定語(yǔ)從句講與練
一、定語(yǔ)的概念：
定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾名次或代詞的。比如：
(先試試用橫線劃出下面短語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)，然后在后面的括號(hào)里注明是什么在作定語(yǔ))
a beautiful girl （ ） three boys （ ） a shoe factory （ ）
Jim’s father ( ) our teacher ( )
the man in the car （ ） the man standing at the door （ ）
the man who is talking with Sam （ ）
二、定語(yǔ)從句的概念及主要特征：
1．定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。
請(qǐng)劃出下列句子中的定語(yǔ)從句、先行詞及關(guān)系代詞：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
2. 定語(yǔ)從句的主要特征：
（1）先行詞要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分；
（2）what永遠(yuǎn)不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；
（3）翻譯時(shí)先譯從句，翻譯成“…….的”
三、定語(yǔ)從句的基本用法：
（一）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1．who 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也作賓語(yǔ)。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
分析：先行詞the boys 在從句中作主語(yǔ)。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點(diǎn)到大門口集合。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕?/p>
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我們物理的老師。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
You needn’t talk to the people who you don’t like talking to.
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
2．whom 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 劉先生就是你們?cè)诠财?上談?wù)摰哪莻�(gè)人。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要見(jiàn)的男孩。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來(lái)了。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常可用who 來(lái)代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜訪了一個(gè)全國(guó)知名的科學(xué)家。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 譯成漢語(yǔ)：_________________________________
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
I lost the book whose cover was blue. 我把那本封面是藍(lán)色的書弄丟了。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
We live in a house whose windows face the south. 譯成漢語(yǔ):_________________________
注意：指物時(shí)，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
＝Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
自己總結(jié)一下：在定語(yǔ)從句中，whose + 名詞＝ ___________________________
4．which 指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造計(jì)算機(jī)的那家公司離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 譯成漢語(yǔ):____________________
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 譯成漢語(yǔ)：___________________________
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他們昨晚看的電影一點(diǎn)意思也沒(méi)有。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
5．that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which.。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年來(lái)參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)一百萬(wàn)。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那個(gè)人在哪兒？
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
The person that / / you introduced to me is very kind. 你介紹給我的那個(gè)人很友好。
The season that / comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that /_______ came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封來(lái)自澳大利亞的信。
(二) 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1． when 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。常可以用in/on/at which代替。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然記得我第一次來(lái)到這所學(xué) 校的那一天。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我們團(tuán)聚的時(shí)刻終于到了。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國(guó)成立的日子。
把這個(gè)句子改成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？
把這個(gè)句子改成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
2． where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。常可用in/on/at which代替。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
把這個(gè)句子改成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。
把這個(gè)句子改成兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：___________________________________________
___________________________________________
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我參觀了那個(gè)飼養(yǎng)了許多奶牛的農(nóng)場(chǎng)。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 這是他們當(dāng)初打敵人的地方嗎？
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞是situation, occasion, point時(shí)，且又在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用where來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed（尷尬）.
He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.
3． why 指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。常可用for which來(lái)代替。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 請(qǐng)告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。
分析：先行詞__________ 在從句中作________。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 譯成漢語(yǔ)：____________________
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如：
From the years when (=______________) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學(xué)時(shí)，他就已經(jīng)知道長(zhǎng)大后要做什么。
I will never forget the moment when (=______________) the blind students moved us.
Great changes are taking place in the city where (=______________) they live. 他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。
The reason why (=______________) he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他為什么拒絕接受邀請(qǐng)的原因是十分明了的。
四、限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老師告訴我說(shuō)湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國(guó)家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一個(gè)來(lái)自非洲的人。
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛(ài)他，對(duì)他要求很嚴(yán)格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中國(guó)是1949年成立的， 現(xiàn)在正變得越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會(huì)堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會(huì)議。
注意：在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，有時(shí)which所指代的先行詞是前面的整個(gè)句子。
Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.
He didn’t pass the exam, which surprised us.
五．定語(yǔ)從句考查重點(diǎn)：
（一）定語(yǔ)從句在下列情況下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人時(shí)可以用who/whom）
最 不 序 正是 疑 表 人物
1. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
2. 當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來(lái)了嗎？
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)似乎世界上沒(méi)有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能為你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。
3. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。
4. 當(dāng)先行詞被表示“正是”的the very, the only修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過(guò)后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。
5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
6. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)：
Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.
China is no longer the country that it used to be.
7. 當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那個(gè)沿街走來(lái)的人和他的 毛驢。
思考：什么時(shí)候只能which 而不能用that呢？1.在___________中；2.在____________之后。
（二）關(guān)系代詞的省略：
The factory we visited yesterday was really old. (請(qǐng)將省略的關(guān)系代詞補(bǔ)充在正確的位置)
The man you just talked to was my English teacher. (請(qǐng)將省略的關(guān)系代詞補(bǔ)充在正確的位置)
當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作_________時(shí)可以省略。
（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
＝The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾經(jīng)就讀過(guò)的學(xué)校很出名。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
＝This is the boy________________I played tennis yesterday. 這是我昨天跟他打臺(tái)球的男孩。
We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
＝We’ll go to hear the famous singer ________________we have often talked.我們將去聽(tīng)那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩?/p>
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
＝The manager ________________ I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。
注意：１． 含有介詞的固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of, give up等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 這是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (誤)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那個(gè)保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （誤）
２．若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who, that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你剛才跟他談話的那個(gè)人是我的鄰居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)實(shí)在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (誤)
３．“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地愛(ài)著他的父母，他們倆待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班總共有４０個(gè)學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來(lái)自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今為止，他寫了１０部小說(shuō)，其中３部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。
（四）當(dāng)先行詞被one of修飾時(shí)，若one of前有the only，則從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，沒(méi)有only的話則用復(fù)數(shù)。
He is one of the students who ________ never late. 譯成漢語(yǔ)：________________________
He is the only one of the students who ________ never late. 譯成漢語(yǔ)：_________________
（五）先行詞是時(shí)間卻不用when引導(dǎo)，先行詞是地點(diǎn)卻不用where引導(dǎo)，先行詞是原因卻不用why引導(dǎo)。
I will never forget the days ________ we climbed the mountain together.
I will never forget the days ________ we spent together.
We visited the house _______ Lu Xun used to live.
We visited the house _______ Lu Xun used to live in.
This is the reason _______ he was unhappy.
This is the reason _______ he explained to me.
（六）當(dāng)先行詞被such, the same 修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)象他講的這樣的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過(guò)的同一條連衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。
（七）以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。如：
The way ________he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答這些問(wèn)題的方式令人驚奇。
I don’t like the way______________ you laugh at her. 我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。
Test yourself:
1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy.
A. which B. who C. this D. what
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
3. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
4. Please take any seat is free.
A. which B. where C. in which D. that
5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier.
A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them
6. This is the ship we crossed the Pacific(太平洋).
A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which
7. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大樓)， has more than 100 storeys.
A. the higher of them B. the highest of which
C. the highest of them D. some of which
8. My home village is no longer the same it used to be.
A. which B. as C. where D. when
9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., many people have gone home.
A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time
10. The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.
A. who B. whose C. that D. which
11. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
12. Mr. Wang is a boss, factory Li Ping worked.
A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which
13. I don't like the way you speak to her.
A. / B. that C. in which D. All A, B, and C
14. I shall never forget the years I lived in the country with the farmers, has a good effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who
15. is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30year’stime.
A. What B. That C. As D. It
16. Is this book you want to borrow from the library?
A. that B. which C. the one D. /
17. Such a book you showed me is difficult to understand.
A. that B. which C. as D. like
18. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books were popular then.
A. / B. that C. which D. who
19. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants.
A. where B. there C. that D. which
20. I’m going to spend my holiday in Beijing, live my old parents.
A. which B. that C. where D. there
練習(xí)答案：
1---5 ADBDA 6---10 DBBDB 11---15 BADBC 16---20 CCBAC
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳