由一道單項(xiàng)選擇題想到……
---定語(yǔ)從句難點(diǎn)突破
定語(yǔ)從句是學(xué)生解題的難點(diǎn)，下面就定語(yǔ)從句的難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，從而讓學(xué)生深刻地領(lǐng)悟理解定語(yǔ)從句，進(jìn)而掌握解題技巧。
1. 先判斷先行詞是人還是物。
2. 確定關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)何種句子成分。
3. 還原定語(yǔ)從句，檢驗(yàn)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧?/p>
在處理綜合試卷的過(guò)程中，遇到這樣的一道題：
He didn’t put the things ____ they belonged, for＿＿ reason he got his punishment.（D）
A. which; that B. what; this
C. that; whose D. where; which
學(xué)生答錯(cuò)率較高�！八麤](méi)有把那些東西放回到他們本該在(原來(lái))的地方，為此他受到了懲罰。” 第一空語(yǔ)境分析，東西應(yīng)放在什么地方。Where引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)意為“在…的地方”；結(jié)構(gòu)分析，belong 為不及物動(dòng)詞，常用固定搭配belong to。They belonged句從結(jié)構(gòu)上說(shuō)選出的詞只能用來(lái)做狀語(yǔ)；如句子為they belonged to則要補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)。第二空reason 前的限定詞為that/this，故應(yīng)用which來(lái)連接相當(dāng)于and for this/that reason。
類似的用法有in which case、during which time相當(dāng)于and in that/this case、 during that time。
1. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ____he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students' Union. （05重慶） A
A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time
2. They stayed with me for two weeks, _______ they drank all the beer i had . C
A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which
3. I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone. C
A. in whose case B. in which C. in which case D. in that case
一、Such…that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句與such…as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：
Such…that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)完整的句子；而such…as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，as在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。如：His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept.中，應(yīng)用as，因?yàn)閣e all agreed to accept 缺少賓語(yǔ)，完整的句子為we all agreed to accept it.如為 His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept it,則應(yīng)用that, 因?yàn)閣e all agreed to accept it 是一個(gè)完整的句子。
1. I don't like such books ____ he recommended. A
A. as B. that C. so D. after which
2. Mr. Smith is _________ a good teacher _________ we all respect him. A
A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as
3. Such a book ___ you lent me is too difficult to understand. C
A. that B. which C. as D. like
二、一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析。這些詞基本上都是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的詞，做具體題目時(shí)，要判斷他們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謥?lái)決定關(guān)聯(lián)詞。主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)用that/which，狀語(yǔ)用where/when/介詞+which。如：
There is one point______ we must insist on.
We’re just trying to reach a point ___ both sides will sit down together and talk.
第一句定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：we must insist on the point,所以先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故用that或省略。第二句定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，所以關(guān)系詞用where/介詞+which。
1. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ______ sight matters more than hearing.（D）
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
2. Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can’t be the only preparation for all of the situations ____ appear in the working world. C
A. Where B. when C. that D. what
3. (08上海卷’ 38) We went through a period ______ communications were very difficult in the rural areas. C
A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which
4. (08山東卷’ 26)Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. D
A. who B. which C. why D. when
5. He's got himself into a dangerous situation _____ he is likely to lose control over the plane. (2001上海) A
A. where B. which C. while D. why
6. I can think of many cases ____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay. (2003上海卷)D
A. why B. which C. as D. where
7. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _____ people were eaten by the tiger. （05廣東）A
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
8. We’re just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (山東卷)A
A. where B. that C. when D. which
9. --- Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
--- Yes，there’s one point ______we must insist on． (江西卷) D
A．why B．where C．how D．/
10. After graduation she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do. 2007年江西卷 D
A. that B. what C. which D. where
三、先行詞為地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間及reason和way的定語(yǔ)從句。
表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)先行詞以及先行詞為reason、way在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，相應(yīng)的用: 表示時(shí)間的先行詞：when/介詞+which；表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞：where/介詞+which；reason為先行詞：why/for which/that/…/; way為先行詞：in which/that/…/但解題關(guān)鍵要判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)還是作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。作狀語(yǔ)，則適用上面得語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，如作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，則仍需用that/which（作賓語(yǔ)that/which可省略）。
This is the reason ____ he gave me.
This is the reason ____ he didn’t come to school today.
第一句定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：he gave me the reason, 先行詞reason在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故關(guān)系詞用that/which或省略；第二句定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：for the reason he didn’t come to school today, 故關(guān)系詞用why/for which/that或省略。
1. The place ____ I visited last summer is just the place ____ I spent my childhood. B
A. that; that B. that; where
C. where; where D. where; that
2. Is there a department store around ____ I can get a birthday present for my brother? B
A. Which B. where C. on which D. that
3. Is this the house _____Shakespeare was born? （1988全國(guó)） C
A. at where B. which C. in which D. at which
4. Is this the reason ＿＿ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春) A
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
5. The place ______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ______the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. （05江蘇）C
A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which
6. In an hour, we can travel to places _____ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. （06上海） C
A. where B. when C. which D. what
四、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
它們的常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)有：
(1). 介詞+which/whom
This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
(2). 名詞+of+ which/whom
Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.
(3). 數(shù)詞+of+ which/whom
She’s got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.
(4). 代詞+of +which/whom
In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(5). 最高級(jí)+of + which/whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
介詞的選擇根據(jù)介詞與定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的搭配關(guān)系；根據(jù)介詞與前面的名詞先行詞的搭配關(guān)系；同時(shí)考慮與動(dòng)詞和名詞的搭配關(guān)系。
1. John, ______ money is no problem, still leads a simple life.（D）
A. for whose B. of whose C. of whom D. for whom
2. (08上海春卷’ 38)37. Villagers here depend on the fishing industry，_________ there won’t be much work D
A. where B. that C. by which D. without which
3. (08湖南卷’31)The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control. B
A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that
4. (08陜西卷’13) The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. D
A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
5. (08福建卷’31) By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ____ appeared a rare rainbow soon. D
A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which
6. He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows , most of ___ hadn‘t been cleaned for at least a year. （1990全國(guó)） D
A. these B. those C. that D. which
7. n the dark street, there wasn't a single person ______ she could turn for help. (1992全國(guó)) D
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
8. The gentleman _______ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. (2000上海春) B
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
9. There are two buildings, ______ stands nearly a hundred feet high . (04湖北) D
A．the larger B．the larger of them C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
10. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% ＿＿ are sold abroad . (04遼寧) A
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
11. Luckily, we'd brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way. (04北京春招) D
12. A. it B. that C. this D. which
13. He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ he went on to Cambridge.（05山東） A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
14. I have many friends, ______ some are businessmen. （05全國(guó)II）D
A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom
15. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained.（05江西）C
A．in that B．for that C．in which D．for which
16. --why does she always ask you for help? （05北京）
---There is no one else ______, is there? B
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
17. I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed. (浙江卷) B
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
18. She was educated at Beijing University, ________she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (陜西卷) A
A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that
19. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us. _____we gave some bells and glasses. (湖南卷) B
A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which
20. The book was written in 1946, the education system has witnessed great charges. 2007年山東卷 D
A．when B．during which C．since then D．since when
21. It is reported that two schools，_____ are being built in my hometown，will open next year. 2007年四川卷 D
A．they both B．which both C．both of them D．both of which
22. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of _____are healthy 2007年北京卷 D
A. that B. which C. what D. whom
23. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it. 2007年安徽卷 D
A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
24. The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. 2008年陜西卷 D
A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
五、As 與which引導(dǎo)的非限制定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
(1). As 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前或之后，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。
(2). As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常與主句意義一致，常譯為“正如”、“就像”；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常與主句有因果關(guān)系。
(3). As 常與一些詞連用形成的定語(yǔ)從句，已形成了固定的說(shuō)法，如：
As is known to all; as has been said before; as is often the case; as often happens, as has been pointed out等。
1. Carol said the work would be done by October, ＿＿personally I doubt very much. (1999全國(guó)) D
A. it B. that C. when D. which
2. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ______came as a surprise. (1991全國(guó)) C
A. it B. that C. which D. he
3. These houses are sold at such a low price _______ people expected. (2000上海春) B
A. like B. as C . that D. which
4. ___ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. (2003上海春)B
A. That B. As C. It D. What
六、As is known (to us all),…與it is known (to us all) that…或what is known (to us all)is that…的區(qū)別。
As is known (to us all),…引導(dǎo)的為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；it is known (to us all)that…引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句；what is known (to us all) is that…為主語(yǔ)從句+表語(yǔ)從句。
As is known to us all, the earth is round.
=It is known to us all that the earth is round.
=What is known to us all is that the earth is round.
1. __ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001全國(guó))B
A. It B. As C. That D. What
2. ____ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. (04北京) B
A. It B. As C. That D. What
3. ____ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress. A
A. It B. As C. That D. What
4. __ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. C
A. It B. As C. That D. What
七、Where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和where引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
He found the books where he had put.
He found the books in the place where he had put them.
第一個(gè)句子為where 引導(dǎo)的句子為狀語(yǔ)從句，where意為“在…… 地方”，從句前無(wú)表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞。第二個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句，where引導(dǎo)從句修飾the place，主句為he found the books in the place,定語(yǔ)從句可還原為he had put them in the place,先行詞place在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，故關(guān)聯(lián)詞用where/介詞+which。
1. The village has developed a lot ______ we learned farming two years ago. 2007年福建卷D
A. when B. which C. that
2. Plants grow best ____ it is warm and wet. C
A. which B. in which C. where D. that
3. After the war, a new school building was put up ____ there had once been a theatre. D
A. that B. when C which D where
4. Now he works in a factory _____ his father used to work. A
A. where B. when C. that D. /
5. You should let your children play ____ you can see them. A
A. where B when C. in which D. that
八、名詞fact、hope、idea、news、problem、suggestion等后面跟同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞從句，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，是用來(lái)修飾前面的名詞或代詞的；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞從句，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，是對(duì)前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋的。定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等；而同位語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞在從句只起連接作用，不作任何句子成分。同位語(yǔ)從句與其所修飾的名詞之間是一種同位關(guān)系，二者之間存在邏輯上的系表關(guān)系，可用“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。例如：
1． We heard the news that he had told her. 我們聽(tīng)到他對(duì)她說(shuō)的消息。
2． We heard the news that he had won the game. 我們聽(tīng)到消息他贏得了比賽。
九、one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞和the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞
He is one of the students who pass the exam.
He is the only one of the students who passes the exam.
第一句先行詞為students，故定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；第二句先行詞為the only one,故定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
1. Beihai Park is one of the most beautiful parks ____ built 300 years ago. D
A. which was B. which were C. that was D. that were
十、定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型去掉it is/was … that結(jié)構(gòu)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整；定語(yǔ)從句去掉it is/was…that, 句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，意思也不完整。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分可以是副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或從句；定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞一般是名詞、代詞和名詞短語(yǔ)。
Was it the place where the party was held?
Was it in the place that the party was held?
It was in the lab that was set up last year that they finished the experiment.
--Where did you get to know her?
---It was on the farm we worked. 2007年山東卷 D
A．that B．there C．which D．where
十一、其他
1. The financial crisis and the suffering ____ has caused have a great influence on the whole world.(C)
A. they B. which C. it D. what
2. Is this factory_______ you visited last year? A
A. the one B. that C. which D. where
3. Is this the factory_______ you visited last year? B
A. the one B. that C. who D. where
4. China is no longer the country ____ it used to be. B
A. which B. that C. what D. /
5. The driver and his car ___ fell into the river have not yet been discover. C
A. which B. who C. that D. both of which
6. This is the same pen ______ I lost yesterday. D
A. that B. which C. as D. Both A and C
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳