于------),等等。
B.有些短語中介詞經常省略，這時要注意接動詞的-ing形式，如：be busy (in) doing sth., spend money /time (in) doing sth., have difficulty /trouble / problems (in) doing sth., prevent / stop ---(from) doing sth.,等等。
（7）、當不定式和_ing形式作“主語+謂語+賓語+補語”句型中的賓語時，要用it作形式賓語，把真正的賓語置于補語之后，常見句型有：
主語+ make / feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth.
主語+ make /feel /think /find /consider, etc. + it + no good /no use /useless + doing sth.
三、作表語
所有的非謂語動詞都可以在句子中作表語，其區別在：
（1）、不定式作表語通常表示一次性、特指的、將來的或具體的動作，有時還可以表示計劃安排將要發生的事或一種命令要求。
（2）、-ing形式作表語通常表示習慣性、泛指的、不具體的動作或表示主語的性質特征（主要是一些表示感情情緒的詞，譯為“令人感到……的”）
（3）、過去分詞作表語通常表示主語所處的狀態，常具有被動含義（主要是一些表示感情情緒的詞，譯為“感到……的”），這樣的動詞常見的有：surprise, move, excite, interest, shock, tire, bore, touch, encourage, disappoint, invite, inspire, amuse等等。如：
53. No one is ______ (leave) this building without the permission of the police.
54. My job is ______ (teach) English and my wish is ______ (be) a lawyer.
55. The president is ______ (visit) our country next month.
56. The speech was very _________ (move) and we were all _______ (move) to tears.
四、作定語
所有的非謂語動詞都可以作定語，其區別在：
（1）、不定式作定語常放在被修飾的名詞之后，通常可以表示：
A. 一個發生在謂語動詞之后的動作。如：
The building to be built next month will be a hospital.
B. 被修飾的名詞與用作定語的不定式之間可能是邏輯上的“主+謂”關系，也可能是邏輯上的“動+賓”關系。如：
Do you have anyone to help you? (“主+謂”關系)
I have nothing to write. (“動+賓”關系) 我沒有什么東西可寫。
C. 如果是“動+賓”關系，動詞不定式之后有時需要添上適當的介詞，而在名詞time, place, moment, way等之后的不定式所帶的介詞可以省略，如：
I have nothing to write on. 我沒有什么東西可以上面寫字。
I have nothing to write with. 我沒有什么東西可以用來寫字。
I have no time to rest.
注意：這種帶介詞的不定式短語常可以轉換為“介詞+which / whom+不定式”的結構。例：They had only a cold room to live in.==
They had only a cold room in which to live.
D. 下列情況常用不定式作定語：
當句子中的謂語是一些特定的動詞，如：be, find, get, give, have, need, want等，它們后面的名詞（賓語或表語）常用不定式修飾。
當名詞前有特定的定語，如：first, last, next, only, second以及形容詞最高級時，其后常用不定式作定語。
在There be句型中，主語之后常用不定式作定語。
有一些特定的名詞之后常用不定式作定語，常見的有：time, chance, right, promise, wish, plan, means, ability等。
例：You have no right to speak here.
He is the only person to know the truth.
There is nothing to worry about.
My parents had no chance to go to college.
（2）、動詞的_ing形式作定語時，如果是單個詞，常放在被修飾名詞之前；如果是-ing短語，要放在名詞之后。_ing作定語通常可以表示：
A. 被修飾名詞的用途，如：a sleeping car, a waiting room, a walking stick, etc.
B. 被修飾名詞的性質特征，如：exciting news, a moving story, etc.
C．被修飾名詞正在進行的動作，如：a falling leaf, a burning stick, boiling water, etc.
（3）、過去分詞作定語通常表示：
A. 被動，如：He is a man loved by all the people.
B. 完成，如：The building built last year is our classroom building.
a fallen leaf, a developed country, boiled water
C. 被修飾名詞所處的狀態，如：an excited boy, the disappointed parents, surprised eyes, etc.
五、作狀語
所有的非謂語動詞都可以在句子中充當狀語，其區別在：
（1）、不定式（短語）常在句子中作目的、結果和原因狀語，常見句式有：
目的：to do sth.; in order to do sth.; so as to do sth.
結果：so + adj. /adv. + as to do sth.; such + n. + as to do sth.; enough to do sth.; too…to do sth.; only to do sth.
原因：be happy / glad / sorry / sad ,etc. + to do sth.
（2）、_ing形式和過去分詞位于句首時常作時間、原因、條件狀語，位于句末時主要作方式、伴隨或結果狀語。究竟該用_ing還是過去分詞，主要取決于句子的主語，若它們之間是主動關系就用_ing形式，若是被動關系，就用過去分詞。
57. He raised his hand ________ the taxi stop. (have)
58. _______ from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. (see)
59. The parents died, _______ him an orphan. (leave)
60. ______ to college, he works very hard. (go)
61. I’m not such a boy as ______ him. (believe)
62. _______ ill, he was sent to a hospital. (be)
注意：A. 非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語通常是句子的主語，如：
（×）Being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
（√）As it was a fine day, we went out for an outing.
（√）It being a fine day, we went out for an outing.
(×) Hearing the news, tears came to my eyes.
（√）Hearing the news, I burst into tears.
（√）When I heard the news, tears came to my eyes.
B．有些非謂語動詞可以相當于獨立成分、介詞或連詞使用，這時候它們常有自己固定的形式，與句子的主語不存在任何的邏輯關系，常見的有：
to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, (老實說)
to make things worse (更糟糕的是)
to begin with / start with (首先)
generally / strictly / exactly speaking (一般/嚴格/準確地說)
judging from / by (根據/從……判斷)
talking of (談到…… )
considering (考慮到……)
including (其中包括……) compared with / to… (與……相比)
六、作補語
所有的非謂語動詞都可以作補語，在使用中要注意下面幾種情況：
（1）、有許多動詞，如：ask, tell, allow, force, cause, encourage, 等之后都可以接不定式作賓語補足語。
（2）、在感官動詞notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at之后可以接三種非謂語動詞作補語，其區別在：_ing作補語表示與謂語動詞同時進行的動作，如果這個動作與賓語是被動關系，還要用其被動形式being done；過去分詞作補語常表示一個完成被動的動作；不定式作補語可以表示一個全過程、一個具體的、將來的、或經常性的動作。如：
63. I saw the classroom ________ (clean) when I passed by it.
64. The missing children were last seen ______ (play) by the river.
65. I often hear him ________ (sing) in the next room.
66. I saw the room _________ (clean). Everything was put in order.
67. I saw him ________ (open) the door, _______ (walk) into the room, and ______ (sit) down at the desk.
（3）、注意使讓動詞之后的補語用法：
A．have sb. do sth.==get sb. to do sth. “請/叫/讓某人做某事” 與賓語的關系是主動的。
B．have sb./ sth. doing sth.“使某人一直做某事/容許某人做某事”，強調主動和進行。
C．get sb. doing sth.“使某人開始做某事”。
D．have sb./sth. done ==get sb./sth. done“使某人/某物被……或使……遭受……”，表示被動
E．make /let sb. do sth.表主動。
F. make /let sb. /sth. /oneself done 表示被動。
（4）、有些動詞后不能接非謂語動詞特別是不定式作賓語補足語，常考的動詞有：agree, refuse, hope, suggest, demand, etc.
(5)、有些動詞后需要接_ing作賓語，而接不定式作賓語補足語，常見的動詞有：advise, allow, permit, forbid, encourage等。
例：68.You’d better have someone else _______ (help) you. I’m too busy.
69.He already had his eyes ________ (examine) in the hospital yesterday.
70.The speaker explained it again to make himself _______ (understand).
71.We don’t allow _____ (smoke) in our classroom.
72.He didn’t allow his son _____ (play) computer games.
七、作同位語
動詞的_ing形式常被用來解釋一個名詞的具體內容，在句子中充當同位語，如：
His habit, studying at night, remains unchanged.
The gesture for “OK”, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meaning in different countries.
第四節 非謂語動詞的幾種特殊結構
一、 否定結構：
所有非謂語動詞的否定結構都是在非謂語動詞前直接加否定詞not或never等構成。
例：Excuse me for not coming back in time.
Not having received a reply, He decided to writer again.
He advised me never to go out alone at night.
二、 動詞不定式的復合結構
不定式復合結構是指帶有主語的動詞不定式，其形式有以下兩種：
（1）、for sb. to do sth.(側重動作), 可以用于各種句子結構中。
（2）、of sb. to do sth.(側重對邏輯主語品行的評價)，這種結構主要用于下列形容詞之后：bad, brave, careful careless, clever, foolish, cruel, kind, rude, polite, stupid等。
73.It’s very important ____ us to learn English well.
74.It’s very foolish ____ you to believe him. == You are very foolish to believe him
75.There are a lot of difficulties ____ them to overcome.
76.I stepped aside ____ her to pass.
三、 動名詞的復合結構
由動名詞的邏輯主語和動詞_ing一起構成，在句子中主要作主語和賓語，其形式有：
（1）、形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格+動詞的_ing
（2）、人稱代詞賓格或名詞普通格+動詞的_ing
注意、A、當句子的主語就是_ing動詞的邏輯主語時不能用復合結構。如：
Would you mind opening the door? (You open the door.)
Would you mind my / me opening the door? (I open the door.)
B、_ing作主語放在句首時，只能用第（1）種形式的復合結構。如：
His being ill made us very sad.
C、當無生命的名詞或兩個以上的名詞/代詞并列作_ing的邏輯主語時，只能用第（2）種形式的復合結構。如：
Can you hear the noise of the machine running.
Is there any hope of him and his sister winning the prize?
四、 獨立主格結構
（1）、由“名詞或代詞主格+動詞的_ing形式或過去分詞”構成，在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨情況或方式。主要用于句子的主語不是非謂語動詞的邏輯主語時。如：
77.All the work_______ (do), he had a rest. （時間狀語）
78.Weather ________ (permit), we will go outing tomorrow.（條件狀語）
79.The boy stood there, his right hand _______ (raise). （伴隨情況）
80.He _____ (be) ill, we sent him to a hospital. （原因狀語）
81.There ______ (be) no buses, we had to walk home. （原因狀語）
（2）、由“with/without +名詞/代詞賓格+動詞_ing /過去分詞/不定式/介詞（短語）/形容詞/副詞”等構成，在句子中可以作狀語或定語。如：
82.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ (tie) behind his back.
83.With a lot of work ____ (do), I can’t go to the cinema with you.
84.He left without anybody ______ (know).
五、“連接詞+ to do”，“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done /doing”結構的區別
（1）、“連接詞+to do”相當于一個名詞的作用，在句中作主語、賓語和表語，常可以轉換成由該連詞引出的從句。
(2)、“when/while/though/unless/if, etc. + done/doing” 在句子中只能作狀語，主句的主語是此結構中doing和done的邏輯主語，如果它們之間的關系是主動的，就用doing，是被動的就用done。
85. Please tell me what _______ (do ) next. ==Please tell me what I should do next.
86. The problem is whether _______ (go) by bus or by plane.
87. When ______ (start) the project hasn’t been decided yet.
88. Be careful when / while ________(cross) the street.
89. When________ (heat), ice will melt.
90. He won’t go to the party unless _______ (invite).
第五節 動詞不定式的兩種省略情況
一、 省略不定式符號to的情況：
(1).不定式在感官動詞notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, 和使讓動詞have, make, let 之后作賓語補足語時，符號to必須省略。但是當這些動詞用于被動語態時，動詞不定式變為主語補足語，符號to不能省略。
例：We often hear him sing the song at home.→ He is often heard to sing the song at home.
(2).在動詞help之后作賓語或賓語補足語的不定式，符號to可有可無。
(3).兩個或兩個以上的不定式由連詞and / or / than / but 等連接時，從第二個不定式起的符號to常常省略。
例：The students are taught to read, write and do many other things.
注意：如果要強調對比，不能省略to。
例：It’s more difficult to do than to say.
The teacher came not to punish you but to help you.
I wondered whether to stay or to leave.
(4).不定式作表語，用來解釋主語部分中do的內容時可以不帶to。如：
What we want to do now is (to) lie down and rest.
The first thing she did was go up to her trainer and thank her.
(5).在why或why not引起的表示建議或責問的省略問句中不能帶to。
Why quarrel with your mother? Why not join us?
(6).在一些類似情態動詞的詞組如：had better, would rather … than … , can’t (help / choose) but 等之后的動詞不帶to。
(7).不定式作but或except的賓語時，若前面有實意動詞do / does / did / to do等形式，不帶to。如：
I did nothing but / except do my homework last night.
She had nothing to do but wait.
(8).當助動詞do / does / did用來加強語氣或構成倒裝句時，其后的動詞不能帶to。如：
Seldom does he go home this term. I did tell him the news.
(9).當dare用作實意動詞時，后面的不定式有時也不帶to，特別是在否定句中。
She didn’t dare (to) ask the teacher.
(10).在美國口語中，用在祈使語氣中表示目的，在動詞come / try / go / run等之后的不定式可以不帶to。如：
二、 Come tell me if he arrives. Go tell your mother. Try open the door again. 省略to之后的動詞部分的情況：
一般說來，當不定式內容是重復前面的內容時，to后的成分可以承前省略，但要保留符
號to，此時省略的成分相當于do so，這種結構一定要有上文或一定的語境。如：
_ Will you go with me? _ Well, I’d like to.
_ Why didn’t you bring an umbrella with you? _ I meant to, but I forgot about it.
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to.
He can’t eat as much as he used to.
注意：當不定式內容是助動詞be / have時，to后要保留原形的be / have。如：
He hasn’t succeeded in the exam, but in fact he ought to have.
She is no longer what she used to be.
非謂語動詞總結練習參考答案
第二節：1. to be looking 2. to have been working 3. to have invented 4. to have gone
5. to go 6. to understand 7. to wash 8. to be washed
9.to visit 10. to sit 11. to answer 12. to blame
13. to fire 14. to be fired 15. Walking 16. having taught
17.singing 18. having finished 19. joining 20. being invited
21. watering 22. giving 23. being built 24. Given
25. reading
第三節：26. To refuse 27. Walking 28. Teaching 29. To be
30. To see; Seeing 31. To say 32. Reading 33. to give
34. holding 35. arguing 36. swimming; to swim 37. to go
38. crying 39. to finish; working 40. seeing; to post 41. being paid; to turn 42. missing; to say 43. cheating; to hurt 44. to do; thinking 45. talking; to talk
46. working; to read 47. looking/to be looked; to look 48. visiting; to be visited/being visited 49. To wait 50. to study 51. to do 52. to go 53. to learn
54. teaching; to be 55. to visit 56. moving; moved 57. to have 58. Seen
59. leaving 60. to go 61. to believe 62. Being 63. being cleaned/cleaned
64. playing 65. sing 66. cleaned 67. open; walk; sit 68. help
69. examined 70. understood 71. smoking 72. to play
第四節：73. for 74. of 75. for 76. for 77. done 78. permitting
79. raised 80. being 81. being 82. tied 83. to do 84. knowing
85. to do 86. to go 87. to start 88. crossing 89. heated 90. invited
責任編輯：李芳芳